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1.진리(불변의 사실) 항상 일어나는 일 

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1.진리(불변의 사실) 항상 일어나는 일 

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Your heart pumps blood through your body.

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1. 현재와 관련된 사건

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1. 현재와 관련된 사건

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I've lost my key.

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A truck has hit two cars on the highway.

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3. 현재의 결과를 가져온 사건

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3. 현재의 결과를 가져온 사건

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I've got coronavirus.(That's why I cannot go to school today.)

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4.  일정기간동안 완료된 것, 얼마나 많은 것이 완성되었는지 표현

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4.  일정기간동안 완료된 것, 얼마나 많은 것이 완성되었는지 표현

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The project has been done on time.

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5. 사람의 경험, 삶에서 지금껏 무엇을 했는지

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5. 사람의 경험, 삶에서 지금껏 무엇을 했는지

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He has written two best sellers in recent years.

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I've taken this medicine for the past 1 year.

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7. 현재까지 특정 기간에 반복됐던 행동

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7. 현재까지 특정 기간에 반복됐던 행동

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I've meditated every morning for 5 years.

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I've used this device since 2009.

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1.  for finished events in the past which have a definite time

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1.  for finished events in the past which have a definite time

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In 1776, United States declared independence.

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Once upon a time, there lived a king and queen in the kingdom.

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They went to annual convention every summer.

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I just tripped over the threshold and fell.

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5.  conditional sentences(modal remotedness)

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5.  conditional sentences(modal remotedness)

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If he said that, I wouldn't be there.

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6. conditional sentences with 'it's time'

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6. conditional sentences with 'it's time'

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It's time that you went to school.

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1. 과거에 계속 시간을 들여서 일어난 일  (to describe a continuing unfinished action in the past)

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1. 과거에 계속 시간을 들여서 일어난 일  (to describe a continuing unfinished action in the past)

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When I got home, water was leaking from the ceiling.

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2. for a continuing unfinished action interrupted by a sudden past action

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2. for a continuing unfinished action interrupted by a sudden past action

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While I was cleaning the room, he spilled dyestuffs on the floor.

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People were swaying in the wind and trees were being pulled out.

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4. 동시에 진행되고있는 2가지 사건

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4. 동시에 진행되고있는 2가지 사건

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While Jane was preparing for dinner, I was cleaning the living room.

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5. to emphasize that an action was still continuing

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5. to emphasize that an action was still continuing

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She started making the sculptor in 2002 and still was making it ten years later.

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6. 변화해가는 상황을 묘사하고싶을때

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6. 변화해가는 상황을 묘사하고싶을때

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Her legs were becoming more and more flexible.

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7. 반복되는 상황에 대한 비난(짜증의 감정)을 표현하고자할때

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7. 반복되는 상황에 대한 비난(짜증의 감정)을 표현하고자할때

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반복되는 짜증나는 상황을 강조하고싶을때 진행형과 + 부사 continually, forever, constantly, always를 함께 사용

ex) She was continually being late at work.

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Used to -> 과거의 반복된 상태 습관 행위 동작에 모두 쓰일 수 있다.

ex) I used to be very chubby, but now I am normal.

Would-> 과거의 불규칙적으로 반복된(그러나 일관되지 않고 중간에 중단되었다가 다시 이어진)행위나 동작에만 쓰인다.

ex) I would play a violin when I was young.

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I started reading newspaper recently.

->I never used to read it before.

->I didn't use to read it before.

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공손함 표현(완곡하게)

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공손함 표현(완곡하게)

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I hoped you would support our team.

Did you want a grande or venti?

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I was hoping you to drive me to the station.

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My father leaves home for work at 6 a.m.

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1. 말하고 있는 그 순간에 일어나고있는 일, 아직 끝나지않은 일

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1. 말하고 있는 그 순간에 일어나고있는 일, 아직 끝나지않은 일

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Sorry, I cannot go there. I'm writing my resume now.

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2. Actions happening generally around the time of speaking : 지금 당장 말하는 순간 하고있는 일이아닐지라도,발화시점의 근처에 일어나고있는 일을 표현할때

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2. Actions happening generally around the time of speaking : 지금 당장 말하는 순간 하고있는 일이아닐지라도,발화시점의 근처에 일어나고있는 일을 표현할때

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I'm practicing playing the song on the guitar.

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Instructions

ex)Add mascarpone and continue to whip until it creates a soft, spreadable mixture with medium peaks.

Headlines

ex)Foreign minister resigns

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The actress dares a new interpretation of the classic role.

I request you to read the guideline carefully.

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I gather you have a difficulty with solving the problem.

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-Present simple

It doesn't appear on my screen.

- Present continuous

Jane is appearing in a series on Netflix.

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I regret to say you're wrong .

I am regretting my college choice.

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Uses of present simple & present continuous

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Uses of present simple & present continuous

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verbs with state and action meanings(상태/움직임 두가지를 나타내는 동사)

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verbs with state and action meanings(상태/움직임 두가지를 나타내는 동사)

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-do

What do you do for living?

What is he doing now?

-be,have

He is 70 years old.

Tom is being rude to me.

-imagine, suppose, think, expect

I expect him to improve his singing skills.

I'm expecting her being on the show.

-hope,wonder

I hope she didn't bother you.

I am hoping you to help me.

-enjoy like love

-appear

-look

-see,hear, feel, smell, taste

-ache, feel, hurt (little meaning change)

-weigh, measure

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Tommy is back to punt.

Tommy is attacking the defender.

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Beloved begins in 1873 in Cincinnati, Ohio[...]

When she is thirteen, she is sold to the Garners.

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일정시간동안 지속된 일을 표현하고자할때

He is writing a letter.

변화하는 상황

She is increasing her reading time gradually.

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'news' or  'a fact published a long time ago'

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'news' or  'a fact published a long time ago'

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과거의 일임에도 뉴스거리일 경우

->Somebody has designed a new type of suitcase.

너무 오래전에 공표되어 모두가 알고있는 사실일 경우

->Who invented the lightbulb?

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현재 상황과의 공간적인 관련성에 따라 :

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현재 상황과의 공간적인 관련성에 따라 :

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I've left my textbooks at home.

->마음만 먹으면 다시 가지러갈 수 있는 위치, 상황일 경우

I left my textbooks at home.

->이미 너무많이 멀리와버려서 다시 가지러 갈 수 없는 위치, 상황일 경우

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make 강제로 -하게 하다

have 부탁 요청 의뢰하여 -하도록 하다

let -하도록 허용하다

get 자발적으로 -하게 하다

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As we lived near the road, we often had the traveler visit us to taste it.

let은 whatever he wants처럼 목적어가 더 원하는 일에 초점을 두는 느낌이라면 have는 -하도록 요청하는 느낌이므로 have가 더 적합한 표현이다.

I'll have the electrician check everything while he's here. 기사에게 그가 여기있는 동안의 부탁, 요청을 하고 있으므로 have가 더 적합한 표현이다.

To avoid infection, have your doctor give you shots for yellow fever before department. 의사와 환자의 관계에서 환자가 의사에게 요청하는 상황일뿐만아니라 의사가 의례, 당연히 해야하는 일을 해달라고 요청하는 상황이므로!

I'll not have him spoken to like that.

I의 의지를 담고있는 will과 같은 조동사는 get과 같이 쓰이지 않음. will (not)get(x)

I won't have my name dragged through the dirt by the press.

have가 get(informal)보다 더 고상한 표현

get은 행위자와 더 밀접히 관련되어있음. 내가 집 치울께 ->I will get the house cleaned. 주어와 행위사이에 전혀 연관성이 없을떄 have

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make + O + 원형 / p.p

The secret is to make others believe they are the cause of it.

You have to speak up to make yourself heard.

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내가 누군가에게 시켜서 그 행동을 얻어낸 경우들

For a service someone does for us we use to have something done.

형태) O + 원형/ -ing/p.p

불행한 일을 겪었을 경우

• We also use causative have to describe unfortunate events that have happened to people.

->He had his nose broken while he was playing rugby.

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각각의 사역동사의 목적어보어 자리에 올 수 있는 형태들

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각각의 사역동사의 목적어보어 자리에 올 수 있는 형태들

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make O 원형 p.p

have O 원형/ ing /p.p

let O 원형 / be p.p

get O to v/ ing/ p.p

help O + 원형/ to-v /be p.p /to be p.p

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is v-ing

already fixed/arranged

is going to v

maybe arranged to do it, maybe not

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미래를 표현하고자 하지만 현재시제를 쓰는 경우

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미래를 표현하고자 하지만 현재시제를 쓰는 경우

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공적인 시간표

이미 공적으로 확정되어있는 시간표가 있는 상황이라면 현재시제가 미래시점을 나타낼 수 있다.

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미래에 관해 바라는 것이더라도 현재시제와 어울려서 쓰임

I hope it doesn't rain tomorrow.

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John is painting my portrait.

나의 초상화 = new information에 초점

It was painted by my grandmother.

할머니가 그렸다는 사실이 중요한 것이기에

new information인 할머니를 강조하기 위해 수동을 사용하는 것이 적합하다

are made by children-> 아이들의 노동력을 강조하기 위한 것

The robber was shot with a rifle. 권총으로 살해당했다.

Narration 주어인 he가 겪은 일련의 일을 서술해주는 지문이기에 coherence를 유지하기 위해 주어를 일관되게 유지하기위해 수동태로 전환해주기

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미래의 시점에서 돌아봤을때를 표현하기 위해서

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미래의 시점에서 돌아봤을때를 표현하기 위해서

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By the time the exam begins, I will have forgotten everything!

By the end of this moth, I will have been working at this company for 10 years!

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be on the point of ->more formal meaning than about to 

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be on the point of ->more formal meaning than about to 

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She is on the point of going out for the stage.

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말하는 시점 이전부터 결정되어있는 일일 경우

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말하는 시점 이전부터 결정되어있는 일일 경우

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What are you doing / are you going to do on this weekend?

What time is Cathy arriving tomorrow?

He is getting married next month.

He isn't playing baseball next week. He hurts his leg.

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As I paid overcharged bill, I felt like punching somebody.

Paying overcharged bill, 동일.

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seeing that -이기 때문에

Joel just had to apologize, seeing that he knew he had made a mistake.

granting that

other things being equal

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분사구문의 생략된 접속사

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분사구문의 생략된 접속사

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when

When she heard the news, she turned pale with fear.

because/as

Because I didn't know what to do, I asked for his advice.

if/when

When you turn left, you will find the house.

although

Although I admit he is right, I cannot forgive him.

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As the building had been destroyed, this building was rebuilt.

Having been destroyed by fire, 동일.

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주어가 다르고 비인칭주어일때 남겨놓기

The weather being fine, we went out for walk. 그러나 세련된 표현이라고 볼 수는 없다

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Every weekend we would go to library.

used to의 경우 과거의 행위, 동작, 상태, 습관

모두 나타낼 수 있지만

would뒤에는 state verbs상태동사가

동반될 수 없다. *I would own a cat.(x)

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전형적이고 놀랍지도 않은 행동에 대한 불쾌감, 짜증을 표현하고자 할때 You would do that.

관용적 표현) Wouldn't you just know it

말안해도 무슨일이 일어났을지 알겠지?

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과거의 시점으로부터 미래에 대한 의도를 나타낼때

ex) Mark sweared that he wouldn't smoke again.

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타인의 행동을 비판하기위해서 would를 비난의 어조로 강조하여 사용할 수 있다.

ex)You would gossip about Jennifer again.

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과거 시점에서 미래의 사건/일에 대해 언급할때

He wrote a SF novel which would be later one of the best sellers.

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간접화법에서 will을 대신하여 변형된 형태로 would가 쓰임.

There will be a great party next month.

He said there would be a great party next month.

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사람과 사람 사이에서 공손함을 더 표현하고자 할때

polite requests and a softer form of 'will'

Requests become more polite the more distanced they are.

ex)

Would you stay away for a moment?

Would you take off your coat?

If you would pass that to me..

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being willing 현재에 기꺼이 -하려고함

willingness (including an unspoken condition)

ex) She would study hard till the end of this semester.

ex) Tina would lend you some money.

(if you asked him)

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ex) She would offer several options for us.

ex) She wouldn't fill the form.

inanimate objects -> The computer wouldn't work.

past willingness of a general kind but not to willingness to do something

ex) She would play the tennis after her work on Monday.

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when talking about the result of a possible or imagined situation or event to mention an unlikely situation or event that you want to happen

ex) It would be comfortable to upgrade the seat, but I can't afford it.

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과거에 관한 추측을 할 때

ex) I suppose she would be about twenty when she went to abroad for job.

• an idiom we use when we refuse to give someone information.

-> Wouldn't you like to know!

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I wish 다음에 이어지는 that절에 would사용

Joe won’t tell me about his plan,
but I wish he would tell me something.

주어가 I일 경우 후회 체념 의지를 동일한 주어로 would를 사용해표현할 수 없기에 이럴 경우 동사를 could로 바꿔주기

예외사항들_

I wish 직설법 불가능

동사자체를 hope로 바꾸기

ex) We are hoping for better grade.

I wish to infinite (o)

ex)I wish to go there right now.

I wish 간접목적어 직접목적어 (o)

ex)I wish you best luck!

We often use I wish ... would
to complain: the speaker wants an action
or event to change.

ex) I wish you would take an action exactly.

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wishes about the present

second conditional :past tense form to express a feeling about the present.

ex) I wish I was reading comic books.

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I wish ... would ... for actions and changes, not situations

I wish she would arrive.(o)

I wish she would not be here.(x)

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an order or a critical request

강력하고 중요한 요청사항

ex) I wish you wouldn't smoke here.

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As if + 가정법

실제로 그럴 가능성이 거의 없을 경우

ex) He reported as if there was an imminent war.

As if + 직설법

ex) He ran so fast as if he is in a hurry.

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even if )

정말 순수한 가정의 상황 -라고 할지라도

even though )

비록 -했지만 / 이미 even though 절에서 이어지는 내용을 사실로 받아들인 이후

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접속사를 남겨두는 경우

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접속사를 남겨두는 경우

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Though studied hard, I couldn't make it.

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생략되는 접속사의 유형

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생략되는 접속사의 유형

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When -했을 때

ex) Failing the test, she turned pale with fear.

Because/as -하기때문에

ex) Not knowing what to do, I asked for his advice.

If/when -하면

ex) Turning to the left, you will find the house.

Although 비록 -하지만

ex) Supposing he is guilty, I would pretend not to know it.

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(Having been) destoryed by fire, this building was rebuilt.

ex) As the building had been destroyed

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순차적으로 해석하는 분사구문

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순차적으로 해석하는 분사구문

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ex) Jim started to work at 7 finishing it at 9.

7시에 일하기 시작해서 9시에 끝냈다.

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Not knowing what to do,

Never having done it before,

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주어가 비인칭 주어일 경우(다를 경우)

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주어가 비인칭 주어일 경우(다를 경우)

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The weather being bad, we didn't go for a walk.

종속되어있는 일부분일 경우(자연스럽게 빈번히 쓰이는 표현)

ex) His arms being amputated, he went to emergency room.

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주어가 내포되어있는 경우

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주어가 내포되어있는 경우

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Looking out of the window of our hotel room, there was a wonderful range of mountains.

There 구문때문에 화자가 주어임을 예측할 수 있음.

주어가 문맥상 예측 가능하면 된다.

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-Generally speaking

-Strictly speaking

-Frankly speaking

-Roughly speaking

-Judging from

-All things being considered

다른 모든 조건이 같다면

-Other things being equal

-Granting that ~

-Seeing that ~

비록 ~라고 인정하지만/ ~이기 때문에

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계속적/한정적 용법

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Jeju, that I've visited several times, is my favorite island.(x)

->Jeju, which I've visited several times, is my favorite island.

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관계대명사의 계속적/한정적 용법

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관계대명사의 계속적/한정적 용법

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Sailors who are superstitious will not embark on Friday.

한정적 용법 -> 전체 선원들 중 미신을 믿는 사람들만 정박하지 않으려고 한다.

Sailors, who are superstitious, will not embark on Friday.

계속적 용법->

전체 선원들은 미신을 믿는데 그들은 모두 금요일에 정박하지 않으려고한다.

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that 절을 사용하는 "복문" concatenated relative clause

복문 내부의 어느 위치에서(주어 혹은 목적어..)빠져나간 것인지 알고있기

that절 내부의 주어가 빠져나간 경우 (주절의 주어와 겹치는 경우)

ex) He is the man who I expect will be a winner.

He is the man + I expect that the man will be a winner.

that절 내부의 목적어가 빠져나간 경우

ex) The magician called up a boy whom I thought he had planted in the audience.

The magician called up a boy+ I expect that he had planted the boy in the audience.