# data[].attributes.headline
Where to find our trained peer supporters in Shropshire- at our groups and in the community

# data[].attributes.subject
Where to find our trained peer supporters in Shropshire- at our groups and in the community

# data[].attributes.body
For the latest group dates or when to find us out and about in the community, please visit:

https://oswestrycommunityaction.org.uk/community-health/infant-feeding-peer-support/

or contact us on info@oswestrycommunityaction.org.uk

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Find out what to expect from breastfeeding in the first few days after birth, including what colostrum is, what happens when your milk ‘comes in’ and what the let-down reflex feels like.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Infant Feeding Peer Support - Oswestry Community Action

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Connect with other parents and access supportive, face-to-face breastfeeding and wellbeing support at our peer groups across Oswestry, Shrewsbury and Ludlow.

# data[].attributes.headline
Health Visiting Service - open access drop in clinics in Shropshire

# data[].attributes.subject
Health Visiting Service - open access drop in clinics in Shropshire

# data[].attributes.body
Single Point of Access (SPOA) Shropshire

General enquiries and appointments:
Tel: 0333 358 3654
Text for Health Advice:
Health Visitor Team
07520 635212

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Information to help families in Shropshire - Shropshire Together Community Directory

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Welcome to the Family Information Service (FIS) page, helping you to find information on childcare, things to do, plus local and national organisations and

# data[].attributes.headline
Getting started with breastfeeding - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.subject
Getting started with breastfeeding - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Getting off to the best possible start can play a key part in your breastfeeding journey.

Four key factors have been identified by WHO and UNICEF as being important in establishing and sustaining breastfeeding:

A breastfeed within the first hour of life - skin-to-skin contact after delivery can help to get this started.

Exclusive breastfeeding - breastfed babies do not need any other food or drinks, including water for at least the first six months.

Breastfeeding when your baby displays signs of being hungry, such as sucking fingers and licking lips, and for as long as your baby wants i.e. until your baby comes off the breast by themselves and has completed the feed.

Avoiding the use of bottles, teats or dummies, including nipple shields.

Some ideas to help you find more information include:

Read and download the NHS and UNICEF leaflet Off to the Best Start or the NHS Health Scotland leaflet Off to A Good Start for good general information including skin to skin and the first feed.
Think about going along to a local drop-in group where you can talk to other breastfeeding mums about their experiences. Find out here if there is a group near you.
Bookmark or favourite the BfN and National Breastfeeding Helpline websites on your phone, laptop or tablet so you can always find our helpline numbers or access our online chat facility. You could even give them a call if you would like to speak to someone while you are pregnant.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Getting started with breastfeeding - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Getting off to the best possible start can play a key part in your breastfeeding journey. Four key factors have been identified by WHO and UNICEF as being important in establishing and sustaining breastfeeding: Some ideas to help you find more information include: Read and download the NHS and UNICEF leaflet Off to the Best [...]

# data[].attributes.headline
How to breastfeed - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.subject
How to breastfeed - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How to breastfeed - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Getting Started Breastfeeding should be COMFORTABLE How you sit (or lie down) and how close you hold your baby as you feed can make a difference to how well things go. Sometimes a little difference in how your baby is feeding can make a big difference to how comfortable it is for you and how [...]

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Unicef UK Baby Friendly Initiative | Positioning and attachment

# data[].attributes.body
The National Breastfeeding Helpline offers friendly, non-judgemental, independent, evidence based breastfeeding support and information to anyone in the UK who needs it. The helpline is provided by the Breastfeeding Network and the Association of Breastfeeding Mothers. Breastfeeding information and support available 24 hours a day, every day of the year.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
National Breastfeeding Helpline - Helpline

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Oswestry Community Action Infant Feeding Peer Support Feedback Form

# data[].attributes.headline
Qube Infant Feeding Peer Support Feedback Form

# data[].attributes.subject
Qube Infant Feeding Peer Support Feedback Form

# data[].attributes.body
We'd really like to hear your feedback on how you found the support and our service. A shout out to a peer supporter, a venue/ event that has been really handy to visit, a resource that was helpful, or perhaps you made a new connection with a service or another family. Do you have any suggestions or ideas to help us improve? Please follow the link to the forms and fill out a short survey to let us know. Thank you.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Qube Infant Feeding Peer Support Feedback Form

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Qube Infant Feeding Peer Support Feedback Form

# data[].attributes.body
Drugs in Breastmilk Service

The unique Drugs in Breastmilk service (DiBM) provides information to mothers, parents, families and healthcare professionals on taking medication whilst breastfeeding. It is run by registered pharmacists who are all trained to give breastfeeding support.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Drugs in Breastmilk factsheets - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
These factsheets have been compiled by our Drugs in Breastmilk information service team of pharmacists. If you are unable to find the information you are looking for below, or you still have questions, you can contact the team by sending a private message via our Facebook page or via email. Please provide as much information as possible (age […]

# data[].attributes.headline
Questions mums ask about stopping breastfeeding - ABM

# data[].attributes.subject
Questions mums ask about stopping breastfeeding - ABM

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Questions mums ask about stopping breastfeeding - ABM

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
It’s up to you to decide when you want to stop breastfeeding. An article about common questions mums ask about stopping breastfeeding.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Thinking of stopping breastfeeding? Find out how to wean your baby off the breast once you’re both ready to stop.

# data[].attributes.headline
SaTH Maternity page on feeding your baby

# data[].attributes.subject
SaTH Maternity page on feeding your baby

# data[].attributes.body
"Our colleagues are trained to support families with their infant feeding choices. During pregnancy your midwife will have a conversation around infant feeding and signpost to information to help prepare you."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Feeding Maternity Our colleagues are trained to support families with their infant feeding choices. During pregnancy your midwife will have a conversation around infant feeding and signpost to information to help prepare you. Our Maternity Service was awarded full accreditation as

# data[].attributes.headline
Meeting baby for the first time video - Baby Friendly Initiative

# data[].attributes.subject
Meeting baby for the first time video - Baby Friendly Initiative

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Meeting baby for the first time video - Baby Friendly Initiative

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Baby Friendly’s video on skin-to-skin contact and how it can help mothers and babies get their relationship off to the best start.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Building a close relationship with your baby - Best Start in Life

# data[].attributes.headline
Building a close relationship with your baby - Best Start in Life

# data[].attributes.subject
Building a close relationship with your baby - Best Start in Life

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Why is bonding with my baby important?

Your relationship with your baby is the way that you feel close and connected to them.

For some parents and carers, this may happen in pregnancy or soon after birth. For others, it can take some time for a bond to grow.

This is OK and every parent or carer will bond at their own pace.

Building a secure relationship with your baby helps them develop into happy and healthy children.

It also helps them manage their emotions, develop confidence, and learn new things.

It will make them more resilient in later life too, helping them be more able to cope with life's ups and downs.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Building a close relationship with your baby - Start for Life

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Your baby's early experiences shape their development. Find out how to build a strong relationship with your baby to help give them the best start in life.

# data[].attributes.body
Introducing your baby to solid foods, also referred to as weaning or complementary feeding...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
What is weaning?

Introducing your baby to solid foods, also referred to as weaning or complementary feeding, starts when your baby is around 6 months old.

Your baby should be introduced to a varied diet, alongside their usual breast milk or first infant formula.

It can be confusing knowing when and how to start introducing solid foods. We're here to guide you through the weaning journey and explain what it all means.

We've got expert NHS advice, helpful videos, tips from other parents, and lots of simple, healthy weaning recipe and meal ideas.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Weaning means introducing your baby to solid foods alongside their usual breast milk or infant formula. We're here to guide you through the journey.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Get advice on starting solids (weaning), including when to start, what foods to give your baby, and which milks to offer as they grow.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Feeding your baby can feel quite overwhelming at first - whether you are breastfeeding, bottle feeding or a combination of both.

We have lots of guidance to support you, along with hints and tips from other parents.

There is a lot of evidence to show how beneficial it is to breastfeed your baby, especially in the early weeks. However, it can take time to get the hang of, and there may be reasons why you cannot breastfeed.

If you have any feeding worries or concerns, the best thing to do is speak to your midwife or health visitor.

In this section

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Whether you are breastfeeding, bottle feeding or a combination of both, we have lots of guidance to support you, along with hints and tips from other parents.

# data[].attributes.headline
Off to the best Start- Start for Life leaflet

# data[].attributes.subject
Off to the best Start- Start for Life leaflet

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
This technique involves expressing colostrum in the final few weeks of pregnancy. It can also be referred to as 'colostrum harvesting' and is advocated by some NHS Trusts.

Mothers are normally advised to wait until around 36 weeks before starting antenatal expression. Mums who are having multiple births may sometimes start sooner as giving birth earlier is more likely.
Why do it?
For some mothers, it can be a useful tool that helps ensure their baby will start life without the need for formula supplementation. The importance of exclusive breastfeeding for all babies has been well-established by scientific research.

Colostrum contains vital immunological properties and helps to colonise the baby's gut with healthy bacteria that protect against allergy and disease.

It also contains the perfect balance of proteins, fats and micronutrients needed for human babies as well as acting as a laxative to help the passing of the first tarry meconium stools.

Some babies may experience difficulties with feeding or maintaining their blood sugar levels during the first few days after birth and therefore may require supplementary feeds.

These include babies:

whose mother had diabetes in pregnancy or who has a history of diabetes.

with a cleft lip or palate identified during pregnancy.

with congenital conditions e.g. Down syndrome or cardiac complications.

diagnosed with intrauterine growth restriction.

whose mother is taking beta blockers to control high blood pressure.

who are twins or triplets.

Where there is a family history of cow's milk protein sensitivity or type 1 diabetes, families may be particularly keen to avoid the use of early formula supplementation.

Some women may need to consider supplementing feeds from an early stage if there are concerns over their ability to make and/or secrete milk.

These include women:

who have a breast hypoplasia (limited breast development).

who have had previous breast surgery.

It is important for a mother to discuss her plans to express antenatally with her healthcare provider. It may not be recommended if you've been at risk of preterm labour in previous pregnancies, or have a surgical stitch, for example.

It is recommended to express antenatally by hand rather than use an electric or manual breast pump. Colostrum will be produced in quite small quantities and can easily stick to the bottles or pump parts and be harder to collect. A pump at this stage is likely to be more uncomfortable than gentle hands. Try hand expressing for a few minutes, 2 or 3 times a day.

If you hand express and use a syringe to draw up the individual drips of colostrum, you can use these syringes for storage prior to birth. Your health care provider may be able to supply you with sterile syringes.
How to hand express:

Always wash your hands before expressing.

Applying a warm compress to your breast or expressing after a warm bath or shower can help the flow of colostrum.

Get yourself comfortable. Perhaps seated and leaning slightly forward but find what works best for you.

Start with a gentle breast massage, stroking from the back of your breast towards the nipple to encourage the let-down reflex.

Put your thumb above the nipple and your first few fingers below the nipple. You will be cupping the breast in a 'C' shape.

With your thumb and fingers, feel a few centimetres back from the nipple.

Press back towards your chest, then compress (press your fingers together), and release.

Repeat this process, building up a rhythm. Press, compress, release.

It may be useful to look online for videos of hand expression techniques.

Colostrum should start to arrive drop by drop. Initially it may just be a glisten on the end of your nipple, and it may take a few days of practice before drops appear.

Collect the colostrum into a clean container, like a syringe (1ml or 2ml syringe). If nothing happens, adjust your finger position slightly to find the spot that works for you. Try not to pinch your nipple or slide your fingers uncomfortably over the skin.

Rotate the position of your fingers and thumb around the areola (imagine a clock face) and repeat the expressing process to stimulate and remove colostrum from different parts of your breast.

Express each breast twice during each session.

Colostrum can vary in appearance. Sometimes it may appear quite thick and yellow or orange and at other times paler and thinner. Expressing colostrum antenatally will not decrease or increase your milk supply after baby is born.
Storage of human breast milk
Colostrum can be collected two to three times each day in the same syringe. You will need to store the syringe in the fridge between uses.

At the end of the collecting day, the colostrum can be frozen - place the syringe into a zip-lock bag before putting into the freezer. Label the syringe and bag (separately) with the date and time of when you expressed.

The frozen colostrum can be stored for up to six months in the freezer. Once thawed, it should be used within 24 hours.
Is it safe?
The oxytocin hormone released when expressing, stimulates the uterus. Opinions differ on whether expressing colostrum antenatally is likely to induce labour. Those who advocate it do not believe that expressing would constitute sufficient stimulation to start labour. Sex while pregnant and breastfeeding through pregnancy both release oxytocin and both are generally considered safe while pregnant. If you experience any cramping in your uterus however, you should stop expressing and discuss your choice with your healthcare provider.
Transporting your frozen colostrum
You can take syringes of frozen colostrum into hospital using a freezer block and insulated bag. The colostrum can be defrosted under a running warm tap or at room temperature.

It's a good idea to mention your colostrum stores on your birth plan and make sure staff are aware in advance of your wishes in certain situations. The hospital may have access to a freezer for storage once you arrive.

After the birth, breastfeeding should usually be unrestricted. Ideally, a baby should feed successfully at the breast and the antenatally expressed colostrum would remain unused.

If your baby is experiencing difficulties with breastfeeding at this time, you may be encouraged to express some fresh colostrum to give to your baby. You may also use any colostrum you have brought into hospital with you in preference to using any formula.

If harvested colostrum ends up being 'wasted' because you are able to establish early exclusive breastfeeding, this is a cause for celebration rather than commiseration!

The process of antenatal expressing however, gives you a back-up if things don't go to plan which many families find reassuring. You'll also start your breastfeeding with a good sense of how to hand express and confidence about how your breasts work.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Expressing your milk before your baby arrives - ABM

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Antenatal expressing is expressing colostrum in the final few weeks of pregnancy. Find out if it could be a useful tool for you.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Breastfeeding exclusively (giving your baby no other food or drink) is recommended for around the first 6 months. After this time, breastfeeding is recommended alongside solid food.

Therefore, it's likely that you'll be breastfeeding when you return to work, training or education.

There are several options. You can:

arrange for childcare close to work or college so that you can breastfeed during breaks, or before and after work - the evening feed can be a wonderful way for you to relax with your baby

express breast milk (taking milk from the breast by hand or using a pump) so that someone else can feed your baby while you're at work

ask your employer or college for flexible working hours arranged around your breastfeeding needs

combine breastfeeding and bottle feeding to fit around your hours

Think about it early. Before you go back to work or college, tell your employer or tutor you're breastfeeding.

You may have an HR department that can help. It can make preparations, such as finding you a private room where you can breastfeed or express your milk.

Organising breastfeeding and work

Before returning to work you can:

label and date expressed breast milk before putting it in the fridge or freezer so your childminder knows which one to use first

have a trial run with childcare before returning to work

store breast milk in a sterilised container or in special breast milk storage bags in the fridge for up to 5 days at 4C or lower (you can buy fridge thermometers online) - if you're not sure of the temperature of your fridge, or it's higher than 4C, use it within 3 days

Information for employers about breastfeeding mothers

Employers have certain legal obligations to breastfeeding mothers. Supporting breastfeeding has business benefits too. These include:

reduced absence due to child sickness (breastfed babies are generally healthier)

increased staff morale and loyalty, and a subsequently higher rate of return to work

lower recruitment and training costs

an extra incentive to offer potential employees

How employers can help breastfeeding mothers

Employers can have a policy to support breastfeeding. This includes:

a break allowance for mothers to express milk

provision of a clean, warm, private room (not the toilet) for expressing

a secure, clean fridge to store expressed milk

flexible working hours for breastfeeding mothers

Let your employees know about your policy before they start their maternity leave.

What the law says about breastfeeding mothers at work

It's up to you to decide how long you want to breastfeed. Returning to work doesn't mean you have to stop. Before returning, you should give your employer written notification that you're breastfeeding. Your employer must then conduct a specific risk assessment.

Workplace regulations require employers to provide suitable facilities where pregnant and breastfeeding mothers can rest.

The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) recommends that it's good practice for employers to provide a private, healthy and safe environment for breastfeeding mothers to express and store milk. The toilets are not a suitable place to express breast milk.
The HSE has more advice for employers about protecting pregnant workers and new mothers

Talk to other breastfeeding mums

If you know any breastfeeding mothers who have already gone back to work, ask them for advice.

Got a breastfeeding question?

Sign into Facebook and message the Start for Life Breastfeeding Friend chatbot for fast, friendly, trusted NHS advice anytime, day or night.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Information for employees and employers on returning to work and breastfeeding, including tips on expressing and storing breast milk.

# data[].attributes.headline
Returning to work or study - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.subject
Returning to work or study - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Listed below are some useful external resources about returning to work while breastfeeding.

Maternity Action works to end inequality and promote the health and well-being of all pregnant women, their partners and children from before conception through to the child's early years. They have lots of specific information about your rights if you want to continue breastfeeding when you return to work. You can find out more h re.

The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) provides information on breastfeeding and returning to work, for employers and employees.

Working Families is a charity which helps working parents and carers and their employers find a better balance between responsibilities at home and work. It has useful information about returning to work and breastfeeding.

NHS.uk also has some information on breastfeeding and going back to work for employees and employers.

Both Working Families and Maternity Action have helplines you can ring if you wanted to chat to someone about your rights when returning to work. Volunteers on the National Breastfeeding Helpline (0300 100 0212) will also be able to give you information and support about the practical aspect of continuing to breastfeed or providing breastmilk for your baby once you return to work.

If you are an employer, you can find out more about offering a breastfeeding friendly work environment and also sign up to our free Breastfeeding Friendly scheme here.

The Breastfeeding Network is not responsible for the content or reliability of these websites and does not necessarily endorse the view expressed within them. Listings shall not be taken as an endorsement of any kind. We cannot guarantee that these websites will be available all the time and we have no control over availability.
Links checked August 2024
You can read some personal stories about returning to work whilst breastfeeding below:

Barbara returned to her work as a teacher when her baby was six months old. She was suddenly faced with trying work out what to leave for the baby while she was away. Barbara found that her baby led the way by adapting to the nursery routine and breastfeeding more at night and at the weekends. Follow this link Barbara's story, to read what Barbara says about Rebecca who is now 2 ½ and whom she is still breastfeeding.

Further Stories are provided by Kateand .

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Returning to work or study - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Listed below are some useful external resources about returning to work while breastfeeding. Maternity Action works to end inequality and promote the health and well-being of all pregnant women, their partners and children from before conception through to the child's early years. They have lots of specific information about your rights if you want to [...]

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Breastfeeding continues to provide health benefits for you and your baby. Every feed is of value.

Breastfeeding is a great way for you and baby to relax and reconnect at the end of the working day.

The familiarity of breastfeeding can ease the change that returning to work brings to you both.

Breastmilk is free and the perfect natural and normal food for your baby.

You won't need to buy or prepare formula.

"I've returned to work now twice, full time. My first child was bottle-fed so I was apprehensive the second time about how breastfeeding would go when I returned. I had excellent information from a breastfeeding counsellor about different options and I'm really happy that I kept breastfeeding and working."

Your options
Depending on the age of your baby, your work pattern and your preferences, you're likely to have a number of options to choose from. Talk to other mothers who have successfully worked and breastfed. You can also talk through your options by calling the National Breastfeeding Helpline on 0300 100 0212.
What will baby drink, and how?
Do you want your baby to have expressed breastmilk, formula, water or a combination of these when you're apart? The needs of a very young baby whose mother is returning to work full time, will be different to that of an older baby whose mother is returning part time. A baby of eight months who has started taking solid food, will have less need for milk while you're at work, and can have some water in a beaker rather than milk as long as breastfeeding is plentiful for the rest of the time.

Babies don't necessarily need a bottle, although for a baby under around five months, bottles may be the most practical solution. An older baby may be happier with a plain or soft spouted beaker, or a cup with a straw. Some families like to get baby used to drinking from a cup/bottle before mum returns to work. It may help to get someone else to do this for you since some babies refuse cups or bottles from mum. The person who's going to be looking after your child may be a good option for this.
Expressing at work?
Some mums want to express at work, and some don't. Expressing at work is easier in some jobs than in others. However, even if you don't express while you're at work, and you decide to use formula, breastfeeding can continue while you are with your baby. It's not all or nothing.

If you're planning to express milk for your baby, practise can really help. Don't be put off if you only get a few drops at first. Remember too that if you're expressing in addition to full breastfeeding, there might not be much extra milk to express. When you're back at work, expressing will be in place of a feed and you'll have more milk available to express. If you're going to be able to express regularly during the working day, you won't need a large supply of frozen milk, as you should be able to express enough milk each day for the following workday. This will allow you to keep up your supply and provide fresh milk for your baby. However, some mums like the reassurance of having some frozen milk in reserve for an emergency, or if baby needs more milk than anticipated on any given day.

Try to express at regular intervals while you are at work, ideally when your baby would normally feed. It can help to have photos of your baby with you as looking at them or thinking about your baby, while expressing, can help the milk to flow.

If you're not going to be expressing at work, it's still useful to know how to hand express if you find yourself feeling full.

See our article Expressing Breastmilk for some more tips on expressing, storing breastmilk, and keeping equipment clean.
Different days, different patterns
Don't feel that baby must have the same feeding pattern every day. Many mums continue to breastfeed as usual whenever they are with their baby, while baby drinks from a cup or bottle when she's at work. Once established, your milk supply is very flexible, so you can do different things on different days.
Plan with your employer
Be open with your employer, talk with them, and put your needs or requests in writing. Maternity Action ( www.maternityaction.org.uk) has lots of information to help you and your employer. If you're going to be expressing, find out if there are adequate facilities: you'll need somewhere private, and shouldn't be expected to use the toilet. You may be able to use a medical room or a vacant office for example. Discuss breaks for expressing milk, and dedicated space in a convenient fridge to store it in. If this is new territory for your employer, they might find Maternity Action's information helpful. If your employer is unhelpful, contact your union rep or Maternity Action.

Health and safety legislation should safeguard your health. By not breastfeeding, you're at a higher risk of developing certain health problems. It's in your employer's interest to help safeguard your health while at work. There are also rules about exposure to hazardous chemicals, the Health and Safely Executive (www.hse.gov.uk) has information about this.
Childcare
Explore how different options will fit into different working patterns, such as childcare close to your work or nearer to your home. Childcare close to work might mean that you can fit in a feed or two during the working day. Make sure that your chosen carer knows what you need them to do. For example, to use 'paced bottle feeding' if baby's going to be using a bottle; how to store and use expressed milk; or not feed baby just before you're reunited, so that you can breastfeed straight away.

"I could only get a few drops of milk with my hand pump when my baby was small but when I went back, I found it much easier. The first day the milk took a little while to come, possibly because I was a bit anxious, but after that it wasn't a problem. I used to express about five ounces every lunchtime and put the bottle in an ice cream carton in the fridge."
What about when I actually return?
Some mums start work near the end of the week so that mum and baby can adjust gradually to the new routines.

Expect your baby to feed more often when you are at home, at least at first. Your baby will need to do this to increase your milk supply again after you have been apart, and to 'welcome you back'. Arrange a little extra help if possible or ignore household chores for a bit.

Some babies will 'reverse cycle', meaning that they catch up for missed feeds by feeding more at night. As long as baby is feeding frequently when you're with them, a longer gap without breastmilk during the day is normally nothing to worry about - instead of going a longer period without feeding at night, this is just happening during the day.

You may leak a little until your body adjusts to a new pattern, so remember breast pads when you first return to work, and it may be an idea to wear patterned clothing at first.

Get your bag and the baby's things ready the night before to give you both a little extra time in the mornings.
Planning your return to work can feel very daunting. In practice, many mums find that the transition back to paid work goes more smoothly than they expected.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The confusion over the rights of breastfeeding women who want to take lactation breaks challenges both mothers and employers.

# data[].attributes.headline
Continuing to breastfeed when you return to work

# data[].attributes.subject
Continuing to breastfeed when you return to work

# data[].attributes.headline
Expressing and storing breastmilk - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.subject
Expressing and storing breastmilk - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Expressing and storing breastmilk - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This page gives you some tips on how to hand express and store your breastmilk. It also answers some frequently asked questions on this topic. You might be thinking of returning to work, or study, or planning a night out. It can also help relieve pressure from a blocked duct or mastitis. Expressing small amounts […]

# data[].attributes.headline
Caring for your baby at night leaflet - Baby Friendly Initiative

# data[].attributes.subject
Caring for your baby at night leaflet - Baby Friendly Initiative

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Updated in 2022 with important new messaging on sleep safety, this leaflet offers helpful, practical advice to parents on looking after their sleeping baby both during the day and at night.

Caring for Your Baby at Night and When Sleeping covers a range of topics, including getting some rest, night feeding, safe sleeping environments and helping baby to settle. It is endorsed by the Lullaby Trust, the Baby Sleep Info Source (BASIS), the Royal College of Midwives (RCM) and the Institute of Health Visiting (iHV).

Printed copies are available for £15 per pack (1-9 packs) or £11 per pack (10 or more packs). There are 50 leaflets per pack and this price includes P&P within UK. Order using the Baby Friendly Resources order form, which you can download from our Resources page.
Please note: Orders for UK delivery only, and include postage and packaging costs. Orders may take up to 7 working days to process. The Baby Friendly Initiative reserve the right to re-print items at any time. If you are looking to order audit tools or e-learning please use our digital resources order form.

Caring for your Baby at Night and when Sleeping

A Guide for Parents

Download now

Caring For Your Baby at Night and When Sleeping: A guide for health professionals

Our accompanying guide supports health professionals who will be using Caring for Your Baby at Night and When Sleeping with new parents. It looks at the evidence underpinning the recommendations in the leaflet and offers guidance on discussing these issues.
An updated version of the health professional's guide will be made available soon.

Further resources

The Baby Sleep Information Source (Basis) is an informational source for parents who wish to make informed choices about their infant's sleep and night time care, and is the result of a collaboration between the Durham University Parent-Infant Sleep Lab, La Leche League, NCT, and the UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative.

We have also collaborated with The Lullaby Trust, Public Health England, and Basis to create a range of resources for parents and health professionals, with accessible guidance on safer sleep practices. The following are available to download and buy on The Lullaby Trust website.

Safer Sleep for Babies: A Guide for Parents

Safer Sleep for Babies: Saving Babies' Lives - A Guide for Professionals

Safer Sleep for Babies: Quick Reference Card

Public Health Wales have produced a version of the Caring for your baby at night leaflet in Welsh, which is free to download.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Caring for your baby at night leaflet - Baby Friendly Initiative

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This leaflet, endorsed by BASIS, the RCM and The Lullaby Trust, offers practical advice for parents on caring for their sleeping baby.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Unicef UK Baby Friendly Initiative | Hand expression

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Everything you need to know about expressing and storing your breast milk, including tips on hand expressing and electric breast pumps, and how to freeze, defrost and warm breast milk.

# data[].attributes.headline
You and Your Baby: Supporting Love and Nurture on the Neonatal Unit leaflet

# data[].attributes.subject
You and Your Baby: Supporting Love and Nurture on the Neonatal Unit leaflet

# data[].attributes.headline
Attaching Your Baby at the Breast - Video - Global Health Media Project

# data[].attributes.subject
Attaching Your Baby at the Breast - Video - Global Health Media Project

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Attaching Your Baby at the Breast - Video - Global Health Media Project

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Good attachment will help a baby get more milk and make breastfeeding more comfortable. This video shows why good attachment is so important to breastfeeding

# data[].attributes.headline
Breastfeeding positions - Start for Life

# data[].attributes.subject
Breastfeeding positions - Start for Life

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
1. Cradle hold

This is the probably the most popular breastfeeding position.

However, if you've had a caesarean, it may be uncomfortable because your baby lies across your tummy near the scar (try lying on your side or the rugby hold instead).

For the cradle hold, sit in a comfy chair with arm rests, or a bed with cushions or pillows around you.

1. Lie your baby across your lap, facing you.

2. Place your baby's head on your forearm - nose towards your nipple. Your hand should support the length of their body.

3. Place your baby's lower arm under yours.

4. Check to make sure your baby's ear, shoulder and hip are in a straight line.

Cradle hold tip

If you're sitting on a chair, rest your feet on a stool or small table - this will stop you from leaning forward which can make your back ache.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Breastfeeding positions - Start for Life

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Find out about the different ways you can breastfeed with our step-by-step guide to breastfeeding positions.

# data[].attributes.headline
An insight into Breastfeeding as a Black woman in the UK | ABM

# data[].attributes.subject
An insight into Breastfeeding as a Black woman in the UK | ABM

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
An insight into Breastfeeding as a Black woman in the UK | ABM

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
To change the narrative you need to hear the story - you cannot change what you don't know. On my breastfeeding journey as a black woman...

# data[].attributes.body
We are a group of health professionals, breastfeeding supporters and breastfeeding parents who are all passionate about ensuring that breastfeeding support is available equally to people of all skin colours. This means that professionals, breastfeeding supporters and families should have access to images of lactating breast conditions in people of all skin colours.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Our goal is to develop and maintain an open access image bank of normality, pathology and anatomical variations in the lactating breast/chest across a range of skin colours. We are particularly focusing on people with black and brown skin as they are under-represented in Western medical and lactation educational resources.

# data[].attributes.headline
Chestfeeding if you're trans or non-binary

# data[].attributes.subject
Chestfeeding if you're trans or non-binary

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Chestfeeding if you're trans or non-binary

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
If you are trans or non-binary and are thinking about chestfeeding your baby, find out your options and further information here.

# data[].attributes.headline
Breastfeeding with neurodiversity - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.subject
Breastfeeding with neurodiversity - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Breastfeeding with neurodiversity - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
You may like to read our blog posts on ADHD and Breastfeeding, Breastfeeding If You Are On The Autistic Spectrum and Six ways health professionals and peer supporters can help Autistic women meet their breastfeeding goals.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Evidence suggests that autistic people may experience aspects of breastfeeding differently to non-autistic people.

# data[].attributes.headline
Ending your breastfeeding journey: some approaches to parent-led weaning - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.subject
Ending your breastfeeding journey: some approaches to parent-led weaning - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Making the decision to end breastfeeding
Breastfeeding support is all about helping you to breastfeed for as long as you want to. We want families to reach their breastfeeding goals, and that means Breastfeeding Supporters are here for parents at the end of their breastfeeding experience, as well as at the start. Some families want to breastfeed for years. Some want to for months or weeks. If you are able to make the decision with the right information and feeling supported, we have done our job.

We want to make sure that you make the decision to end breastfeeding in a way that you will have peace with in the future. If you are struggling with breastfeeding, it may be that the right support can resolve issues and you can continue breastfeeding happily. We would want all avenues to be explored if the idea of ending breastfeeding is an unhappy one.

Are you hoping that ending breastfeeding might improve your child's sleep? It's important that parents understand what's normal when it comes to how babies sleep: "No difference in night wakings or night feeds was found between mothers who were currently breastfeeding or formula feeding ... Breastfeeding has no impact on infant sleep in the second 6 months postpartum." (Brown and Harries 2015)

You might have been told you have to end breastfeeding to take a medication and the Drugs in Breastmilk Information Service can provide evidence-based information on the compatibility of breastfeeding and medications. Sadly, parents are often misinformed.

It can be valuable for you to talk through your decision to end breastfeeding before starting the process. A breastfeeding supporter can help you reflect on your decision, as well as help you take some practical steps to get the process started. Every family's journey will be different because every child and parent's relationship to the breast is different. There is no 'one size fits all' approach to ending breastfeeding. In some families, the breast is at the heart of parenting. A mother might breastfeed throughout the night and day to meet her child's emotional needs in a host of different ways. In other families, a child might be feeding a couple of times a day, and even then, only when offered. You can see those families will have very different experiences around the weaning process. However, there are some general guidelines about starting the transition to ending breastfeeding.
Weaning under 12 months
If your baby under 12 months is ending breastfeeding, their nutritional requirements will obviously need to be the highest priority. A baby of around 7-9 months who is taking solid food reliably will still need around 600 ml (20 oz) of formula in 24 hours (NHS Better Health Start for Life 2023). From around 10-12 months, if we can assume that solids have become more established, we're expecting still around 400 ml (13 oz) of formula in 24 hours. If a young baby is feeding roughly eight times in 24 hours (it could easily be more), then we would start by looking at the formula total needed over 24 hours and dividing by eight. If day one means one bottle of 30 ml of formula at some point in the day (perhaps before a breastfeed), when everyone is in a good mood, that is a good place to start. If that volume increases gradually until one feed is entirely with the bottle, we might then pause for a couple of days to let breasts adjust and to consider next steps. Dropping one breastfeed no faster than every three days feels sensible to reduce the risk of breast health problems.

What kind of bottle is best? Parents often get pulled down a rabbit hole when it comes to this question. If a family is ending breastfeeding, we have less need to consider which bottle is protective of breastfeeding. There is not one 'best' bottle. We are looking for the bottle which is affordable, easy to buy where a family lives and with replaceable teats that are also easy to find.

What about choosing the type of formula? Any 'First' formula is appropriate and babies do not need 'follow-on' formula.

"All infant formula have to be of a similar composition to comply with UK compositional requirements and all brands are nutritionally adequate for infants. If a substance was found that was definitely beneficial for infant health that could be added to infant formula, it would be in all infant formula by law." (First Steps Nutrition Trust 2021)

After 12 months, full fat cow's milk can be given as a main drink. With a younger baby, giving milk in a bottle is likely to be a first choice. We want all bottle feeding parents to be confident with a technique known as responsive bottle feeding (sometimes referred to as paced bottle feeding) which can help the feed to be a time for connection and communication and reduce the risk of over-eating. However, the NHS recommend that families move away from bottles from around 12 months, and that means some older babies will be moving from a breast directly to a cup. We want families who use powdered formula to understand that the powder may contain bacteria and other pathogens and there are careful recommendations about how to make up a bottle safely. ( https://www.nhs.uk/start4life/baby/feeding-your-baby/bottle-feeding/how-to-make-up-a-feed/making-up-a-feed/)

When we talk about a baby under twelve months transitioning from breastfeeding, it is easy to get wrapped up on dropping breastfeeds and discussions of milk volume, but we must never lose sight of the fact that breastfeeding was about connection and an exchange of love and physical affection too. It was about oxytocin. We still want that oxytocin creation to happen. We are not just changing how a baby is fed but adding in a new method of feeding AND lots of opportunities for physical affection. Bottle feeding can happen skin-to-skin and there's lots of time for snuggles and connection.

Whatever age a baby is when breastfeeding ends, we need parents to be prepared for some possible impacts on them. Ideally, the transition from breastfeeding to exclusive bottle feeding happens gradually. If you have been producing a full milk supply, it is going to take time for your body to get the message that the order has changed. If that isn't handled carefully, at the very least we could be looking at engorgement and blocked ducts. In more serious cases, we could be increasing the risk of mastitis and abscesses. A gradual weaning process means it's more likely that the body will adapt. The grape-like lobules in the milk storage areas can feel lumpy under the skin and this can be frightening if you have spent months, or even years, associating lumpiness with blocked ducts. Milk storage areas that remain full are doing some important jobs. Fullness is part of the natural process which slows milk production. However, this is a balance, and we want the reduction to be as comfortable as possible. Breasts need to be well supported (but not squashed). Pain relief may be helpful. Cool compresses, and even cabbage leaves, may also provide relief. There are physical adaptations that are needed, but also emotional ones. You might experience 'weaning blues' even if you very much wanted to end breastfeeding. Your body is adapting to a change in hormones. Previously, with every breastfeed, there was a release of oxytocin. Your body may miss that, and you may have some other complicated feelings alongside the end of breastfeeding. It's important for you to be gentle with yourself and reach out for support if you need to.
Weaning an older toddler
Let's imagine we are talking about ending breastfeeding an older child. We start with doing some thinking about this child's relationship to the breast. Are they more likely to ask at a particular time of day? Or when you are engaged in a certain activity? Are they hungry for food or hungry for connection? Once we understand when requests for a breastfeed are more likely, we can reflect on what a child will need to replace breastfeeding. The act of weaning is not simply the act of removing breastfeeding. Many new things often need to be added in. We can think of breastfeeding as being like the 'Swiss army pen knife' of parenting. It contained so many different tools and met so many different needs. Now you are taking it out of your tool belt, and you're going to need to replace it with some new things. Some parents will learn to parent in different ways. Your child may need new ways to ask for help in emotional co-regulation. They may need a new language that helps them feel empowered and in control of their world. They may need a new language of sleep and getting to sleep. They may need help to find ways to say, "I'm feeling a bit vulnerable, and I need to check in with you."

It may be that breastfeeding is the tool a child uses to physically calm themselves. It is how they wind down when they are buzzing. It is also often used as a tool for sleep. It makes biological sense when you think that breastmilk contains hormones that aid sleep for any age - for both the nursling and the parent. Nurslings of any age can enjoy breastfeeding as a way to transition to sleep, whether it is for a nap, at bedtime or after waking in the middle of the night. Breastfeeding might also be their decompressing tool when they feel overwhelmed at other times. They may be experiencing physical pain or feeling unwell. They may feel afraid.

Weaning is not a battle of parent versus nursling. It is trying to find a new world together, with compassion, that meets the needs of everyone. A lot is going to depend on the age of the child, but if your child is verbal and is able to understand what you are saying, they can be a partner in your process. You might start with conversations in daily life that explain milkies don't last forever for everyone. These conversations can happen long before they are personalised to say, 'One day, YOU will not have mummy milk.' We want your child to understand that one day breastfeeding ends and that can be hard, but it ends for everyone eventually. In the park, you might point out an older child on a skateboard, 'I wonder how old he is. I think he's about ten. I wonder how old he was when he stopped having mummy milk and how he felt about that?' A parent might talk about people in the supermarket, characters in the background of picture books or television friends. Does Peppa Pig still have mummy milk? It is never discussed so we assume not. I wonder how old she was when she stopped? How does she get to sleep now? What does she do when she wants to feel close to mummy pig?

Reading picture books about weaning can also be an extension of this conversation. For many young children, reading a book is a time where they are most likely to focus, and the repetition is ideal to embed new concepts. You may like to go one step further and make your own weaning book. Using online photo companies, it's possible to create individualised books using family photos with familiar phrases, that give everyone a sense of ownership of the process. Young children often like to see photos of themselves, and you can include photos of their sleeping space, special toys and their favourite foods and activities.

Alongside reading picture books, eventually the time comes to put the theory into practice. You will need to explain to your child that one day milk will go away FOR THEM. You might share pictures of early breastfeeding and share memories. You might talk about how you have loved breastfeeding and how special it is and how you will find it hard to say goodbye too. This conversation doesn't just happen once but is sprinkled throughout some days at different times. It might happen at the park or during dinner. Ideally it happens at times when emotions are steady to start with, and there is time to explore feelings that arise. A child as young as 18 months or two years old may not be able to articulate, or even fully comprehend what is being said, but repetition may help and it makes sense to try and offer some explanation, rather than underestimate their level of understanding. It is important that you reflect on how you will explain to their child WHY breastfeeding is going away. Some parents struggle with doing this authentically. You will see stories online of parents rubbing their nipples in unpleasant tasting foods or even chilli oil (ouch). Breastfeeding has been such an honest and beautiful connection. If a parent has breastfed their child for several years, it seems a shame to end it with something inauthentic, and something they may later look back on with suspicion. Are we really protecting them?

Many parents fear speaking honestly. They want to say things like, 'milk is going away because you are getting older' or 'I think we will both sleep better if we don't have milk at night.' Neither of those concepts really make sense to a child. Why is milk going away? Being 'older' or 'a big boy' doesn't mean they don't need you! They may feel they sleep better at night because they have milk. They don't want a parent to do this for them! If a parent can find a starting place that is truthful, they will be able to continue with that honest communication. You might say something like, 'My body is going to stop making milkies' or 'my boobies are tired, and my body is tired and I'm going to help you say goodbye to milkies. I know it will be hard and sometimes you might feel angry and sad that boobies are going away, but mummy cuddles will always be here.'

A nursling who is weaning reluctantly has every right to be angry. Just as you have a right to wean, your nursling has the right to be angry and disappointed. It is important that they understand the feelings they express are to be validated. There is a misunderstanding by some that validation is a tool we use to calm children down. When we say, 'I understand', that we are actually hoping it is enough to stop them being upset, but in fact things might be more painful initially. A child who knows that their feelings are being listened to and recognised, is eventually going to be in a better place.

It is sometimes said that distraction is a valuable weaning tool. I have said it myself in the past. For much younger children, it can be useful as you seek to meet their needs in other ways as quickly and as effectively as possible. It is natural to not want to imagine that a child is experiencing pain. If there is a way to avoid seeing distress or anger, that sounds like an ideal scenario. However, distraction shouldn't be about pretending weaning isn't happening. We are not aiming to wean and hope they don't notice.

The psychotherapist Philippa Perry describes how distraction 'can be an insult to a child's intelligence': "What message does distraction convey? Imagine you fall over and badly graze your knee how would you feel if your partner, instead of being concerned or interested in the pain or the blood or the embarrassment, pointed out a squirrel or promised that you could play your favourite video game?" (Perry 2019)

Distraction is attractive in the short term. It might feel like a handy short cut, but this may not be the best time for short cuts. Of course, it does depend on what a child's motivations for wanting the breast are. Ideally, if distraction does happen, it should be on-topic and meeting the underlying need. If your child is requesting connection and time with you, then offering a different loving focused activity isn't distraction so much as offering a new way to meet the same need. However, a child who is asking for connection, and is instead offered a screen and a snack, is not having that need met respectfully.

If we see weaning from breastfeeding as a time to add in new parenting tools and new languages, what can that look like in practice? A new language around thirst and nutrition is about providing opportunities. Does the child have a cup they can use independently that is within easy reach? Do they have a way to request snacks or to explain when they feel hungry? All they may be skilled to do in that situation is to ask for a breastfeed.

Giving a child a new language to ask for connection and affection is often at the heart of weaning from breastfeeding. When a child continues breastfeeding beyond infancy, the dialogue of requesting a breastfeed and having that need met can feel powerful and wonderful. The most important person in their lives is pausing and meeting their request. When they have that urge for parental love and a sign of affection, they have the tools to do that. If that tool is taken away and no alternative is given, the risk is that the child feels not only rejected but also disempowered and destabilised. That was the only way that they knew how to ask for a physical sign of love. It was the only way they knew how to say, 'Hey I need you for a moment!' Can your child ask for a cuddle? Do you ask them for a cuddle? What other kinds of physical affection do you model in your home and have words for? You may want to add in more times for attachment play and power reversal play, where your child feels in control and taking the lead. Attachment play may only last for 10-15 minutes but it's a time when you give your child your focus and your energy.

A feed that is sometimes difficult to drop is the reconnection feed that happens when a child is reunited with their parent after a day of nursery and work. That feed is a powerful moment of a child decompressing at the end of a long day and celebrating seeing the parent again. Some children will arrive home full of energy, and high energy connective play and physical games may meet a need. Some are tired and are looking for a moment of peace. Activities like a hand massage or head and shoulder massage can be special, and the nursling might take the role of the facilitator and the expert. Dens are a great tool to give little people a sense of fun and excitement. You can create a cuddle nook which may be a tent or a home-made den, with cushions, bean bags and fairy lights. This isn't a place where breastfeeding happens but where reading and cuddling and other kinds of physical connection occur. It would be sensible to discuss in the morning what will happen at the reunion. Another caregiver could mention it and remind the child during the day. The parent might even be able to speak to them on the way home via a video call to prepare them for what is going to happen.

Alongside introducing a new language around connection and physical affection, other boundaries around breastfeeding are progressively being put in place. Breastfeeding might still happen in the day, but only in certain places. Perhaps no longer on a particular chair or restricted to a less interesting and stimulating room. You might agree to do a feed for a short period of time and then offer a different activity that may be more appealing. If you are saying, 'not right now', you can give them a choice about what might happen instead to help them feel they have some control over the process.

What about night weaning? What can be helpful is the concept of habit-stacking (a term used by Lyndsey Hookway). We want the child to have more than one association with safe and soothing bedtime and the process of falling asleep. Then as the breastfeeding is removed, they are left with something familiar that already helps their brain to think, 'Ahh, yes, sleep time now.' After all, being a creature of habit is a normal human state of affairs. Adults would also not be thrilled if our familiar routine was yanked out from under us overnight. Parents can introduce one or two additional habits alongside breastfeeding. It is something that involves the parent, so they are still offering co-regulation once the breastfeeding goes. It will differ for every child. Some would be irritated by stroking or patting and may prefer something auditory. A parent might choose a gentle phrase that can be repeated. They might tell a narrative along the lines of, 'You are sleeping now. Mummy is sleeping now. Granny is sleeping now. Cats are sleeping now. The birds in the trees are sleeping now.' When it later comes time for night weaning, the parent can add in, 'Boobies are sleeping now.' Some families might choose gentle singing or a white noise machine with ocean sounds.

For older nurslings, a guided meditation can also be a valuable tool at bedtime and the peaceful language repeated during the night in smaller chunks. An older child may also be able to express an opinion on what they would like to use as their additional sleep habit. At the same time, it can be useful to have conversation in the day about the process of falling asleep, to help reinforce that this is a process that involves an element of choice. How does Daddy fall asleep at night? How does a friend? What do they do when they can't fall asleep easily? A parent might role play falling asleep with cuddly toys during playtime. What is teddy going to choose? And teddy might be angry with Mummy because booby isn't happening throughout the night. A parent might 'play bedtimes', where they are the child, and the nursling becomes the parent. Or original roles might be maintained, and the parent offers alternatives to the breast. Role play can be a useful way to work through emotions.

Breastfeeding toddlers often haven't attached to a cuddly toy at bedtime. Why would they? The parent is their cuddly toy. However, it might be useful to introduce a transitional object for the first time, to provide one further means of support if night weaning is going to happen. Again, with an older nursling, this is something they may to like have agency over. A parent might explain that one day boobies will go away, and they can choose a new friend to be with them at night to help them.

In the nights prior to the onset of night weaning, daytime conversation is valuable. This is not something that comes out of the blue. However, weeks of preparation are unlikely to be helpful. Being gentle is not always the same thing as being very slow. A young child is unlikely to have a sophisticated sense of time and concepts like 'next month' or even 'next week' are fairly meaningless. Something like 'in a few days' might be more useful. You might discuss it on the bus, walking back from the park, at dinner time. You could eventually remind their child that, 'tonight is the last night that booby happens all night. Then tomorrow booby is sleeping at night.' Or you might say, 'tonight is the last night booby happens all night. Tomorrow, we can only do two boobies at night.' You remind them that it will be hard, and you will be there to help them. Then the during the day, prior to the big night, there are lots of reminders.

What is important is to emphasise that you will be there to support your child, whatever they are feeling. We are not implying that we are asking them to be a 'good boy' or to 'try hard'. Equally, the next morning, we are not praising them for not being upset. All feelings are welcome because the child is loved unconditionally. If you have a partner, they can provide important support for both of you, but it is not ideal if your approach to weaning involves you stepping away entirely and leaving your partner to take over (or for you to leave the home entirely). Your child is scared and experiencing their first major loss in their life. They need to know they are not losing you entirely. You are there to support them through this loss. And you'll also need to practise your new skills of providing comfort and co-regulation. Sometimes when parents do attempt to use separation as a weaning technique, it can leave a child feeling more vulnerable and even more desperate for breastfeeding to continue. Sometimes there is no alternative other than to face difficult feelings and to be there for your child during their time of loss.

Ending breastfeeding is hard. Even the most careful and loving parent who approaches the weaning process sensitively and gently may find it upsetting and difficult. Just as we make space for little people to feel sad, we may need to allow ourselves to have mixed feelings too. As AA Milne says (as quoted in the weaning book, 'Booby Moon' by Yvette Reid): "How lucky am I to have something that makes saying goodbye so hard." Then, when you are done, take a moment to look back and celebrate your breastfeeding achievement. Remember those early days and weeks. Remember the special times. IBCLC Glenni Lorick says that parenting is a 'series of weanings'. This has probably been your first. Well done for getting through it.
Emma's book: SUPPORTING THE TRANSITION FROM BREASTFEEDING: A GUIDE TO WEANING FOR PROFESSIONALS, SUPPORTERS AND PARENTS will be published by Jessica Kingsley Publishers soon.
References:

1. Brown, A. and Harries, V. (2015) 'Infant sleep and night feeding patterns during later infancy: association with breastfeeding frequency, daytime complementary food intake, and infant weight.' Breastfeeding medicine 10, 5, 246-252. doi: org/10.1089/bfm.2014.0153

2. Drugs in Breastmilk information service: https://www.breastfeedingnetwork.org.uk/detailed-information/drugs-in-breastmilk/

3. NHS Better Health Start for Life (2023) What to Feed Your Baby. UK: NHS Public Health England. https:/www.nhs.uk/start4life/weaning/what-to-feed-your-baby/7-9-months/

4. First Steps Nutrition Trust (2021b) Infant milks: A simple guide to infant formula, follow-on formula and other infant milks. London: First Steps Nutrition Trust. https://www.firststepsnutrition.org/parents-carers

5. Perry, P. (2019) The Book You Wish Your Parents Had Read (and Your Children Will Be Glad That You Did). London: Penguin. P.79

6. Hookway, L. (2021) Still Awake: responsive sleep tools for toddlers to tweens. London: Pinter & Martin.

7. Reid, Y. (2021) Booby Moon: a weaning book for toddlers. New Zealand: Yvette Reid.

8. Lorick, G. (2009) 'Life is full of weanings', Conservative Granola Mommies, 2 March. https://conservativegranolamommies.blogspot.com/2009/03/life-is-full-of-weanings.html.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Ending your breastfeeding journey: some approaches to parent-led weaning - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Emma Pickett IBCLC Making the decision to end breastfeeding Breastfeeding support is all about helping you to breastfeed for as long as you want to. We want families to reach their breastfeeding goals, and that means Breastfeeding Supporters are here for parents at the end of their breastfeeding experience, as well as at the start.

# data[].attributes.headline
ADHD and Breastfeeding - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.subject
ADHD and Breastfeeding - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
ADHD and Breastfeeding - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This information can also be viewed as a PDF by clicking here. This factsheet is intended to provide access to relevant evidence-based information. The national guidelines, research, data, pharmacokinetic properties and links shared are taken from various reference sources, they were checked at the time of publication for appropriateness and were in date. These are […]

# data[].attributes.headline
Expressing breast milk by hand - Start for Life

# data[].attributes.subject
Expressing breast milk by hand - Start for Life

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Expressing your milk by hand is a useful skill to have. It may take a bit of time and practice, but once you've mastered it, you'll find it's very helpful.

And the great thing is you only need your hands and a container - rather than a shop-bought breast pump.

Hand expression can be useful in various situations, for example if your baby isn't feeding or latching on well, if you want to stimulate your milk production, or if your breasts become engorged (this is a good way to relieve them).

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Expressing breast milk by hand - Start for Life

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Watch our video and read our step-by-step guide to expressing breast milk by hand.

# data[].attributes.headline
Exclusively Expressing Breastmilk for Your Baby - La Leche League GB

# data[].attributes.subject
Exclusively Expressing Breastmilk for Your Baby - La Leche League GB

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
When babies cannot feed at the breast comfortably and effectively, and breastfeeding support is hard to find or not able to help, mothers may choose to use a breast pump to express all the milk their baby needs, and then feed via a bottle or feeding tube. This is known as exclusive pumping. While this is often a temporary solution to protect milk supply until the baby is able to nurse directly at the breast, some mothers may find themselves exclusively pumping long term. Some mothers may also actively choose to exclusively pump and some mothers may be unable to feed their baby directly at the breast because their baby is poorly or has medical difficulties.

The decision to exclusively express breastmilk usually stems from an awareness of the irreplaceable qualities of breastmilk. Mothers also find that providing their babies with breastmilk can help with the grief from not being able to nurse directly at the breast. If their baby has medical difficulties, many mothers feel strongly that providing human milk will give their child the best possible start, particularly if their baby is in hospital. Yet, exclusive pumping is a significant undertaking which requires dedication, information and support.

You might find the decision to exclusively express feels difficult, and that you don't feel you fit with breastfeeding mothers or with those using formula. Please be sure that you will receive a warm welcome and support at LLL meetings and from your local Leader, and that we understand the lengths you're going to, to make sure your baby has your milk.

This page concentrates on the practicalities of how and when to express your milk and feed it to your baby, to establish exclusive expressing as your feeding method. Sometimes it can help to focus on all these practicalities and, once you have a workable plan, to give yourself time too to process how you're feeling about it, as you settle into life with your new baby. If you have a partner or supporter at home with you, all the things that are useful in supporting a breastfeeding mother will apply to you too!

Getting Started

If you have recently given birth and your mature milk has not yet come in, hand expressing is the most effective way of collecting colostrum to feed to your baby. It is important to start expressing colostrum within six hours (ideally after one hour, if possible) of giving birth, though if this doesn't happen for you, it is still possible to get started.

A newborn would expect to feed 8-12 times in 24 hours, and the feeds might not be evenly spread over that time, though they do need to include some feeds in the night; it is important to try to express breastmilk just as frequently in order to lay the groundwork for a robust milk supply later on. If you can have skin to skin contact with your baby while you're expressing, it can really help, and a photo or something that smells of your baby can be a substitute. You can collect your colostrum in a syringe, a small clean cup or a spoon. See our article on Hand Expression of Breastmilk for more information on hand expressing, and you might also find this video on hands-on pumping helpful. This technique can be tricky to get the hang of, so please do ask your midwife or other breastfeeding supporter to help. It's very common to need an extra pair of hands to collect the drops of colostrum.

Equipment

As your milk starts to transition, you will probably notice it start to change colour and spray out as you are expressing; this is a good time to introduce a breast pump. Although some women respond better to hand expressing, using a hospital grade double electric pump is the most effective way of removing breastmilk when a baby isn't latching or is not nursing adequately. If you are planning on exclusively expressing for your baby long term, then it will be worth investing in a hospital grade double pump. If you would like to try one before deciding whether or not to buy it, your hospital or midwife may be able to provide you with one on a short-term loan. Alternatively, you can hire a pump, although it may turn out to be rather expensive if you are exclusively expressing long term.

A breast pump usually comes with a collection set and the part that sits over your nipple/areola, which is called a flange. As women's nipples and skin elasticity differ, flanges are available in different sizes. It's important to ensure you have the right size for your nipples, as flanges that are too large or too small may cause pain or nipple damage and reduce the amount of milk you are able to express. Finding the right flange size may be a bit of a trial and error process; you may want to start by trying the standard size that comes with the pump (which varies for different pump brands) and see how you respond. If the standard flange sucks in too much areola, or if your nipple is at the back of the pump, you may need to go down a size. If, instead, you are left with a white ring around your nipple, you may need to go up a size.

Many mums find being able to express handsfree invaluable in terms of allowing them to fit regular pumping sessions into their day. There are a small variety of pumps that provide milk collection cups that sit inside your bra, freeing you up to cuddle your baby without fear of spilling your milk. However, they tend to have a limited range of flange sizes. Alternatively, you can buy special bras designed to hold your pump flanges against your breasts, or you can even DIY your own by cutting holes in a stretchy bra that line up with your nipples.

There are several other things to consider when choosing which hospital grade double pump to purchase or hire:

- How often will you use it? If you are planning to exclusively pump long term, you may need to consider motor life, to make sure the pump you purchase will live up to its use.

- How portable is it? If it uses a battery, then it can be carried around the house or out and about with you. Some pumps have built-in rechargeable batteries, while others offer the option to purchase a power pack or a car charger. Some pumps use removable batteries which are easy to replace if you unexpectedly run out of charge while away from a plug socket. However, using removable batteries may end up being rather expensive long term. You might find you end up using two different pumps - an efficient hospital grade one when you're at home and a hand pump or battery pump when you're out and about.

- Can you purchase spare collection sets? Having a spare collection set or two can come in handy, as most mothers find that it is easier to stick to their pumping schedule if their pump is set up and ready to go at a moment's notice, especially at nighttime.

Setting your schedule

For the first three-four months, you will need to express regularly to build a robust milk supply, ideally 8-12 times in 24 hours. Although you do not always need to pump at regular intervals, it is best not to go more than two to three hours between pumping sessions, with one longer stretch of four-five hours at night if you can take this break without damaging your milk supply. You will need to have at least one pumping session overnight, ideally between 2am and 5am when prolactin levels are highest. If you are able to pump when your baby wakes up for a feed, you may find it easier to do so than setting an alarm. If you need to set an alarm, but are having difficulty waking up, it may be worth experimenting with setting it for different times to try and coincide with the periods in your sleep cycle where you are in a lighter sleep. Many mothers find that they are able to express the most milk first thing in the morning, and less as the day goes on. You will notice your own patterns. It's also common for one breast to produce more milk or have a faster flow than the other side.

Working out ways to fit pumping sessions into your routine is key to long-term success. Some mothers will express while cooking, or holding a sleeping baby, or while travelling; sometimes before they feed their baby, sometimes afterwards. Experiment to find out what works best for your family and your daily rhythms.

In the early days, you may find that you are producing more milk than your baby needs; this is common and it will settle down in a few weeks. It can be useful to freeze any excess milk in small portions for later on, should your baby suddenly require more milk, such as during a growth spurt or period of illness.

Once your supply has established, usually between three and four months, you may decide to slowly reduce your number of daily pumping sessions. If you are planning to exclusively express long term, however, you may decide not to make any changes to your pumping schedule. If you start to reduce your expressing sessions, you may like to keep a record of your daily pumping outputs so that you can monitor what effect it has on your overall milk supply. You could start by increasing the intervals between your overnight pumping sessions, although it will still be important to express once at night. After doing this for about three-four weeks, you may consider dropping one daytime session. This may require you to adjust the time of all your other pumping sessions, in order to avoid leaving a big gap in between them, which could make you vulnerable to experiencing blocked ducts or mastitis.

Once your baby starts eating solids reliably, around eight-nine months, you may start to notice a change in their milk requirements and can adjust your pumping schedule and milk supply accordingly. However, many mothers find that introducing solids does not affect milk intake for a lot longer (in some cases, 18 months). When your baby is sat in a highchair, it can be a good time to express your milk without them pulling on the pump tubes.

How long is an expressing session?

The length of each expressing session will vary for each mother, based on her breast storage capacity and the type of pump she uses. If you are able to express milk from both breasts at once, then you will find it much faster.

While some experts recommend pumping for about 15-20 minutes, others believe that specifying the duration of a pumping session may not be helpful, as some mothers may take up to 45 minutes. In her book Exclusively Pumping Breastmilk, Stephanie Casemore suggests spending two hours over the course of 24 hours expressing. However, this total pumping time may need to be adjusted for mothers who need long individual expressing sessions. Also, other experts believe the total number of separate sessions to be more important than total pumping duration, with shorter, more frequent expressing sessions usually being more effective than fewer, longer sessions.

As a general rule of thumb, you can express until your milk stops spraying, and then for an additional five minutes to stimulate another let-down. If you need to increase your supply, you can pump for 10 more minutes and use hand expression right after to remove as much milk as possible. Breast compressions and massage during sessions ( hands-on pumping) also help to stimulate let-downs and maximise milk output. Some mothers find that it helps to experiment with "power pumping", where they pump frequently for short periods, to mimic cluster feeding. This might be something to use on occasion rather than as part of a daily routine as it can be quite time-intensive.

If, on the other hand, you need to decrease your supply, then slowly reduce the length of time you are expressing for. In both cases, many of the techniques discussed in our articles " My baby needs more milk" and " Too Much Milk and Oversupply " can be adapted for use with a breast pump.

If you are worried that you do not have enough time to do a full session, then it is better to pump less time and have a longer session later, than to miss one entirely.

Over time, as you reduce the number of pumping sessions, you may find that you will need to express for longer to obtain the same amount of milk. Many women find that if they cycle through their pump settings again, they can trigger a second or even a third let-down over a period of 30-45 minutes.

The importance of Oxytocin

Oxytocin is the hormone that triggers your letdown (milk ejection reflex). It is especially important to be mindful of this when expressing, as even mildly stressful situations of feeling rushed can make it difficult to trigger a letdown when using a breast pump. Many mothers find looking at their baby - or at pictures of their baby if they are separated - while expressing helpful. Gently massaging your breasts before and during your pumping session, as well as applying warm compresses or taking a warm shower before expressing can also trigger a let-down. Other ways to boost your oxytocin might include listening to music, watching a comedy on TV, reading a book, or browsing social media on your phone.

If you are able to cuddle your baby while expressing, you may see an increase in your normal milk output! It is even possible to express while carrying your baby in a sling or baby carrier. As your baby gets older and more mobile, you may find it easier to remove yourself to a different room where you can relax without worrying about them pulling on your tubes, or getting into things they shouldn't.

It can feel disheartening if you are watching your collection bottles and feel that they are not filling up quickly enough. Covering the bottles with socks, or distracting yourself so that you are not watching, can be helpful. If you are struggling to get a let-down, it is ok to put your pump away and come back to it 10-20 minutes later and try again. If it is a persistent problem at certain times of day, try to remember that the stimulation you are giving your breast still has a valuable purpose.

How to pump

In order to keep pumping comfortable and avoid nipple damage, you may want to consider using lubrication, such as lanolin or olive oil, inside the pump flange to reduce friction. The flange needs to make a comfortable seal around the breast.

Pumps have different suction and cycles settings. You may want to start with a low suction and high number of cycles to stimulate your let-down. Once your milk starts flowing, you can decrease the number of cycles and increase suction. In order to avoid getting sore, it is a good idea not to use the same suction setting for long periods of time. Switching between low and high suction also helps to trigger more let-downs.

Once you are done pumping, you can massage both breasts and hand express to make sure your breasts are completely drained.

How much milk to pump

As breastmilk is highly digestible, breastfed babies tend to feed little and often. When babies nurse directly at the breast, milk intake varies from feeding to feeding, so the amount of breastmilk taken per bottle may also vary throughout the day. On average, babies need 750-1035ml of breastmilk per day between one and six months of age. You may want to pump slightly more than this to make sure you have enough milk when your baby goes through a grow spurt.

Feeding your breastmilk

Babies drink from a bottle and nurse from the breast in a completely different way. When drinking from a bottle, babies cannot control the flow of milk, which can be uncomfortable for them and can lead to overfeeding. In order to minimise this problem, you may want to feed your baby your expressed milk in a way that is as close as possible to nursing. This is often referred to as paced bottle feeding.

Rather than feeding your baby bottles of expressed milk according to a strict schedule, you may want to feed on demand, as you would if they were nursing at the breast, being aware of early hunger cues. Holding your baby upright and keeping the bottle in a horizontal position allows the baby to suck actively, as he would at the breast, and to control the flow of milk, taking a break whenever he needs to. Offering the bottle teat gently, letting the baby draw it into their mouth, and feeding to satiation also allow the baby to be more in control of his feed. You can find more information on how to feed your baby your expressed milk in our article ' Bottles and other tools '.

It's important to remember that breastmilk should not be warmed up in a microwave or in a pan on the hob, in order to avoid damaging its nutrients. Shaking breastmilk is also not necessary.

Storing your breastmilk

Breastmilk's antibacterial properties help it stay fresh, so it can be safely stored at room temperature for four-six hours and in the fridge for up to a week. If away from home, you could use a cool bag with ice packs. Our page Storing Your Milk has comprehensive details on safe periods for storing expressed milk for healthy babies. If your baby is unwell or premature, then follow hospital guidelines. Your baby will benefit more from fresh than frozen breastmilk because its living properties will help him fight off possible infections, however all human milk is beneficial for you baby.

You may well see that your expressed milk is not always the same colour, and that it separates into layers when it has been stored for a while. Neither of these is a cause for concern, and a gentle swirl of the container before you feed your milk to your baby should make the layers mix again.

If you find that you are producing more milk than your baby needs, you might like to consider donating your milk by registering as a donor for your local breastmilk bank.

Stopping exclusively pumping

When you feel ready to stop expressing milk for your baby, it's important not to rush into dropping pumping sessions, in order to avoid the risk of experiencing blocked ducts or mastitis. Your breasts need time to adjust, so it's best to adopt a gradual approach. You could try to reduce the length of your pumping sessions by a few minutes over a few weeks, or you could try slowly increasing the intervals between sessions.

Exclusive pumping, while also doing the day to day work of looking after your baby, can be exhausting, and sometimes mothers and parents wrestle with feeling guilty about having stopped "too soon". By taking on the work of exclusive pumping, though, you gave your baby a wonderful gift.

Written by Nicola Sheldon (LLL Berkshire and Oxfordshire) and Eva Williams (LLL Oxfordshire), May 2020.
Thanks to Harriet Valentino for her input and to Lois Rowlands, Rae Vacher Lowe and Laura Loasby for the photos.

Further reading

https://laleche.org.uk/hand-expression-of-breastmilk/
https://laleche.org.uk/my-baby-needs-more-milk/
https://laleche.org.uk/too-much-milk-and-oversupply/
https://laleche.org.uk/bottles-and-other-tools/
https://laleche.org.uk/expressing-your-milk/#Pumps
https://laleche.org.uk/storing-your-milk/
A mother's story from our members magazine breastfeeding matters
https://kellymom.com/category/bf/pumpingmoms/pumping/
Exclusively Pumping Breastmilk, Second edition. Casemore, S. Gray Lion Publishing, 2014

i Exclusively Pumping Breastmilk. Second edition. Casemore, S. Gray Lion Publishing, 2014

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Exclusively Expressing Breastmilk for Your Baby - La Leche League GB

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
When babies cannot feed at the breast comfortably and effectively, and breastfeeding support is hard to find or not able to help, mothers may choose to use a breast pump to express all the milk their baby needs, and then feed via a bottle or feeding tube. This is known as exclusive pumping.

# data[].attributes.headline
The Flange FITS Guide by Babies in Common 2023 Jeanette Mesite Frem IBCLC

# data[].attributes.subject
The Flange FITS Guide by Babies in Common 2023 Jeanette Mesite Frem IBCLC

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Research-based information on baby sleep for parents and practitioners, covering normal infant sleep, sleep safety, where and how babies sleep, SIDS and SUDI, parental sleep and free resources.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Comparatively little research has been conducted into the sleep and night-time care of twins and multiples, compared to the large amount of data for singleton babies. What research has been done is summarised here, beginning with a review of the evidence relating to co-bedding twins.

For advice on getting infants to sleep, and sleep safety for multiples, see the Twins Trust website. We have worked with them to produce guidance on the sleep of twin / multiple infants and SIDS.

▸ Click for twin co-bedding research

▸ Click for research on twin sleep patterns

▸ Click for research on twin parents' sleep and tiredness

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Twins Comparatively little research has been conducted into the sleep and night-time care of twins and multiples, compared to the large amount of data for singleton babies. What research has been done is summarised here, beginning with a review of the evidence relating to co-bedding twins.

# data[].attributes.headline
Pain: if breastfeeding hurts - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.subject
Pain: if breastfeeding hurts - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Pain in your nipples or breasts whilst breastfeeding is most often linked to how you are holding your baby and bringing them to your breast (often referred to as positioning and attachment). Before considering any alternative reasons for experiencing pain whilst breastfeeding please use our guide to positioning and attachment to rule this out as a cause of pain. Even if there is another medical basis for the pain, getting positioning and attachment as comfortable as possible will still help.

When you first start breastfeeding, it is common to experience a strong and sometimes uncomfortable sensation for the first few seconds of your baby latching on. However, this should pass quickly, and feeding should become comfortable. If this is not the case, trying some small changes to your positioning and attachment could help make feeding more comfortable for you.

Signs that attachment is not as effective as it could be include:

If the pain is worst at the start of a feed, and continues for more than a few seconds.

If your nipple changes shape after breastfeeding - either lipstick shaped or flattened

If your baby slurps onto nipple rather than attaching with open gape

If your nipple changes colour after the breastfeed - classically a white tip to the nipple, although this may not be visible on all skin tones

If your nipple is damaged, with cracks or bleeding

If the pain is not improved after trying some of the ideas in our guide on positioning and attachment, please seek support from a breastfeeding supporter. They can observe and assess a full feed. You can also find a local support group here or contact the National Breastfeeding Helpline.

If your nipple is damaged, use moist wound healing within the wound (avoid applying cream to whole nipple) to stop a scab forming, which will deepen the wound. You can continue to breastfeed on a damaged nipple as it will still be able to heal, but it is very important to get support with positioning and attachment to prevent further damage occurring.

If a breastfeeding practitioner has helped you adjust your positioning and attachment and you still have pain or nipple damage, your baby may need to be assessed for a tongue tie or other issues that might be making breastfeeding harder.

Other causes of pain in breastfeeding:

Allergy

If your nipples are itchy (which may be triggered by warmth) or changed in colour (which may show as redness on lighter skin tones) but you do not see any change in the shape of your nipples and are not experiencing pain, the problem may be an allergy to something in contact with your nipples, such as nipple cream or breast pads. Try eliminating these to identify the cause. If disposable breast pads are causing irritation, you could try washable ones instead.

The symptoms may be relieved by a non-sedating antihistamine and hydrocortisone 1% cream applied sparingly. See our factsheet on antihistamines for more information on taking these whilst breastfeeding.

Vasospasm

If your nipple turns white at tip after breastfeeds and pain or itchiness, and redness on some skin tones, occurs immediately at end of feed when blood returns, vasospasm could be the cause.

This is due to restricted circulation from compression of the nipple by the baby squashing it between their tongue and the roof of their mouth during a feed. It can be relieved by help with attachment from a specialist breastfeeding practitioner. Vasospasm can occur in one or both breasts. It does not respond to medication which is unnecessary, but can be improved by adjusting positioning and attachment.

Raynaud's Phenomenon

If the pain is worst at the end of or after a feed and your nipples change colour rapidly after breastfeeds from white to purple then red (this might not be visible on all skin tones), you may be experiencing Raynaud's Phenomenon.

If you have a history of circulation problems or migraine and pain is triggered or made worse by cold, Raynaud's Phenomenon is more likely. Pain can be immediately after a feed but may also be delayed or can be triggered by cold even when not feeding.

You may be able to improve your symptoms by avoiding breastfeeding in cold places, covering your nipple as soon as a feed is finished and applying warmth after feeds. If this is not effective, consider asking GP to prescribe nifedipine 10mg three times a day or nifedipine LA 30mg daily. Treatment for two weeks may be sufficient or may be needed long term. You can find more detail in our Raynaud's phenomenon factsheet.

A white spot, bleb or blocked nipple pore.

If pain is worst at the end of or after a feed and you can point to a discrete spot (which may be white, yellow or pale pink) on your nipple as the origin of the pain, this is likely to be due to a white spot, also called a bleb, blocked nipple pore or milk blister. Symptoms may return periodically.

A white spot is thought to be caused by a thin bit of skin growing over a milk duct opening, and milk backing up behind it.

You can continue to feed with a white spot, and feeding may cause it to clear spontaneously. If it does not clear, the skin overgrowth can sometimes be removed by soaking the nipple in warm water and rubbing gently with a clean, moist washcloth. You can also try softening the skin with an oil such as olive oil. If this doesn't work, the skin may require removal by a healthcare professional using a sterile needle. Antibiotic cream may be required if a significant wound results. If you squeeze just behind the blister some toothpaste-like thickened milk may come out through the now opened blister.

Expressing milk

If your nipple is sore or damaged and you are using a breast pump rather than feeding directly, you may need to reduce the strength of the suction on your pump or you may be using a flange that is the wrong size. Speak to your health visitor, midwife or peer supporter to get support with expressing your milk if needed.

Strong let-down

If the pain is strongest at start of feed or just before a feed and there is a sharp intense pain in your breast(s), often described as squeezing pain, this can be due to the let down or milk ejection reflex. Pain can be worse on fuller breast.

If it is associated with leaking milk, you can reduce this by applying firm hand pressure to your breast at the time of leaking.

If your baby also makes a clicking noise during feeds or pulls away choking once the feed has started, the fast flow of milk may mean your baby is struggling to attach well. Further support from a skilled breastfeeding practitioner to improve attachment may be useful.

You may find it helpful to express a small amount of milk just before a feed if your breasts are full, to get past the powerful let-down before starting the feed, or to use a laid-back breastfeeding position, so that the milk flow is less overwhelming for your baby.

Engorgement

If your breasts are painfully hard and full, and feeding or expressing milk relieves this sensation, your breasts may be engorged. This may be worst first thing in the morning, especially if you have not fed frequently through the night. You can avoid engorgement by feeding frequently and responsively, including at night time. Consider offering your baby a feed whenever your breasts start to feel full or uncomfortable. If you are unable to feed at that time, or if your baby refuses a feed, you can express just enough milk to relieve the discomfort. Avoid expressing more milk than necessary, as this could trigger an increase in your milk supply and make the engorgement worse. Allowing your breasts to remain engorged could lead to your breasts becoming inflamed (mastitis), or a reduction in your milk supply, so it is best to avoid this whenever possible.

If you find it hard to latch your baby on when your breasts become very full, you may like to try reverse pressure softening. Reverse pressure softening is a way to soften your areola. It can help make latching and removing milk easier when your areola is very swollen and engorged by temporarily relieving firmness and swelling.

It can be particularly helpful if you have some oedema or swelling due to IV fluids or drugs given during labour and birth, especially if you had a caesarean section. Breast engorgement in the early days can be caused by your milk coming in or by a combination of fluid held in the breast tissue around the milk ducts as well as by milk within the breast.

Reverse pressure softening briefly moves mild or firmer swelling away from under your areola, slightly backward into your breast for a short period of 5-10 minutes. This allows your areola to change shape and makes latching easier as your baby is able to get more of your areola and breast tissue into their mouth.

Reverse pressure softening also causes a 'let-down' reflex, making it easier for your baby to get milk or for you to remove milk by hand expressing or expressing with a breast pump.

Reverse pressure softening should not be used if you have mastitis, plugged ducts or a breast abscess.
How to do reverse pressure softening:
The key is to make your areola very soft right around the base of the nipple. This can make it easier for your baby to get a better latch.

Press gently on the edge of your areola, inward towards your chest wall, counting slowly to 50

Once the areola has softened, you can start to feed your baby or express (by hand or using a breast pump on low to medium pressure)

If you have very swollen breasts, doing reverse pressure softening lying on your back (taking advantage of gravity) will give more relief

Soften your areola right before each feeding (or expressing) until the swelling goes away. This takes two to four days or more

Blocked ducts and Mastitis

If there is a sore, lumpy area on your breast that may also feel hot and can appear red on lighter skin tones, you may have a blocked duct or mastitis. Mastitis is an inflammation of the breast. It may be accompanied by flu-like symptoms. Continue to feed responsively and seek support from a specialist breastfeeding practitioner as soon as possible. Blocked ducts or mastitis may be triggered by feeding infrequently, allowing your breasts to become overfull or other situations that increase pressure on your breast, for example, wearing a bra that is too tight or wearing your baby in a sling for longer than usual. Adjusting the way you hold your baby and bring them to your breast when feeding ( positioning and attachment) may also help.

You can take ibuprofen 400mg as anti-inflammatory if appropriate (i.e. if you have no contra-indications such as asthma or stomach ulcer), and also paracetamol for pain or fever. Antibiotics are not usually required if self-help measures are started quickly, but you should see a doctor if your symptoms persist. You can read our factsheets on pain relief medicines and breastfeeding and our mastitis page for more detailed information.

Abscess

An abscess is a rare complication of mastitis. You might want to consider whether you have an abscess if mastitis has not resolved following frequent, effective feeding and a course of antibiotics and if the skin on your breast looks like orange peel. A milk sample should be taken to ascertain the micro-organism involved in the infection to help decide which antibiotic might be most appropriate. An ultra sound investigation may be required to diagnose an abscess. Drainage of pus by needle aspiration or surgical drainage together with appropriate antibiotic might be offered. Abscess formation is a rare complication of infectious mastitis and may involve MRSA. You may benefit from emotional support from a breastfeeding supporter alongside specialist support from medical staff.

Thrush

Signs of thrush in you

Thrush (Candida albicans) infection can affect your breast while you are breastfeeding. Symptoms of thrush are a sudden start of breast and/or nipple pain in BOTH breasts after some weeks of pain free breastfeeding - pain is severe and can last for an hour after EVERY breastfeed. It should be confirmed by a swab of your nipples.

Thrush should not be diagnosed if:

You have pain in only one breast/nipple (thrush spreads quickly from one breast to the other)

You have never had pain free breastfeeding

If your nipples are shaped oddly after breastfeeds

If your nipple is white at the tip after breastfeeds

If the pain is different at different times of the day

If your baby has a tongue tie which you are waiting to have snipped.

Thrush in the first few weeks of feeding is rare unless the mother had vaginal thrush at delivery or had deep breast thrush at the end of a previous lactation. Less than perfect positioning and attachment with consequent damage are more likely to cause the pain at this stage.

Signs of thrush in your baby

Creamy white patches in your baby's mouth, on the tongue and may be far back or in the cheeks. Patches do not rub off.

Baby's tongue/lips may have a white gloss

It should be confirmed by a swab of the baby's mouth.

If you think you have thrush:

Before treating either you or your baby you should ask the person supporting you with breastfeeding to watch a full breastfeed from the moment the baby goes to the breast to the moment he/she comes away from the breast at the end of the feed. They need to look at your nipples at the end of the feed to look for change in colour and shape

If your baby has a white tongue but you are not experiencing pain, be aware of the risk of thrush but do not treat either of you immediately. Some babies have white tongues in the first few weeks after birth or this may be associated with tongue tie where the milk is not thrown to the back of the mouth.

Diagnosis should be confirmed by nipple swabs cultured for fungal and bacterial infection.

Breastfeeding should be pain free from the point of attachment (the moment the baby goes to the breast) onwards. Pain from thrush begins after a feed. There should be no change in the shape or colour of the nipple after a feed. Even good attachment can often be improved and help to relieve symptoms of pain. Be aware of the other causes of nipple and breast pain described on this page, and exclude them first.

Self-help measures

Thrush can be passed between you and your baby - and also between you, your partner and other children

Anecdotally, some mothers find acidophilus capsules can help to restore bacteria which can keep thrush under control (available from health food stores or chemists)

It is necessary to be very careful with hygiene in order to get rid of thrush completely - be sure to wash your hands well after each nappy change

Use a separate towel for each person in the family

Anecdotally, some mothers find reducing the level of sugar and yeast in their diet helps

If a thrush infection is confirmed, to make sure that you get rid of it, both you and your baby need treatment, prescribed by a doctor. Usually, once treatment begins the pain and other symptoms will begin to improve within 2 or 3 days. It may take longer for full recovery.

If there is no improvement at all after 7 days, consult your breastfeeding helper again as the cause of the pain may not be thrush.

Treatment

Ongoing attention to positioning and attachment is important because even the best latch can slip a little sometimes.

Miconazole cream applied to your nipples after every feed - sparingly and without washing off before the next feed

Miconazole oral gel applied gently to your baby's mouth 4 times a day a small amount at a time

If symptoms persist you may need fluconazole 150-400mg as a loading dose followed by 100-200mg daily for at least ten days. This is rarely necessary if your baby is less than 6 weeks old and could cause vomiting and stomach pains.

For more information, see our detailed factsheet on thrush and our factsheet on miconazole oral gel and the breastfed baby with oral thrush.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Pain: if breastfeeding hurts - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Pain in your nipples or breasts whilst breastfeeding is most often linked to how you are holding your baby and bringing them to your breast (often referred to as positioning and attachment). Before considering any alternative reasons for experiencing pain whilst breastfeeding please use our guide to positioning and attachment to rule this out as [...]

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Tips on how to help your baby sleep, including what to expect, establishing a routine, and safe sleeping.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Find out how to develop a feeding routine for twins and multiples, including breastfeeding, formula feeding and when to start weaning.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Here at Breastfeeding Twins and Triplets UK we will answer all of these questions and more. We will try to put your mind at rest whilst being honest about journey on which you are about to embark. Breastfeeding more than one baby is challenging, but it is definitely possible and a lot of mums go on to have a really enjoyable experience.

# data[].attributes.headline
Infant milks for parents & carers — First Steps Nutrition Trust

# data[].attributes.subject
Infant milks for parents & carers — First Steps Nutrition Trust

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Infant milks for parents & carers — First Steps Nutrition Trust

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
First Steps Nutrition Trust is a charity which provides clear, evidence-based and independent information and support for good nutrition from pre-conception to five years of age.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Office for Product Safety and Standards has issued an Urgent Safety Alert for baby self-feeding pillows and is urging the public to stop using them immediately and dispose of them safely.
Self-feeding pillows/prop feeders present a risk of serious harm or death from choking or aspiration pneumonia.

Talking through your feeding choices with your health visitor and your partner can help you feel more confident that the choices you are making work best for you and your babies. You can also contact Twinline or Twins Trust's breastfeeding peer supporters to help you work through your options.

If your babies are born early, are unwell or are not putting on weight, ask your health professional for guidance on how and when to feed your babies.

Some parents find that developing a routine of some sort works well for them and their babies, while others find they prefer to 'go with the flow' - it's your choice.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The options for feeding twins, triplets and multiples are the same as feeding singleton babies: breastfeeding, mixed feeding, feeding expressed milk solely or formula (bottle) feeding. We have information on the practicalities of feeding multiple babies.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Every day mothers panic and end breastfeeding or start using formula and there is not an underlying problem with their milk supply.

# data[].attributes.headline
Bottles and other tools - La Leche League GB

# data[].attributes.subject
Bottles and other tools - La Leche League GB

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Feeding breastmilk other than at the breast

When the nursing mother and baby are separated or the baby cannot feed at the breast, they may need another way of taking breastmilk.
These tips assume that your baby is being fed expressed breastmilk. If this is not available, please check with your baby's healthcare provider.
When is the best time to introduce a bottle?

La Leche League's manual The Womanly Art of Breastfeeding suggests that unless it's essential, ideally the introduction of a bottle is left until the baby is at least three to four weeks old, and breastfeeding well. Milk supply can adjust to the baby's needs more easily if they are able to breastfeed directly, and the more practice the baby gets at the breast, the more quickly they will become skilled at breastfeeding.

Some people worry that if they don't introduce a bottle early on, the baby won't take one later. While a younger baby is slightly more likely to accept a bottle than an older one, it's not a strong effect. Most babies of all ages will accept a bottle - some with a little coaxing!

If you are thinking ahead to going back to work or study, but you won't be doing this until your baby is older than six months, it may be reassuring to know that your baby probably won't need a bottle by then. They will already be eating other foods and drinking water, and could be offered milk in their usual cup. Healthcare providers recommend that by a year, all babies (even those who have been completely bottle-fed) have stopped using bottles, because of their impact on teeth.
When a baby isn't able to breastfeed at all, or isn't able to take enough milk at the breast, it's important to start expressing milk early and often, to protect your milk supply and keep your baby safely fed. You can find information about this here:
https://laleche.org.uk/hand-expression-of-breastmilk/

Ideas for introducing a bottle to a breastfed baby

If you would like to introduce a bottle, here are some ideas that have worked for other families:

Choose a time when your baby is happy and relaxed, and not too hungry. It's difficult to learn a new skill when you're hungry! It can be helpful at first to think of it as a play activity, rather than a meal.

Have someone else offer the bottle to your baby. A breastfed baby may be least likely to accept a bottle from his mother - they knows where they expect the milk to come from! This doesn't mean that they won't accept an alternative when she isn't available. Even very young babies understand that different people care for them in different ways. Often, the best person to give a bottle to a reluctant baby is an experienced, confident bottle-feeder. Ideally, this will be someone who knows the baby well. Limit the number of people feeding your baby to no more than two or three; feeding is an intimate process, and it's important that your baby feels safe and comfortable, and that the feeder can get to know your baby's preferences.

Hold the baby comfortably, but not lying in the crook of your arm. Babies who are bottle-fed lying on their backs can end up taking too much milk, too quickly. Very young babies (under about six weeks) can be fed lying on their side, on a pillow on your lap, with their feet towards you. Some younger babies, and most older babies feed best sitting up fairly straight, supported behind their neck and shoulders by your arm or hand.

Gently present the bottle teat across the baby's lips , to stimulate their gaping (mouth-opening) reflex and invite them to take the teat into their mouth. You could gently tickle their lips with it, as many mothers do with the breast. If they accept it, give them a good mouthful, so they aren't just sucking on the end of the teat. Most babies do best with a teat that encourages them to open their mouth wide.

Keep the bottle in a horizontal (flat) position, so the baby needs to suck actively to get the milk, as they do at the breast. This is often called "paced bottle feeding." You will need to tip the bottle as it becomes emptier, so that there is milk at the end of the teat, but the whole teat doesn't need to be full of milk all the way through the feed. Most babies do best with a slow-flow "newborn" teat; you might need to try a few different brands and teats to find one with a speed your baby likes (flow rate is not standardised across different brands). It typically takes about 15-20 minutes to finish a bottle - there's no rush. Tilting the bottle to pour milk into the baby's mouth can lead to them taking more milk than they need, faster than they can easily manage. This can cause discomfort, as well as frustration when he returns to the breast and the flow of milk is slower.

Watch for signs that the baby needs a break. When breastfeeding, the baby waits for a few seconds up to a minute before the milk "ejects" in a rush, then gradually slows down, allowing natural pauses. Bottle-feeding can be tiring for the baby, because they have to keep sucking at the same speed throughout the feed. The following signs suggest they might need a rest: a wrinkled forehead (frown); wide, alarmed eyes as they gulp quickly; "starfish hands" (fingers splayed out); turning their head away from the bottle; suddenly going to sleep (not just gently drifting off as they become full and satisfied). If you notice any of these stress signals, or if milk spills from theirmouth, tip the bottle down to stop the flow, or take the bottle away, until she asks for more milk. If she doesn't ask for more, she has had enough for now.

As at the breast, babies may want a feed that comes in two parts. Young babies may want a short nap (often about 10-20 minutes) before taking the second part of their feed. Most adults prefer always to give a bottle using the same hand, but you could even try turning them round to have some more on the "other side"!

Alternatives to bottles

Most breastfed babies in the world never use a bottle, going straight from the breast to drinking from a cup. And a few babies who are offered a bottle simply refuse to take one, whatever their parents and carers try! Bottles are not the only alternative feeding method - there are lots of other options.

Even premature babies can drink from an open cup, with care and practice. Special cups are available, but any clean cup can work; some parents prefer a small one, such as a shot glass.

To cup feed:

Sit your awake baby upright on your lap, supported behind her neck and shoulders by your arm or hand.

Place the rim of the cup on their lower lip and tilt the cup until the milk approaches their lip. Their tongue will explore and find the liquid. Thet will then lap or sip the milk - on the first few attempts, this may take a few minutes. You might want to use a bib or cloth to catch spills, until you've got some experience of feeding this way! Don't pour the milk into your baby's mouth. Keep the level constantly by their lower lip and allow them to rest and pause while drinking, but do not remove the cup.

When they have finished, they will let you know by turning their head away, or by other obvious cues.

To learn how to cup feed, try practising with another adult first - you will quickly work out how far you need to tip the liquid to avoid frustration or spills!

Other feeding methods:

For a tiny baby, other options for offering milk include a dropper, oral syringe or teaspoon.

A baby who can breastfeed but needs extra milk as well could be fed using a nursing supplementer - a gadget that delivers milk via a tube that is taped or held next to your nipple. The baby takes both breast and tube at the same time, and gets milk from the supplementer as he nurses at the breast. Your LLL Leader can help you decide whether this might be a suitable option for you. You can find information about this here: https://laleche.org.uk/nursing-supplementers/

Babies who can sit up may prefer to feed themselves (well supervised) from a regular cup or a "sippy cup" with a lid. If you are also breastfeeding, you may want to avoid models that rely on the baby biting or pressing firmly on a valve to get liquid out.

Your baby may enjoy drinking milk from something he often sees you using, such as your favourite coffee mug - just make sure you wash the coffee out first!

When your baby is fed by one of these methods, be sure to breastfeed often when you are together, to satisfy your baby's sucking need.

How much milk?

Most breastfed babies take about 60-120ml (2-4oz) of breastmilk per feed, from 1-6 months of life. The composition of breastmilk changes as the baby grows, but not the quantity.

This is different from artificial milk, which the manufacturers suggest needs to be given in increasing volume, in line with the baby's weight as he grows. Some experts think that this leads to overfeeding, and may be one of the reasons why babies fed on formula milk are at higher risk of overweight and obesity in later life.

If you are feeding carefully, in a "paced" way (as described above), you can trust your baby to show you how much they want at each feed. It may be a quick drink or a full meal - just like adults, babies don't need all their feeds to be the same size.

Make sure that the alternative caregiver doesn't give your baby a lot of milk shortly before you return, though; you will probably want to feed as soon as you arrive, to reconnect with your baby and relieve your breasts!

Changing feeding patterns when mother and baby are apart

It's common for breastfed babies to refuse a bottle initially when their mother returns to work or study, while they adjust to major changes such as a new daycare environment and caregivers. Adults often feel less hungry when they first start a new job, too! The baby's appetite will come back as they settle into their new rhythm and gets to know theircarers.

Some babies may choose to "reverse cycle," which means refusing a bottle or taking less milk than normal when away from mum, then nursing a lot when they are together. Breastfeeding isn't just about milk, of course; allow your baby to "fill up" on cuddles, as well as milk, as much as possible when you are together. Give yourselves a week or two to adjust to your new pattern. As long as your baby's nappy output and growth are normal, he's getting enough milk.

Babies older than about six months, who are also eating other foods, may choose to manage without milk altogether while you are away, managing fine with food and water until you get back. Babies often surprise their mothers by eating much more when you aren't there than they do at home, especially if other children are also eating!

When other people want to bottle-feed your baby

Often family members sometimes express a desire to bottle-feed a breastfed baby as a way of "bonding" with them. They may be impressed by the powerful connection you are making with your breastfeeding baby, and want the same kind of closeness.

It can be helpful to know that what strengthens attachment is touch (especially skin-to-skin holding) and gaze (looking into each other's eyes) - not the transfer of milk. Fathers, co-parents and other key adults who spend lots of time holding babies skin-to-skin and sharing gaze and smiles with them experience a surge of nurturing hormones, like breastfeeding mothers do. If you want to promote a closer connection between your baby and the other important people in her life, encourage them to wear her in a sling, take a bath with her or just hang out together between breastfeeds, and let nature do its magic!

Even very young breastfeeding babies can have strong, loving relationships with several people at once, including other close adults and siblings. Their mother is usually the centre of the baby's universe, and especially if they are tired, upset or unwell, there will be times when "only mum will do".

Fathers and other close adults can feel frustrated and powerless, and wonder whether life might be easier for them if the baby weren't breastfed. Experienced parents know that these early months and years pass quickly, and the time will come when the baby or young child reaches out to someone else, in preference to their mother! Older babies and toddlers typically go through cycles of intense connection with one favoured parent or carer, then another.

In the meantime, there are many ways a loved one can help you and your baby at the same time.

They can love, listen to and support the breastfeeding parent.

They can change a nappy.

They can bathe the baby.

They can hold and calm the baby when he is not hungry, especially in those evening hours when young babies often need long periods of intensive soothing.

They can "babywear" and spend time skin-to-skin.

They can play with, sing and read to the baby.

They can bring mum a glass of water, snack, phone, TV remote, or anything else she needs when she sits down to nurse.

They can take care of housework, errands and meals.

They can defend mum when others may not support breastfeeding or other parenting choices.

They can be right there next to mum when she breastfeeds in public, helping her feel confident.

They can contact a La Leche League Leader for help!

Bottles are not a necessary part of a close relationship with the baby.

Differences between feeding at the breast and being bottle-fed

Exclusive pumping ("EP"), when a baby is fed completely on his mother's expressed breastmilk, is becoming more popular, for many reasons. Most mothers who express all their milk for their baby have experienced such overwhelming breastfeeding challenges that breastfeeding directly does not feel like an option for them. They invest precious time in milk expression so that their babies can still have the benefits of mother's milk. This is a true "labour of love".

A few mothers may have the option of breastfeeding directly, but wonder whether expressing their milk and feeding by bottle isn't just as good. It may be helpful to know that there are some differences between direct breastfeeding and "breastmilk feeding" by other means.

Your milk has the highest level of antibodies when your baby takes it directly from your breast, and next highest when it is freshly expressed. Your body responds to your baby's saliva - if your baby is exposed to something that he needs antibodies for, this need is communicated to your body as your baby breastfeeds.

The longer milk is stored, the more the active components are deactivated. Your refrigerated or frozen milk still provides excellent nutrition and protection for your baby, just not as good as directly from the breast or freshly expressed.

The activity of breastfeeding helps exercise the baby's facial muscles. This promotes the development of strong jaws and balanced facial structure. Several studies have shown breastfeeding to enhance speech development and speech clarity. Increasing duration of breastfeeding is associated with decreasing risk of later need for braces or other orthodontic treatment. One study showed that young children with a history of suboptimal breastfeeding have a higher prevalence and risk ratio for malocclusions. other studies suggest breastfeeding could reduce childhood stuttering

Breastfeeding directly is also less time consuming - as any EP mother can tell you! There are no pump parts to wash, a skilled breastfeeding baby can remove milk faster than any pump, and the mother doesn't need to spend extra time pumping and then feeding the expressed milk to her baby. When the baby is hungry or needs to be comforted, you simply put your baby to the breast, without needing to prepare the bottle and warm the milk.

The benefits of skin-to-skin contact

Skin-to-skin contact provides a baby with huge benefits. It increases the mother's milk supply by helping her hormones to flow, and helps to "organise" the baby's behaviour so that he learns to feed more easily. Babies who are held skin-to-skin cry less, saving their energy for growing, and have more stable breathing, heart rate, blood sugar, and temperature.

When you are breastfeeding, you have to be in skin-to-skin contact with your baby, even if you don't feel like it! And a baby at the breast is at the perfect distance for gazing at your face, basking in the warmth of your smile. When a baby is fed partly or entirely by bottle (or any means other than the breast), they can still benefit from lots of skin contact, holding and gaze - carers just need to be more intentional about it.

Your baby might enjoy:

Taking a bottle snuggled against your bare breast

Falling asleep with their cheek pillowed on your breast at the end of a feed (some babies may be willing to use the breast to suck themselves peacefully off to sleep after a bottle-feed, even if they get most of their calories by bottle)

Taking a bath with you

Being "worn" in a sling or front carrier near the breast

La Leche League is all about mothering - not just breastfeeding. While we believe that " mothering through breastfeeding is the most natural and effective way of understanding and satisfying the needs of the baby ", we know that when this isn't an option, or can only be done some of the time, with care and thought, babies can be fed and mothered lovingly and responsively in other ways too. We have supported thousands of mothers to provide breastmilk for their babies by means other than the breast, and to have a wonderfully close, satisfying relationships with their babies. You can too!

La Leche League groups welcome anyone who is pregnant, breastfeeding or providing their own milk for a baby, or trying to do so. Please don't feel awkward about feeding your baby from a bottle or other means during a LLL meeting, or asking questions about it! Breastfeeding mothers understand better than anyone else the challenges of breastfeeding, and the work involved in expressing milk. We would love to meet you and your baby, and support you on your feeding journey.

Originally published by La Leche League International in January 2019 and available at https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-info/bottles/

You can see a poster about cup feeding here

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Bottles and other tools - La Leche League GB

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Feeding breastmilk other than at the breast When the nursing mother and baby are separated or the baby cannot feed at the breast, they may need another way of taking breastmilk. These tips assume that your baby is being fed expressed breastmilk. If this is not available, please check with your baby's healthcare provider.

# data[].attributes.headline
Feeding on demand - Bottle feeding - Start for Life

# data[].attributes.subject
Feeding on demand - Bottle feeding - Start for Life

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Responsive feeding

You do not need a feeding schedule. Health professionals recommend "responsive" or "on demand" feeding - this means following your baby's cues and feeding them when they are hungry.

Although most babies gradually settle into a feeding routine, they vary in how often they want to feed. Feed your baby when they show signs that they are hungry.

Babies tend to feed little and often, so they may not finish their bottle. Never force your baby to finish the bottle - always be led by your baby.

Unused infant formula that has been kept at room temperature must be thrown away within 2 hours. Read our guide to making up a feed to find out more.

Signs of hunger

After a while, you will get to know your baby's hunger signs.

Your baby may:

try to find something to suck - usually their hands or fingers

move their eyes around

"root around" or look for the teat of the bottle

start wriggling and getting restless

open and close their mouth

If you can spot these early signs before they start crying for food, your baby will be easier to feed.

If your baby is upset, try soothing them before feeding - a cuddle and some skin-to-skin contact may help.

Babies cry for lots of different reasons. If they have been fed recently then hunger is unlikely to be the cause of their crying.

The NHS website has lots of useful information on how to soothe a crying baby. You can also have a look at our guide on bottle feeding challenges which covers reflux and colic.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Feeding on demand - Bottle feeding - Start for Life

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Feeding on demand, or responsive feeding is when you feed your baby when they show you they're hungry, rather than a strict schedule.

# data[].attributes.headline
UK Human Milk Bank - Breast Milk Donation, BreastMilk Storage, UKAMB

# data[].attributes.subject
UK Human Milk Bank - Breast Milk Donation, BreastMilk Storage, UKAMB

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
UKAMB

Welcome to UKAMB

Donated breastmilk from the country's network of milk banks helps to save the lives of premature and sick babies.

UKAMB is a registered charity that supports human milk banking in the UK and was set up in 1997. Our motto is 'Every Drop Counts' and we believe that the provision of safe and screened donor breastmilk makes an important contribution to the care of the premature and sick infants who receive it. Our goal is to ensure access to donor milk to every child who would benefit from its use.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
UK Human Milk Bank - Breast Milk Donation, BreastMilk Storage, UKAMB

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
UKAMB, a registered organization supports human milk banking to save the lives of premature and sick babies. Connect with our network today!

# data[].attributes.headline
Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust- human milk bank

# data[].attributes.subject
Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust- human milk bank

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Human Milk Bank

Our Human Milk Bank is the only one in the West Midlands, providing donor breast milk to our own neonatal babies, as well as to hospitals around the region and beyond. We offer donor milk to support mothers while they are establishing their own milk supply, or if they are unable to provide their own milk due to geographical separation or maternal illness.

We actively encourage and support our mothers to provide their own breast milk to their sick and premature babies, as research demonstrates a reduction in infection and other problems due to its unique composition and special anti-infective properties. This increases their chances of survival as well as helping their long term development.

Who can donate breast milk?

Mothers who have established breast feeding with their own baby and find they have surplus milk to their baby's requirements. Enrolment as a donor must be before your baby is six months old and you can continue to donate until your baby is 12 months old. On initial contact the milk bank team will ask some general questions about your health and lifestyle, and the health of your baby. There are certain reasons which will exclude you from becoming a donor, such as smoking or taking certain prescribed medicine.

Blood tests are required to ensure infections or viruses will not be passed on via your milk. Although you will have blood tests during pregnancy, milk banks are required to take them again for their own records.

If you would like more information about donating or have any questions, please contact us on 0121 335 8245 or bwc.milk.bank@nhs.net.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Our Human Milk Bank is the only one in the West Midlands, providing donor breast milk to our own neonatal babies, as well as to hospitals around the region and beyond.

# data[].attributes.headline
Looking for volunteers: trained BfN peer supporters and OCA 'Group Hosts'

# data[].attributes.subject
Looking for volunteers: trained BfN peer supporters and OCA 'Group Hosts'

# data[].attributes.body
We are delighted to have joined with Oswestry Community Action (Qube) to offer training for volunteers who will run breastfeeding peer support groups across the Shropshire area. Places on the course will be allocated to people who live in Shropshire (excluding Telford & Wrekin) and who are able to volunteer in the following areas: Ludlow, Shrewsbury and Oswestry.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Helper2026/01 Shropshire Qube(2) - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Course Title: Helper2026/01 Shropshire Qube(2) Number of places available: 12 Course start date: Thursday 8th January 2026 Course end date: Thursday 26th March 2026 Day and time of sessions: Thursday afternoons, 12.30pm to 2.30pm on Zoom 08-Jan15-Jan22-Jan29-Jan05-Feb12-Feb19-Feb – Half term, no session26-Feb05-Mar12-Mar19-Mar26-Mar Assignments to be completed by: 1st March 2026 Course venue: All sessions will be held […]

# data[].attributes.headline
The Lived Experience - Breastfeeding a baby with Down syndrome

# data[].attributes.subject
The Lived Experience - Breastfeeding a baby with Down syndrome

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Lived Experience - Breastfeeding a baby with Down syndrome

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
© 2023 The Milk Bank at Chester - Registered Charity No. 1050015

# data[].attributes.headline
An update on our information on, and approach to, persistent breast and nipple pain when breastfeeding - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.subject
An update on our information on, and approach to, persistent breast and nipple pain when breastfeeding - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
An update on our information on, and approach to, persistent breast and nipple pain when breastfeeding - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
by the DiBM staff team and Emma Thomas You may have noticed recently that the Drugs in Breastmilk (DiBM) factsheets on thrush of the nipple or breast have been taken down. This is because our clinical pharmacy team have spent the last six months challenging the status quo when it comes to persistent nipple or breast […]

# data[].attributes.headline
Train to be a registered BfN volunteer - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.subject
Train to be a registered BfN volunteer - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
At the heart of our organisation are our volunteers who give their time to support other families in their communities and over the helplines. We currently have over 650 volunteers across the UK of all ages and from all backgrounds. You can give a few hours every week, or each month or offer to help with a specific task or event for a short period of time, it is completely up to you.

Some people volunteer to give something back as a thank you for the support they received, others do it to meet new people or gain experience that might help them find a job. Whatever your reasons we would love to hear from you. Our volunteers make us who we are and enable us to support thousands of families each year, why not join us!

If you would like to volunteer your time to support other mums with breastfeeding you will first need to complete our Training. This helps us make sure that the support and information our volunteers offer is safe, up to date and consistent across the UK.

We would love to be able to offer training to everyone who asked, but unfortunately, this is not possible due to funding. This means we may not have training available in your area or you may need to wait for several months before you can get a place on a course.

We provide two levels of training designed for mums who have breastfed to become registered BfN volunteers. This can be provided as part of a Peer Support projector as a stand-alone activity, to increase breastfeeding awareness and support in a specific area.

All our peer support training is accredited by OCN London and is delivered by trained BfN tutors. You will work through the training as part of a group. This enables you to share experiences and develop relationships with other women training to volunteer in your local area or across the UK.

BfN training is open to all women who have personal experience of breastfeeding their own babies. It is open to mothers of all ages and background; to enable them to widen their knowledge, skills and experience to support breastfeeding within their communities or remotely.

BfN is committed to promoting equality and diversity and to eliminating discrimination in our training and coordination of volunteers. We will always look to make reasonable adjustments and to provide additional support so as to ensure that our training is accessible to everyone.

What do you get when you train with us?

All workbooks, manuals, course materials and other resources to help you support mums and families

The opportunity to complete training as part of a group of mums who have breastfed

Support from a trained BfN Tutor

Assessment and internal moderation of completed coursework

Peer support from other trainees on the course and the opportunity to develop a supportive network

Registration and accreditation with Open College Network (London)

BfN ID badge and OCNL certificate upon completion

Full complimentary membership of BfN for two years (see here for full details) - including DBS and PVG checks, low-cost or free entry to our annual conference and subscription to our quarterly BfN News

Insurance to volunteer on behalf of BfN

Regular supervision (usually monthly) and ongoing support

Ongoing training and opportunities for further development (Helpers can train to become Supporters and Supporters can go on to train as Supervisors and Tutors)

The opportunity to work as a registered volunteer which can be useful work experience when applying for paid employment, also with a reference from a national charity

BfN Helper Course (Peer Supporter)

This is our first level of training for volunteers. By completing the course you can hope to achieve:

The knowledge to support other mums with breastfeeding

A nationally recognised, Open College Network (London) accredited qualification (two units at Level 2, equivalent level to GCSEs in England and National 5s in Scotland)

The opportunity to continue training to become a BfN Registered Breastfeeding Supporter

Training to become a BfN Helper volunteer is free and may include a crèche facility.

BfN Registered Helpers (peer supporters) can volunteer in a variety of different ways: in BfN breastfeeding drop-in groups, in hospitals, schools and in antenatal classes.

The course itself usually consists of twelve 2 hour sessions which are traditionally delivered face to face at a local community venue. We are currently developing a more blended approach. This combines the same excellent support from an experienced BfN tutor and access to an accredited course using an online format. The online course includes around seven group tutorials delivered via video call.

There is also a version of the BfN Helper Course aimed specifically at training peer supporters to be able to volunteer in the neonatal unit.

BfN Supporter Course

BfN Registered Helpers may go on to do a second stage of training if they wish. On completion of this second level of training you would become a BfN Registered Supporter. You would develop the skills to work more independently and to offer phone support on the National Breastfeeding Helpline (NBH).

The BfN Supporters course consists of at least two units at OCNL level 3, with the opportunity to complete a further unit (equivalent level to GCE A levels in England and Highers in Scotland and worth up to 12 credits). There are 13 group sessions delivered face to face or as online video calls over around 6 months. Trainees are expected to complete 13 assignments which are then assessed and moderated. This course may be delivered entirely face to face or using a mix of online training and group video call tutorials.

Availability of Training

Courses accepting applications just now are listed below. If there is no course listed for your area at present, please to go to our Peer Support Projects page where you can view individual project pages and contact details.

Please refer to our Volunteer Recruitment Policy for more information about how the process works.

If your area is not listed it is unlikely that we are currently offering training near you. We are developing new courses, including online training, and information will be made available here on the website and on social media so please keep checking back.
If you would like to tell us more about why you would like to train please complete this form to register your interest.
We will keep these details on file and we will try to let you know of any new courses that may be of interest. Any information you provide will be handled in accordance with our Privacy Policy.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Train to be a registered BfN volunteer - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
At the heart of our organisation are our volunteers who give their time to support other families in their communities and over the helplines. We currently have over 650 volunteers across the UK of all ages and from all backgrounds. You can give a few hours every week, or each month or offer to help [...]

# data[].attributes.headline
My baby won't latch on - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.subject
My baby won't latch on - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Sometimes, it can be hard to convince your baby to latch on to your breast. This can be stressful but there are lots of things you can try to make it easier. If you are struggling to get your baby to latch on, first try following our guide on how to breastfeed.

You might find that it helps to hand express some drops of milk onto your nipple so your baby can smell and taste it.

If possible, try breastfeeding as soon as your baby shows any signs of hunger. A very hungry baby may become distressed and this can make latching more difficult.

If your breasts have become very full and hard, it may be hard for your baby to latch. You can try expressing just enough milk to soften your breasts, so you feel more comfortable and to make latching easier for your baby.

Reverse pressure softening may also help if your breasts are very full or engorged.

It might help to spend some time in skin-to-skin contact, with the baby close to your breast and with access to your nipple, but without pressure to latch on and feed. You could try a laid-back position with your baby laid on your tummy/chest, so they can root and seek out the breast themselves.

Sometimes it helps to take a 'Babymoon'. Sometimes families can have lots of visitors in the first few days and end up being busy making cups of tea and looking after visitors. This can impact on you as a breastfeeding parent, as you don't have the time to sit and really spend time getting to know your new baby and work together on getting breastfeeding established. This is especially true if you are worried about feeding with people around. You are also less likely to be spending time in skin-to-skin contact with baby if you have lots of visitors around!

Sometimes when you are finding feeding isn't working that well in the first weeks (or even later on) it could help to spend 24 hours or so just focusing on your little one and on feeding, especially if you have been busy. Some breastfeeding parents head to bed for lots of skin-to-skin and others just ask for no visitors (except those who are willing to look after you so that you can focus yourself and your baby!) This is sometimes called a babymoon.

If you are still having trouble with latching or breastfeeding, speak your midwife, health visitor or a breastfeeding supporter. You can visit a local support group or contact the National Breastfeeding Helpline as well.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
My baby won't latch on - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Sometimes, it can be hard to convince your baby to latch on to your breast. This can be stressful but there are lots of things you can try to make it easier. If you are struggling to get your baby to latch on, first try following our guide on how to breastfeed.

# data[].attributes.headline
Breastfeeding after a Caesarean Birth - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.subject
Breastfeeding after a Caesarean Birth - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Breastfeeding after a Caesarean Birth - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
As part of caesarean awareness month in April, we’re sharing some information on breastfeeding after a caesarean section. Your caesarean may be planned or unplanned, but either way it needn’t derail your breastfeeding journey – the key is to be informed so you can be as prepared as possible. First,…

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Tongue-tie (ankyloglossia) is where the strip of skin connecting the baby's tongue to the bottom of their mouth is shorter than usual.

Some babies who have tongue-tie do not seem to be bothered by it. In others, it can restrict the tongue's movement, making it harder to breastfeed.

Tongue-tie is sometimes diagnosed during a baby's newborn physical examination, but it's not always easy to spot. It may not be obvious until your baby has problems feeding.

See a health visitor, midwife or GP if you're concerned about your baby's feeding and think they may have tongue-tie.

Signs of tongue-tie

To breastfeed successfully, a baby needs to latch on to both the breast tissue and nipple, and their tongue needs to cover the lower gum so the nipple is protected from damage.

Some babies with tongue-tie are not able to open their mouths wide enough to latch on to the breast properly.

If you're breastfeeding your baby and they have tongue-tie they may:

have difficulty attaching to the breast or staying attached for a full feed

feed for a long time, have a short break, then feed again

be unsettled and seem to be hungry all the time

not gain weight as quickly as they should

make a "clicking" sound as they feed - this can also be a sign you need support with the positioning and attachment of your baby at the breast

Tongue-tie can also sometimes cause problems for a breastfeeding mother. Problems can include:

Most breastfeeding problems, however, are not caused by tongue-tie and can be overcome with the right support.

If you're finding breastfeeding difficult, ask a midwife, health visitor or a breastfeeding specialist for help.

Read more about breastfeeding problems and how to overcome them.

Other signs of tongue-tie

Other signs that may indicate your baby has tongue-tie include:

difficulty lifting their tongue up or moving it from side to side

difficulty sticking their tongue out

their tongue looks heart-shaped when they stick it out

Treating tongue-tie

Treatment is not always needed, if your baby has tongue-tie but can feed without any problems. If their feeding is affected, treatment involves a simple procedure called tongue-tie division.

Tongue-tie division

Tongue-tie division involves cutting the short, tight piece of skin connecting the underside of the tongue to the bottom of the mouth.

It's a quick, simple and almost painless procedure that usually improves feeding straight away.

The procedure

Tongue-tie division is done by doctors, nurses or midwives.

In very young babies (those who are only a few months old), it is usually done without anaesthetic (painkilling medicine), or with a local anaesthetic that numbs the tongue.

The procedure does not seem to hurt babies. This is because there are very few nerve endings in the area around the bottom of the mouth. Some babies sleep through the procedure, while others may cry a bit.

A general anaesthetic is usually needed for older babies with teeth, which means they'll be unconscious throughout the procedure.

The baby's head is held securely while sharp, sterile scissors with blunt ends are used to cut the skin.

It only takes a few seconds, and you can start feeding your baby immediately afterwards.

There should not be much bleeding. Your baby may get a white patch (ulcer) under their tongue, but this should heal in 1 to 2 days. It will not bother your baby.

Research suggests most babies who have treatment for tongue-tie find breastfeeding easier afterwards.

The Association of Tongue-tie Practitioners (ATP) can help you find a tongue-tie practitioner.

Older children and adults

Untreated tongue-tie may not cause any problems as a child gets older, and any tightness may resolve naturally as the mouth develops.

However, tongue-tie can sometimes cause problems such as speech difficulties and difficulty eating certain foods.

Speak to a GP if you think you or your child are having problems caused by tongue-tie.

Tongue-tie division can be carried out in older children and adults, although it's usually done under general anaesthetic.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Tongue-tie (ankyloglossia) is where the strip of skin connecting the baby's tongue to the bottom of their mouth is shorter than usual. Some babies who have tongue-tie do not seem to be bothered by it. In others, it can restrict the tongue's movement, making it harder to breastfeed.

# data[].attributes.headline
Breastfeeding in public - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.subject
Breastfeeding in public - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Breastfeeding in public - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Every day hundreds of babies are being breastfed outside the home – it is a bit like being pregnant, you don’t notice that anyone else is until it happens to you and then suddenly it seems like everyone is expecting a baby! So even though babies are feeding when out and about, most of the time we […]

# data[].attributes.headline
Barriers to breastfeeding for younger mothers - La Leche League GB

# data[].attributes.subject
Barriers to breastfeeding for younger mothers - La Leche League GB

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Barriers to breastfeeding for younger mothers - La Leche League GB

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Lynsey Hansford describes her own experience as a younger mum and looks at some of the barriers to breasfeeding they face. You may have heard or observed that younger mums are less likely to breastfeed than older mums. The 2010 UK Infant Feeding Survey found that women aged 30 or above were the group most […]

# data[].attributes.headline
Breastfeeding with a disability - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.subject
Breastfeeding with a disability - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
If you have a disability you may be concerned that this will affect how you choose to feed your baby. In most cases, with the right help and support, breastfeeding with a disability is not only possible but can offer distinct advantages for both the mother and baby.

A person is considered to have a disability if they report a long-standing illness, disability or impairment which causes substantial difficulty with day-to-day activities. This is the core definition of disability in the Equality Act 2010.

Everyone's condition is unique but mothers with disabilities have told us that these are the most common problems:

Positioning and attachment issues - due to fatigue, physical difficulties, overwhelming sensory issues and use of medical equipment (e.g. wheelchairs, stoma bags) the most common positions may be impractical and unhelpful. There are many more positions out there, you can even invent your own to find the best for you and your baby.

Knowing how medication affects breastmilk - doctors and other healthcare professionals may not always have the knowledge to inform you. Always speak to your healthcare professional first but if you have other questions the The Drugs in Breastmilk information service offers up to date information on various drugs and their safety in breastfeeding mothers.

Other problems that come up are more specific to the long term condition or disability: hormone problems interfering with milk supply, digestive problems causing mother to have difficulty maintaining enough calorie intake to nourish themselves and their child, connective tissue disorders affecting joints or skin to name a few. Most of these can be helped with some creative thinking and up to date relevant knowledge. Knowing how to access help is essential to your support.

Where to look for help

Midwife/consultant - you may need to ask specific questions about the difficulties you are facing

BfN Drugs in breastmilk Facebook page

Support groups for your condition (face to face or on social media) - ask if anyone in them has breastfeed and can share tips with you

Local BfN support groups or local BfN Facebook pages

National Breastfeeding Helpline

Quotes from breastfeeding mothers with a disability:

I knew I would really struggle with fastening bottles so kept on breastfeeding. I also wanted to avoid having to go up and down stairs at night.'

That it's so handy and convenient don't have to get out of bed don't have to move boobs are always there and less to carry in bag. I think breastfeeding is one of the most accessible tools mums have!!'

Don't give up breastfeeding or think it's not possible because of your disability - tell professionals they need to help you find a way to crack it! Besides, for many of us, bottle feeding is even more difficult with holding/position of baby and washing bottles'

Many autistic women worry about sensory sensitivities and breastfeeding. But these vary from person to person. After the initial week or so when my nipples were very tender sensitivity was not a problem. On the positive side, being autistic, breastfeeding was good because the baby could be fed immediately, reducing the amount of crying. There was also no anxiety about preparing formula correctly.'

For some health conditions breastfeeding can be a protective factor in the child's future health. Breastfeeding for me staved off the postnatal crohns flare, unfortunately it did appear once my baby weaned but of course I preferred it then than in the postnatal phase!'

If you are a mother with disabilities and you want to share your experience of breastfeeding please get in touch or join our Facebook page to chat to other mums.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Breastfeeding with a disability - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
If you have a disability you may be concerned that this will affect how you choose to feed your baby. In most cases, with the right help and support, breastfeeding with a disability is not only possible but can offer distinct advantages for both the mother and baby.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Shropshire’s community hubs are vibrant spaces at the heart of local communities, designed to enrich the lives of local people.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This site stores certain information as “cookies” on your device in order to improve your website experience. We also share information about your use of the site with analytics partners who may combine it with other information that you’ve provided to them or that they’ve collected from your use of their services.

# data[].attributes.headline
Breastfeeding the Brave – Supporting breastfed medically complex infants and children

# data[].attributes.subject
Breastfeeding the Brave – Supporting breastfed medically complex infants and children

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Breastfeeding the Brave – Supporting breastfed medically complex infants and children

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Welcome to the home of Breastfeeding the Brave, a resource for both mothers/parents and professionals supporting breastfed medically complex infants and children.

# data[].attributes.headline
Expressing & Storing Milk - La Leche League GB

# data[].attributes.subject
Expressing & Storing Milk - La Leche League GB

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Why Express Milk?

Expressing Milk

Storing Milk

Why express milk?

There are several reasons why you might need or want to express milk for your baby. These include:

when a baby can't breastfeed

to make more milk

a return to paid work

separation

choice

When a baby can't breastfeed

Babies and parents have many instincts for breastfeeding, but it is still a learned skill that can take time and practice. When babies won't breastfeed, it is usually because they can't. This could be for many reasons, for example:

they are preterm

they are unwell

they have a tongue tie

they are sleepy as a result of birth medications

they had a difficult birth

it is taking time to learn how to breastfeed

Expressing milk when your baby cannot nurse - or nurse effectively - protects your milk supply and provides milk to feed them. Breastmilk is especially important for babies who are unwell and/or preterm as it helps protect against illness and infections, and is ideal for a baby's sensitive and immature digestive system.

Expressing milk is often a short-term solution. However, some mothers may find themselves exclusively expressing breast milk (' exclusively pumping ') long-term when their baby is ill or has medical difficulties.

A return to paid work

There are many ways to combine working and breastfeeding. It is not always necessary to express milk when returning to work. It may depend on:

the age of your baby

the length of time you are apart

your willingness - and ability - to express; pumping is not effective for everyone, although there are ways to improve this.

your baby's willingness to take your milk when you aren't there

Many mothers express initially for reassurance and comfort, and to avoid blocked ducts and mastitis. However, you may find that your body quickly adjusts to a new breastfeeding pattern and you no longer need or want to express.

You and your baby may need to be apart. This may be for illness or health reasons, an appointment or event, or a night away.

Your baby has an intense need for your presence as well as your milk, and separation can be hard for both of you. It may be possible to take your baby with you - young babies are very portable and often enjoy being out and about.

Some mothers choose to express milk some or all of the time. You might want - or feel pressured - to let a partner or other family member feed your baby. Some parents choose to exclusively pump because they don't enjoy breastfeeding, but want their baby to have the benefits of their milk.

Expressing Milk

What kind of pump do I need?

Pumps are available to hire and to buy. The pump you use depends on your reason(s) for expressing and your personal preference. We all respond differently to pumps and have different needs.

Single electric pumps and manual pumps are best suited to occasional expressing, for example, short term separation or a return to work. They can also be used to express 'to comfort' any time your breast feels very full and your baby doesn't want to feed.

Double electric pumps express milk from both breasts at once, which often saves time. It is also said that they tend to stimulate more milk production. They are available as personal use pumps and 'hospital grade' pumps.

Hospital grade pumps are very powerful and are intended to be used by more than one person multiple times a day. They are usually hired. Hospital grade pumps are recommended when you are exclusively expressing, expressing very frequently, or trying to increase your supply. Parents might start with a hospital grade and then switch to a personal use pump once their supply is established and if they need to keep expressing.

Silicone pumps tend to be best suited to occasional use. Some mothers have found them helpful to relieve blocked ducts. (Note: When attached to the breast, a silicone pump is not just a device for collecting dripping milk - it creates a vacuum stimulating a 'letdown'. If this is not your planned use, it can create supply issues.)

Hands-free pumps come as single or double electric pumps. They can be handy for mums who want to pump on the go, or pump and multitask. Hands-free pumps have small motors and are possibly best suited to occasional pumping. You can buy or make a hands-free bra for a pump to fit in to.
Types of Pump (image above)
A. Manual breast pump
B. Single electric pump
C. Double electric pump

It is also possible to express without any equipment. Hand expressing is a great skill to learn for all ages and stages! It can take a little practice, but it can quickly become second nature:

It is free and can be done any time, anywhere!

It is the perfect choice for the early days when you are producing colostrum (you can collect - or 'harvest' - colostrum before your baby is born).

You can practise antenatally and become familiar with your breasts before your baby arrives.

Getting 'hands-on' during a pumping session can increase milk output. See Expressing Tips.

What else do I need to know about pumps?

Pumps are often sold in a standard size, however pump parts come in different sizes. The funnel-shaped piece that touches your breast is usually called a flange . The tubed-shaped bit that the nipple goes into is sometimes called the nipple tunnel

If pumping is comfortable with good milk flow, you probably have a good fit. However, if pumping is painful or causing swelling and/or rubbing, you may need a bigger or smaller flange. Sometimes a different flange size is needed for each breast. A poor fit can also reduce milk flow. ¹

The nipple should have enough room to slide in and out during pumping, without rubbing. The areola (darker area around the nipples) may move slightly with it, but it shouldn't be drawn into the nipple tunnel. After pumping, the nipple will almost certainly be bigger, but shouldn't seem darker or swollen. ²
Pump Flange Sizes (image above)
A. Milk expression
B. Flange is too big
C. Flange fits
D. Flange is too small
Suction strength and cycle speed
Electric pumps often come with a range of settings. There will be settings for suction strength and settings for cycle speed.

A pump is trying to mimic a breastfeeding baby. When a baby nurses, they do a fast, light suck to trigger a letdown. Once the milk lets down, the sucking slows and they swallow more.

You might begin by using a low suction, high speed setting and once your milk starts flowing, switching to a higher suction, lower speed setting.

Exactly how high or low depends on how it feels and if it is removing milk well. Expressing should be comfortable, and a pump provides most milk when it is set at the upper end of fully comfortable. ³

Painful pumping may impact milk flow, damage your nipples, and is unlikely to make you feel like doing it!

How often and when should I express?

If your baby can't breastfeed yet, aim to express 8-10 times in a 24-hour period, including at least once at night. These do not need to be at regular time intervals, but avoid stretches longer than 5 or 6 hours. Once your supply is well established, you may find that you can get by with fewer sessions.⁴

If you are trying to make more milk, express after or between feeds. How often depends on how much more milk your baby needs and how feeding at the breast is going.

If you are returning to paid work, how often you express will depend on a number of things. Some parents look at how often they feed on average in a 24-hour period and work out how many feeds they will typically have when they are with their child, so express the same number of times when separated to maintain this daily average.

If you are stockpiling milk for short-term separation or in the run up to a return to work, express once or twice a day after or between feeds. If your baby typically feeds from one breast, you could express from the other side while they feed. The amounts may seem small, but they quickly build up!

Some mothers try 'power pumping' as a short-term strategy to increase their milk supply, or when they are struggling to fit pumping into their daytime routine. This approach involves expressing very frequently for short periods, stopping and starting as many times as possible - it is said to mimic cluster feeding.

How long should I express for?

Just like breastfeeding, expressing milk is not a 'one-size-fits-all'. Observe your milk flow, notice how your breasts feel and find what works for you.

If you are using a single pump, this usually takes about 20-30 minutes for both breasts. You might try switching sides when the milk flow slows, usually every 5-7 minutes.⁵

Double pumps save time. A double-pumping session that replaces what would have been nursing will probably last no more than 15 minutes. However, it is more important to pay attention to your breasts than the clock.⁶

How much milk will I express?

How much we can express at any one time depends on lots of different things. If you've never used a pump before, it might be helpful to think of the first pumping sessions as practice. ⁷

Expect small amounts in the early days. This will be drops for some and as much as a teaspoon for others. Many parents think of it as 'putting in their order' for more milk later.⁸

If you are breastfeeding full-time, expect to express around 15-60ml (0.5-2 fl oz) in total from both breasts per pumping session.⁹

If you are exclusively pumping, consider the overall volume in 24 hours. Full milk production is about 750-900 ml (25-30 fl oz) per baby. Milk production reaches its peak at about five weeks and stays relatively stable until around six months.¹⁰

Once milk production peaks, a typical feed is about 60-120ml (2-4 fl oz).¹¹

We all respond differently to pumps. How much you can express is not always a reliable or accurate sign of how much milk is there. It's important to remember that a baby who is nursing effectively will get more milk than a pump.

Expressing tips

Before expressing:

Wash your hands and get comfortable

Put something warm on your breasts, such as a warm flannel

Gently massage your breasts

Use any objects or techniques that help you to feel calm and relaxed. This might be a photo of your baby, an item of their clothing, a favourite warm drink or snack, music or visualisations.

While expressing:

Try 'hands-on pumping'. This is said to produce better results than relying on a pump alone¹²

Use breast compression to increase milk flow

Take a break midway and gently massage the breasts to help increase the amount of milk.¹³

Hand express from both breasts after you have finished pumping.

Try nursing your baby on one side and expressing on the other, or expressing from both sides at the same time, to encourage more letdowns

After expressing:

Hand-express for a minute or two to help increase output and supply.

Cleaning pump parts

There is not complete agreement about cleaning pumping equipment. Some public/advisory bodies (including NHS England) recommend sterilising equipment after every feed.

Others recommend washing pump parts thoroughly after every feed and sterilising once a day.

Some advisory bodies and breastfeeding organisations state that pump parts do not need to be sterilised, and that washing in hot soapy water is enough if your baby is healthy and full term.

Day-to-day milk handling

There is very little research on the day-to-day problems of milk handling, so guidelines often err on the side of caution.

Fresh human milk kills almost all bacteria, viruses and fungi that it comes in contact with.¹⁴

Mothers who are exclusively expressing, or expressing frequently, sometimes put the whole pumping kit (flanges attached) in a clean container in the fridge until the next expressing session and clean everything at the end of the day.

Breastmilk can be safely stored at room temperature for up to 4 hours (see below). Some parents apply the same timeframe to their pump and pump parts, and express multiple times within a 4 hour period before cleaning everything.

One quick method of sterilising is to use a sterilising fluid that you change every 24 hours. Submerge pump parts in the solution after washing them each time.¹⁵

Washing and drying

Ensure hands and pump area are clean.

You may like to use a separate basin and separate utensils for cleaning pump parts and equipment rather than the sink.

Clean with hot soapy water and rinse separately with clean water.

Some pump equipment is also dishwasher-safe.

Air dry or dry with paper towels.

Clean pump dials and switches with a disinfectant spray or wipe.

Store dry pump equipment in a clean container.

If you are expressing milk for a sick or premature baby, good hygiene is vital and sterilising is essential.

Storing Milk

How long can I store milk for?

There isn't complete agreement about milk storage.

Wherever you are storing milk, the fresher it is, the better.

Good hygiene is important - clean hands, clean pump parts, clean storage.

For healthy, full term babies ¹⁶:
Room temperature

Ideally, use within 4 hours.

Depending on room temperature and how clean storage conditions are, up to 6-8 hours may be safe.

Frozen milk that has thawed and kept at room temperature should be used within 4 hours.

Fridge

Ideally, use within 4 days.

When conditions are very clean, 5-8 days may be acceptable.

Store milk in the back of the fridge rather than in the door.

Frozen milk that has thawed in the fridge should be used within 24 hours.

Freezer

Ideally, use within 6 months.

Can be stored for up to 12 months.

Store at the back of the freezer, away from the door where temperatures may fluctuate.

Insulated bag
Milk left over after a feed should be used within 1-2 hours as it mixes with a baby's saliva, although it may be safe to put it in a fridge for up to 4 hours. ¹⁷

For premature or sick babies, consult with hospital staff and follow hospital guidelines.

Combining expressed milk

When combining milk expressed at different times, mix cold with cold:

Chill newly expressed milk before adding it to an existing container.

You can add refrigerated milk to frozen as long as there is less refrigerated milk than frozen.

Use within the time limit of the oldest expressed milk.

What can I store milk in?

You can store milk in any clean container, such as a hard (BPA-free) plastic or glass container with a tight-fitting lid, or a disposable milk storage bag.

Milk expands in the freezer, so leave space in the bag or bottle if you plan to freeze it.

Put the date on the container.

How much milk should I store?

Store milk in small quantities to avoid waste. Small amounts also defrost more quickly.

For babies older than one month, a feed is approximately 60-120ml. You could also store some smaller amounts in case you need to offer more.

How do I prepare stored milk?

You don't have to warm milk - some babies like it cold!

If you do warm milk, run the container under a warm tap or place it in a pan of warm water.

Never use a microwave or heat milk directly.

Swirl milk to combine rather than shaking it.

If defrosting milk, thaw it overnight in a fridge or hold it under warm running water.

Thawed milk should not be kept at room temperature. It should either be fed immediately or put in the fridge.

Smelly milk

Sometimes milk smells or tastes soapy after a short time in the fridge or freezer. This is because of an enzyme (lipase) that breaks down fats in milk. The milk is completely safe and most babies will drink it. However, if they refuse to, heat freshly-expressed milk to scalding (bubbling around the edges, but not boiling) and then quickly cool and freeze it. Scalding reduces some of the immune factors, but may be the only option for some families. You can also experiment with the length of storage time needed for the milk to acquire the smell.

Feeding your baby your milk

See Further Reading and resources below for information on ways to feed your baby your expressed milk.

Further Reading

Bottles and other tools
Comfortable Breastfeeding
How to increase your milk supply
Engorged Breasts - Avoiding & Treating
Hand Expression of Breastmilk
My Baby Needs More Milk
My Baby Won't Breastfeed
Sleepy Baby - Why and What to Do When Mum Can't Be There
Working and Breastfeeding

Online Information

Hand expressing:

Maximizing milk production when expressing:

Books

La Leche League International, The Womanly Art of Breastfeeding, Pinter and Martin, London: 2010.
Marasco, L & West, DMaking More Milk, McGraw Hill, New York: 2019.
Mohrbacher, N.,Breastfeeding Answers, Nancy Mohrbacher Solutions, Illinois: 2020.
Ruddle, L.,Relactation: A Guide to Rebuilding Your Milk Supply, Praeclarus Press, Texas: 2020.

References

1. La Leche League International, The Womanly Art of Breastfeeding, Pinter and Martin, London: 2010; 298.

2. As above, p304.

3. As above, p489.

4. La Leche League International, The Womanly Art of Breastfeeding, Pinter and Martin, London: 2010; 300.

5. As above, p500.

6. Bonyata, K. I'm not pumping enough milk. What can I do? Accessed: 28 March 2023.

7. La Leche League International, The Womanly Art of Breastfeeding, Pinter and Martin, London: 2010; 307.

8. As above, p301.

9. As above, p300.

10. As above, p309.

11. As above, p515.

Copyright LLLGB 2023

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Expressing & Storing Milk - La Leche League GB

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Why Express Milk? When a baby can't breastfeed Making more milk A return to paid work Separation Choice Expressing Milk What kind of pump do I need? What else do I need to know about pumps? How often and when should I express? How long should I express for?

# data[].attributes.headline
What do I need? - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.subject
What do I need? - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
You don't need any special equipment for breastfeeding. Although you may choose to wear specially designed nursing clothes or use a nursing cover, breast pump, or special breastfeeding pillow, none of these things are usually necessary for breastfeeding. You may find it more comfortable to wear a nursing bra. You might find a very soft-cupped, unstructured nursing bra particularly useful for the early weeks. Your breasts are likely to change after you give birth, so it's best to buy, at most, one or two before you baby is born, in case they don't fit later on. It is worth making sure they fit correctly, as a poorly fitting bra or one not intended for breastfeeding can be uncomfortable and cause your breasts to become inflamed. You might also find absorbent breast pads useful. You can get either the disposable or washable type.

If you need to express your breastmilk after your baby is born, to help you establish breastfeeding, your midwife or breastfeeding supporter can show you how to hand express. If you prefer to use a pump, there may be one in the hospital you can use if you haven't gone home yet, or you can hire a hospital grade one. There are lots of different pumps you can buy, but it may make more sense to wait and see if you need one before buying.

There are a number of books about breastfeeding that you might like to read before your baby is born, or dip into in the early days for information. Some of these are listed below. You may be able to buy these cheaply second hand or borrow them from your local library. Some baby groups may have copies that they lend out.

The Positive Breastfeeding Book: Prof. Amy Brown

You've Got It In You - a positive guide to breastfeeding: Emma Pickett IBCLC

The Womanly Art of Breastfeeding - La Leche League International

Why Breastfeeding Matters - Charlotte Young

Speak to a registered Breastfeeding Supporter

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What do I need? - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
You don't need any special equipment for breastfeeding. Although you may choose to wear specially designed nursing clothes or use a nursing cover, breast pump, or special breastfeeding pillow, none of these things are usually necessary for breastfeeding. You may find it more comfortable to wear a nursing bra.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Breastfeeding and coronavirus
Getting breastfeeding started

Life with a new baby

Common Concerns

Milk Supply and Combi-Feeding

Milk Expression and Storage

Family Foods

Working and separation

Breastfeeding an older baby

Can I breastfeed if...?

Other Topics

Breastfeeding Today (LLLI)
Information & stories
article index
Please note: The breastfeeding information on this website has been put together by La Leche League Leaders, who are accredited by La Leche League to provide breastfeeding information. Please note that Leaders have a wide knowledge and experience of breastfeeding but are not medically trained. If you have a medical query, or are concerned about your health or the health of your child please consult your doctor.

Information, references and links on this website are taken from La Leche League resources, unless stated otherwise. Please note that La Leche League GB does not endorse information from outside sources, extra information is provided for you to consider.

Information supplied is not intended as advice. You are in the best position to make a decision as to how the information offered will affect you and your baby.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
There are a range of ways LLLGB can offer you support with breastfeeding, by telephone, in writing, or using our online information and printed materials. If the blue "chat now" button is showing, then you can also use our online chat service to have an instant conversation with one of our breastfeeding counsellors.

# data[].attributes.headline
Pregnant and Breastfeeding - La Leche League GB

# data[].attributes.subject
Pregnant and Breastfeeding - La Leche League GB

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Pregnant and Breastfeeding - La Leche League GB

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
If you’re expecting a baby and are continuing to breastfeed your older child, many questions may be going through your mind. Mothers can breastfeed while pregnant; some go on to nurse both their new baby and their older child after the birth. This is known as ‘tandem nursing’. Breastfeeding during pregnancy is a special, unique relationship […]

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Pregnancy, baby and parenting

Welcome to Better Health - Start for Life.

We may have a new name and look, but don't worry, you will still find all the trusted NHS advice and guidance you need to help you have a healthy and happy baby during pregnancy, birth and parenthood.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Get trusted NHS advice during pregnancy, birth and parenthood. Start for Life is your essential guide for having a healthy, happy baby.

# data[].attributes.headline
CoppaFeel! | Check Your Chest | Breast Cancer Awareness Charity

# data[].attributes.subject
CoppaFeel! | Check Your Chest | Breast Cancer Awareness Charity

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
CoppaFeel! | Check Your Chest | Breast Cancer Awareness Charity

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Breast cancer can affect any body. Getting to know yours could save your life. Learn more about breast cancer awareness with CoppaFeel!.

# data[].attributes.headline
Alcohol and Breastfeeding - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.subject
Alcohol and Breastfeeding - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
This information can also be viewed as a PDF by clicking here.
Breastfeeding mothers can have occasional, small amounts of alcohol but should not drink regularly or heavily (e.g. binge drinking) without considering how to limit the baby's exposure. If you drink any alcohol DO NOT bed share with your baby or fall asleep in the sofa/chair. If you do binge drink, your baby should be cared for by an adult who has not had any alcohol. It is not necessary to express breastmilk to clear it of alcohol.

Never share a bed or sofa with your baby if you have drunk any alcohol. Doing this has an increased association with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

Alcohol passes freely into breastmilk reaching approximately maternal levels BUT maternal blood levels have to reach 300mg/100ml before mild sedation is reached in the baby (this compares with a level of 80mg/100ml needed to fail the police breath test in England, Wales and N. Ireland; 50mg/100ml Scotland.

To reduce exposure of the baby to alcohol, avoid breastfeeding for 2-3 hours after drinking.

Peak levels in the milk appear after 30-90 minutes but this does not mean that social drinking of small amounts of alcohol mean that you cannot breastfeed.

Excess levels of alcohol in milk may lead to drowsiness, deep sleep, weakness and decreased growth in the infant. Reduction of let-down is reported when the mother drinks heavily. Alcohol may reduce the baby's sucking time at the breast but not the volume of milk consumed.

It is not necessary to express breastmilk to clear it of alcohol; as the mother's blood levels fall, the level of alcohol in the breastmilk will decrease.

Binge drinking (more than 6 units of alcohol in one period), may make you less aware of your baby's needs. If you have drunk enough alcohol to make you feel disorientated or cause vomiting you should not be caring for your baby without supervision from a sober adult. You should ideally express for comfort and to maintain your supply - although this may be the last thing on your mind!

Chronic consumption of alcohol is more likely to cause harm than occasional social drinking.

NB It is vital that mothers who have been drinking alcohol should never let themselves be in a situation where they might fall asleep with the baby; on a bed, chair or settee (this would also apply to other carers who have been drinking alcohol). The place of sleep is a bigger risk than the fact that the mother has been drinking unless her consumption has been very high.

Drinking alcohol reduces the ability of the mother to be aware of her baby's needs, whether she is breastfeeding or not. It is safest to ask someone else to care for the baby.

Other websites

NHS Breastfeeding and drinking alcohol. - Your pregnancy and baby guide www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/breastfeeding-alcohol/

Guidelines from the NHS

Anything you eat or drink while you're breastfeeding can find its way into your breast milk, and that includes alcohol.

If you regularly drink as much as 14 units per week, it's best to spread your drinking evenly over 3 or more days.

If you wish to cut down the amount you drink, a good way to help achieve this is to have several drink-free days each week.

Fourteen units is equivalent to: 6 pints of average-strength beer, 10 small glasses of low-strength wine

Use Alcohol Change's alcohol calculator to check your units: https://alcoholchange.org.uk/alcohol-facts/interactive-tools/unit-calculator
©Dr Wendy Jones MBE, MRPharmS and the Breastfeeding Network March 2021

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Alcohol and Breastfeeding - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This information can also be viewed as a PDF by clicking here. Breastfeeding mothers can have occasional, small amounts of alcohol but should not drink regularly or heavily (e.g. binge drinking) without considering how to limit the baby's exposure. If you drink any alcohol DO NOT bed share with your baby or fall asleep in [...]

# data[].attributes.headline
Skin-to-skin - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.subject
Skin-to-skin - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Skin-to-skin means holding your baby whilst they are naked or wearing just a nappy, so that their skin is in contact with the bare skin of your chest and tummy. Usually the mother does this, although other parents and caregivers can do it too. Skin-to-skin has lots of benefits for both you and your baby. It calms your baby and helps them maintain their body temperature and heart rate. It also helps you build your milk supply and helps breastfeeding get off to a good start by giving your baby easy access to the breast in those early days.

UNICEF recommends that:

all mothers have skin-to-skin contact with their baby after birth, at least until after the first feed and for as long as they wish

all mothers are encouraged to offer the first feed in skin contact when the baby shows signs of readiness to feed

mothers and babies who are unable to have skin contact immediately after birth are encouraged to commence skin contact as soon as they are able, whenever or wherever that may be

If you are having any issues with feeding, soon after birth or even in the first few weeks and beyond, spending time skin-to-skin with your baby can make a real difference. Sometimes feeding can become stressful. Going back to spending time being together cuddling in skin-to-skin contact without pressure to feed can help to relax both you and your baby and make feeding easier. Even if it doesn't help with feeding, skin-to-skin cuddles can help you and your baby to bond.

You can visit the UNICEF website for more information on skin-to-skin.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Skin-to-skin - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Skin-to-skin means holding your baby whilst they are naked or wearing just a nappy, so that their skin is in contact with the bare skin of your chest and tummy. Usually the mother does this, although other parents and caregivers can do it too. Skin-to-skin has lots of benefits for both you and your baby.

# data[].attributes.headline
Guest blog: Breastfeeding during Ramadan - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.subject
Guest blog: Breastfeeding during Ramadan - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
BfN peer supporter and Camden Baby Feeding Team member Zamzam Elmi talks about her experience breastfeeding 4 children through Ramadan, and the decision she made each time. She also explores how we can best support Muslim mums to breastfeed during Ramadan, whether they decide to fast or not.

Ramadan Karim! May we all have a fulfilling and blessed month.

Firstly, I would like to say that Allah is aware of what you can bear or manage and will not expect beyond that.

Deciding on whether to fast or not is a tough and spiritually challenging decision to make especially knowing how blessed/special the month is, but we are fortunate that we have been given concessions by his mercy.

Remember that breastfeeding is a form of worship if done with right intention, and taking advantage of the concession is God given right to protect us and our babies.

Listen to your body and keep an eye on your baby if you do decide to fast, speak to a health professional if you have any concerns or worries. Also take your prenatal vitamin as levels of nutrients such magnesium, potassium and zinc may be affected.

Every drop of breast milk is reward gained and you can still gain more spiritually by reading the Quran and doing your dhikr whilst breastfeeding or bottle feeding. This is a lovely time to bond with your baby as well as lifting you spiritually and emotionally.

With all my children I did different things depending on the situation.

My first child was premature and I was expressing, so during his first few week of life I fasted some days and not others.

With my second child, I could not fast at all as she feed frequently. I made up the fast later once she was weaned.

As for my 3rd child, also exclusively breast fed, I managed to fast the full month with good preparation and knowing how to take care of myself whilst fasting.

With my 4th, I also fasted most days, and I gave fidya [feeding the poor for each day missed].

Supporting Breastfeeding During Ramadan
As peer supporters, we have great duty in supporting mums to feel empowered to achieve their goals by giving information so their decisions are informed. Supporting mothers during Ramadan is no different to helping mums reduce factors that may have a negative impact on their breast feeding or supply.

Things to consider are:

If a mum is fasting during the summer months (this usually an 18hr fast with 5/6hrs window to eat) she will need to drink little and often and during the times she is allowed to eat and drink.

Mums will need to eat high nutrient dense food such as date, fruits and nuts to help replace the magnesium, zinc and potassium levels that may reduce during fasting.

Avoid drinking too many caffeinated drinks and replace with water, fresh fruits juice, herbal teas and green smoothies.

If a mum is fasting during the winter months which can fall between 10/12hrs of fasting, this is much easier as the sunset is much earlier and they have a longer period to eat and drinking during dawn. So really its like having a very late lunch.

If a mum is exclusively breastfeeding and has a baby of 0-6months, its highly not recommended she fast at all, this is because of the increased nutritional demand. As I have done on many occasions, mums can make up the fast later or feed someone poor as a compensation but to also feel the spirit of Ramadan.

Some of the questions mums may have during Ramadan will be around supply and how best to protect it. Also, just as a reminder feeding support will not differ as the same information will apply when it comes to protecting supply and breastfeeding. Success in having enough to feed the baby depends on staying well hydrated, reducing stress and keeping breastfeeding as close/normal to when they are not fasting. If a mum is mix feeding, it's important to give the usual information on how bottle feeds can impact the breastfeeding, as well as the fact that she maybe more likely to increase the bottle feeds to help cope with demand. It's important she has the facts so she is aware of the possible risks.

We must remember to keep giving mum a safe space where they feel they have permission to come and talk through their decisions without judgment or fear of being misunderstood. This will help you protect the well-being of both mum and baby. Another question might be how do I know if I or baby are dehydrated? When should I seek help? It's important to make sure a mum feels safe to come for support if her decision to fast has had an adverse effect on their health.

Muslim mums know they may be able to fast if theirs or their baby's health is not adversely affected during that period of fasting. It's good to remember they are well experienced in fasting and they come from a place of having knowledge of what its like.

For peer supporters who are not Muslim or who may not know much about Ramadan, it is imperative to keep in mind that choice should always be at the forefront of any breastfeeding journey and the support we provide will very much be based on an individual case by case basis. It's also okay to say I'm not sure and signpost/refer mums to other sources for more information.
For more information on breastfeeding during Ramadan, click here: https://breastfeeding.support/breastfeeding-during-ramadan/
Share this post:

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Guest blog: Breastfeeding during Ramadan - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
BfN peer supporter and Camden Baby Feeding Team member Zamzam Elmi talks about her experience breastfeeding 4 children through Ramadan, and the decision she made each time. She also explores how we can best support Muslim mums to breastfeed during Ramadan, whether they decide to fast or not. Ramadan Karim!

# data[].attributes.headline
Safer Sleep & the Breastfed Baby - La Leche League GB

# data[].attributes.subject
Safer Sleep & the Breastfed Baby - La Leche League GB

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Safer Sleep & the Breastfed Baby - La Leche League GB

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
“In most parts of the world… babies sleep close to their mothers, as they have through most of history.” – The Womanly Art of Breastfeeding A baby is born expecting to stay in close contact with his mother night and day, in order to keep safe, warm and well-fed. It is perfectly normal for babies—especially breastfed babies—to wake and feed […]

# data[].attributes.headline
Starting Solid Foods: with Baby-led Weaning Tips - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.subject
Starting Solid Foods: with Baby-led Weaning Tips - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Starting Solid Foods: with Baby-led Weaning Tips - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Starting your baby on complementary (‘solid’) foods is an exciting step but it can be daunting: How will I know when to start? How much food should I give?

# data[].attributes.headline
Ready or not weaning quiz - Start for Life

# data[].attributes.subject
Ready or not weaning quiz - Start for Life

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Ready or not weaning quiz - Start for Life

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Take our quick quiz to see whether your baby might be ready to start weaning, plus learn more about the signs and common myths of weaning.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Check out our delicious recipe and meal ideas for babies and toddlers - including weaning recipes, finger foods, snacks and first tastes.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Many women struggle emotionally after having a baby. You are not alone and there is help available - have a look at where you can get support.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Planning a pregnancy and having a baby are life-changing and exciting events. We have lots of information and and support to help you.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Breastfeeding has lots of health benefits for your new baby, including fewer infections and a lower risk of obesity, as well as protecting you from some cancers and other health problems, too.

# data[].attributes.headline
Introducing a bottle - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.subject
Introducing a bottle - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Introducing a bottle - The Breastfeeding Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
At the beginning babies have a strong sucking reflex which means they usually suck on a teat easily. After a few weeks this reflex fades and introducing a bottle can take a while for your baby to get used to sucking on a teat, even if they have had bottles before. Sometimes just getting used […]

# data[].attributes.headline
How can partners support breastfeeding? | NCT

# data[].attributes.subject
How can partners support breastfeeding? | NCT

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
When it comes to breastfeeding, you might wonder what you can do to support your partner and baby. The truth is you can make a huge difference.

Did you know that a new parent is more likely to choose to breastfeed if they're sure their partner is positive about it? And if they do decide to breastfeed, they're much more likely to have a good experience and manage any difficulties if their partner supports their decision (Tohotoa, 2009; Rempel, 2011). A partner's emotional support is so important for helping breastfeeding for longer too (Tohatoa et al, 2009; Su, 2016).

Why is breastfeeding important?

If your partner is breastfeeding your baby - or planning to - that's fantastic because breastmilk has so many benefits for babies. For instance, breastmilk can help to reduce the risk of your baby getting infections and diseases (NHS, 2017). It also contains hormones that help your baby's development (Victora et al, 2016).

Overall, breastfeeding will have a positive impact on your baby's health. What's more, it can influence their health as an adult too (Victora et al, 2016).

Is breastfeeding hard or will my partner just know what to do?

Many parents see breastfeeding as a natural process but it can take time to learn this new skill together. It might take around six weeks to get the hang of it fully (NHS, 2016).

The good news is that with the right support, your partner can overcome any challenges and continue breastfeeding if they want to. If you think your partner needs more information, support or just someone to talk to, why not give one of our trained breastfeeding counsellors a call on our support line: 0300 330 0700. The line is open every day from 8am to midnight, including bank holidays.

You might find it helpful to read up about breastfeeding and attend a breastfeeding session before your baby is born. This can help you know what to expect and perhaps give you a little more confidence. It can also help you both talk about feeding your baby and raise any questions or worries you might have.

What do I need to know about breastfeeding?

You might find it helpful to know how breastfeeding works and what normal behaviour is for breastfed babies. Here are a few quick and handy facts:

Babies are happier if they're fed as soon as they show signs of being hungry.

Babies usually feed frequently (anything from eight to 12 times or more in 24 hours) in the early weeks, especially during the evenings.

Some babies are slow feeders at first, but they get quicker as they get older.

The more a baby feeds, the more milk the parent makes because it's the removal of milk that drives the production of it.

The Department of Health recommends exclusive breastfeeding for at least your baby's first six months. Breastfeeding is also beneficial for toddlers because it gives them a health boost every time they feed. So your partner can breastfeed your baby for as long as they both want to.

Nipple soreness or pain during feeding might be a sign that a baby needs some adjustment to their attachment at the breast. If there is soreness or pain when breastfeeding, talking to a healthcare professional or breastfeeding counsellor can help.

Women and parents enjoy feeding more when they are comfortable and relaxed.

(Department of Health, 2011; La Leche League, 2016; NHS, 2016)

What can I do to help support my partner with breastfeeding?

There are lots of things you can do to support and encourage breastfeeding.

Here are 10 tips:

1. Boost your partner's confidence by being positive and encouraging progress. As with learning any new skill, reassurance and praise are a massive help.

2. Listen and talk honestly about how you each feel about finding your way with your new baby.

3. Be involved with your baby in other ways so that the caring is shared (see below).

4. Help to reduce the household chores so your partner can feed your baby for as long and as often as they need.

5. Try to help your partner to relax by giving them a massage.

6. There's no need to eat anything special while breastfeeding, but it's a good idea to encourage your partner to eat and drink regularly.

7. Help them get specialist support if they're struggling with breastfeeding. As mentioned above, you can both talk to one of our breastfeeding counsellors on 0300 330 0700.

8. Help out by bottle feeding your baby expressed milk once your partner and baby have got the hang of breastfeeding (see below).

9. Accept your partner's decision on when to stop breastfeeding.

10. Try to remember that with your support, breastfeeding can quickly become just another part of your family life.

(Rempel et al, 2010)

What practical support can I give to my baby if my partner is breastfeeding?

You might expect to feel like a bit of a spare part with feeding but it's good to remember that each parent plays a different and vital role. The decision on how you feed your baby is certainly a joint one (deMontigny et al, 2018). It might take a while to get used to the different parts you play though.

Whatever you decide to do, you might actually find feeding is less important to you than you expected anyway. Especially if you're hands-on with your baby in different and rewarding ways.

Tips for being a hands-on partner with your baby

Changing nappies and generally caring for your baby - it's great if you can spend time with your baby and interact (see below) with them while you're looking after them.

Bathing your baby - you could bath your baby or even have a bath with your baby. You'll both enjoy the bonding benefits of skin-to-skin contact and one-to-one time together (NHS, 2018).

Talking and playing - babies enjoy hearing gentle sounds. They even recognise the muffled tones of people talking from their time in the womb and they'll be aware of familiar voices like yours (Lee and Kisilevsky, 2013). So a chat with your baby might be a little one-sided but rest assured, they know it's you. Socially interacting with your baby through their senses helps to stimulate their brain development; for example, you could pull some different expressions (Boucenna et al, 2010).

Baby carrying - this means taking your baby out and about in a sling. It can be a rewarding and comforting experience for both you and your baby (Miller, 2019).

For more ideas on being a hands-on parent, see our article about bonding with and getting to know your baby.

How can I share feeding our baby?

If you're keen to feed your baby, you could give them expressed breastmilk from a spoon, syringe, cup or a bottle. But only introduce your baby to a bottle once breastfeeding is going well. For more on expressing, see our 10 bottle feeding tips for breastfed babies article.

And once your baby's moved on to solid food, there are so many ways you can get involved with that...chopping, mashing, cleaning up all the food that ends up on the floor...

I want to support breastfeeding but will it affect our sex life?

Possibly, but tiredness - and your partner's birth experience and recovery - is more likely to affect their sex drive rather than breastfeeding (Rowland et al, 2005). See our article about breastfeeding and sex for more details.

What if I feel uncomfortable about my partner breastfeeding in public?

If you're feeling uncomfortable or nervous about your partner breastfeeding in public, talk it through. Maybe you're worried about your partner showing their breasts in public? Yet in reality, very little breast actually shows when a baby is feeding. You might have even seen someone breastfeeding before without realising it.

It might also help to talk to other families who are breastfeeding and find out about both partners' experiences of it. The chances are, you'll change your mind as you get used to seeing breastfeeding.

It's good to know that breastfeeding in public is protected by the law under the Equality Act 2010. That means providers of any services or facilities open for the public are not allowed to discriminate against breastfeeding (Maternity Action, 2019).

Many places now welcome breastfeeding and have special facilities for feeding in private.

Some people might feel uncertain themselves about feeding in public at first and may appreciate the reassurance of having their partner with them.

At the end of the day...

Don't underestimate the huge difference you can make if your partner is breastfeeding. With you both on board, breastfeeding can quickly become an everyday part of your lives (Rempel, 2011).
This page was last reviewed in October 2017.
Further information

NCT supports all parents, however they feed their baby. If you have questions, concerns or need support, you can speak to a breastfeeding counsellor by calling our helpline on 0300 330 0700, whether you are exclusively breastfeeding or using formula milk. Breastfeeding counsellors have had extensive training, will listen without judging or criticising and will offer relevant information and suggestions. You can also find more useful articles here.

You might find attending one of our NCT New Baby courses helpful as they give you the opportunity to explore different approaches to important parenting issues with a qualified group leader and other new parents in your area.

Make friends with other parents-to-be and new parents in your local area for support and friendship by seeing what NCT activities are happening nearby.

Visit our breastfeeding support contacts page.

NHS Choices breastfeeding information.

National Breastfeeding Line (government funded): 0300 100 021.

Health Talk has some interesting videos about different people's experiences of breastfeeding, click here to view them.

Boucenna S, Gaussier P, Andry P, Hafemeister L. (2010) Imitation as a communication tool for online facial expression learning and recognition. 2010 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Taipei: 5323-5328. Available at: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/5650357 (Accessed 1st July 2018)

deMontigny F, Gervais C, Larivière-Bastien D, St-Arneault K. (2018) The role of fathers during breastfeeding. Midwifery. 58:6-12. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29272696 (Accessed 1st July 2018)

Department of Health. (2011) Breastfeeding. Available at: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publichealth/Nutrition/Nutritionpregnancyearlyyears/DH_127625 (Accessed 1st July 2018)

La Leche League. (2016) Still nursing? Available at: https://www.laleche.org.uk/still-nursing/ (Accessed 1st July 2018)

Lee GY, Kisilevsky BS. (2013) Fetuses respond to father's voice but prefer mother's voice after birth. Dev Psychobiol. 2014 Jan;56(1):1-11. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23817883 (Accessed 1st July 2018)

Miller R. (2019). Babywearing education in the neonatal intensive care unit. The International journal of childbirth education: the official publication of the International Childbirth Education Association. 34. 43-47. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334151320_Babywearing_Education_in_the_Neonatal_Intensive_Care_Unit (Accessed 1st July 2018)

NHS. (2016) How to combine breast and bottle feeding. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/combining-breast-and-bottle/ (Accessed 1st July 2018)

NHS. (2017) Benefits of breastfeeding. Available at: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/Pages/benefits-breastfeeding.aspx (Accessed 1st July 2018)

NHS. (2018) Washing and bathing your baby. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/washing-your-baby/ (Accessed 1st July 2018)

Rempel LA, Rempel JK. (2010) The breastfeeding team: the role of involved fathers in the breastfeeding family. J Hum Lact. (2):115-21. Available at: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0890334410390045 (Accessed 1st July 2018)

Rowland M, Foxcroft L, Hopman WM, Patel R. (2005) Breastfeeding and sexuality immediately post partum. Can Fam Physician. 2005 Oct;51:1366-7. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1479788/ (Accessed 1st July 2018)

Su M, Ouyang YQ. (2016) Father's role in breastfeeding promotion: lessons from a quasi-experimental trial in China. Breastfeed Med. 11:144-9. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26836960 (Accessed 1st July 2018)

Tohotoa J, Maycock B, Hauck Y, Howat P, Burns S, Binns C. (2009) Dads make a difference: an exploratory study of paternal support for breastfeeding in Perth, Western Australia. Int Breastfeed J. 4:15. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2788531/ (Accessed 1st July 2018)

Victora CG, Bahl R, Barros AJ, França GV, Horton S, Krasevec J, Murch S, Sankar MJ, Walker N, Rollins NC; Lancet Breastfeeding Series Group. (2016) Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. Lancet. 387(10017):475-90. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26869575 (Accessed 1st July 2018)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How can partners support breastfeeding? | NCT

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This article looks at how partners can help support breastfeeding in the early days.

# data[].attributes.headline
Beyond Bottles: alternative ways to supplement a breastfed baby

# data[].attributes.subject
Beyond Bottles: alternative ways to supplement a breastfed baby

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Beyond Bottles: alternative ways to supplement a breastfed baby

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
What is this team responsible for and how can you use its services?

# data[].attributes.headline
Togetherness | Shropshire and Telford & Wrekin families: Emotional resilience for the everyday

# data[].attributes.subject
Togetherness | Shropshire and Telford & Wrekin families: Emotional resilience for the everyday

# data[].attributes.body
Free learning resources on brain development, emotional wellbeing and parenting for healthier relationships and happier lives.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Free learning resources on brain development, emotional wellbeing and parenting for healthier relationships and happier lives.

Created by NHS clinical psychologists, alongside practitioners and parents, these journeys will help you and your family better understand and manage your emotional health in daily life.

Use the exclusive access code:

Working with Togetherness

Togetherness pathways

For parents and carers

Learn about your child's development and build your confidence in parenting.

Pathways cover the stages of a child's development and offer helpful advice and ideas from other parents and NHS professionals.

For grandparents

Accessible learning for grandparents who want to understand the evolving needs of
children in the modern world.

Pathways introduce ideas to expand your caring 'toolkit' to respond to different behaviours and help raise thriving children.

For teenagers

Just for teenagers to help understand and thrive in adolescence: Have you ever wondered why making decisions becomes so hard or why emotions seem bigger and more intense?

The pathways for teens explain how brain development impacts how we feel and behave. Follow 'for teenagers only' pathways for private, self-paced
learning.

Featured resources

Sleepfullness

How can understanding infant emotional health help with common sleep problems?

Moving up in school

How can you support your child when moving up or changing school?

Created by Togetherness

Togetherness is an NHS emotional health team sharing evidence-based teaching and learning about emotional wellbeing and preventative mental health in the UK and around the world.

Togetherness equips people with lifelong skills that build emotional resilience and wellbeing. We help foster robust relationships and connections that transform how we communicate and interact with others.

Our approach offers practical and accessible support for people across all walks of life​.

Testimonials

'This course has been an absolutely invaluable gift to me. It has and will change so many aspects of my life. I am undoubtedly a better parent and a more rounded and fulfilled person as a result. I WISH I'd known all this years ago.'

Learner

Understanding your child: from toddler to teenager

​'My 15-year-old watched the sensory video clips. He identified his brother's behaviour in some of them but very much saw himself. He commented, 'Mum, that's me, and that's why I do what I do!'. He asked me for the link for the clips and sent them to his friend, who had been calling him weird, so he could understand him better. He also opened up to his friendship group about his autism and can talk to them about what it is like to be him.'

Parent

Understanding your child with additional needs

'A very easy-to-understand way of putting things, and no longer will I fight against things that I can not change due to biology.'

Teenager

Understanding your brain (for teenager's only)

Do you work with children?

Find out more about Togetherness for professionals

Follow a range of supportive training for all professionals who work with children.

Promote these pathways

We have a range of tools to help you promote our pathways, which are available in our core assets.

Technical Support

For technical support, please use our support form, email support@togetherness.co.uk or visit our FAQs page to find answers to common questions.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Shropshire and Telford & Wrekin | Togetherness - Togetherness

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Free learning resources on brain development, emotional wellbeing and parenting for healthier relationships and happier lives. Created by NHS clinical psychologists, alongside practitioners and parents, these journeys will help you and your family better understand and manage your emotional health in daily life.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Lullaby Trust raises awareness of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), provides expert advice on safer sleep for babies and offers emotional support for bereaved families