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Climate Kids is produced by the Earth Science Communications Team at

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National Snow and Ice Data Center: Ice & Climate

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National Snow and Ice Data Center: Ice & Climate

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Quick facts, basic science, and information about snow, ice, and why the cryosphere matters

The cryosphere includes all of the snow and ice-covered regions across the planet. Explore our scientific content about what makes up this frozen realm, its importance to Earth's people, plants and animals, and what climate change means for the cryosphere and the world at large.

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Quick facts, basic science, and information about snow, ice, and why the cryosphere matters The cryosphere includes all of the snow and ice-covered regions across the planet.

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TAKEAWAYS Increasing Greenhouses Gases Are Warming the Planet Scientists attribute the global warming trend observed since the mid-20th century to the human expansion of the “greenhouse effect”1 — warming that results when the atmosphere traps heat radiating from Earth toward space. Life on Earth depends on energy coming from the Sun. About half the light […]

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Wind is all around us. It's clean, it's free (at point of generation) and is a reliable source of energy for countries all around the world. Every day, wind turbines capture the wind's power and convert it into electricity.

It's a fairly simple process: When the wind blows the turbine's blades spin, capturing energy - this energy is then sent through a gearbox to a generator, which converts it into electricity for the grid with a special device called an inverter.

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How is electricity generated using wind?

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Wind is a crucial part of the power mix required to be able to run Britain's electricity system with zero carbon by 2025. But how does wind generate electricity, and how clean and reliable is it?

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NASA Observatory: Flooding & Climate Change

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NASA Observatory: Flooding & Climate Change

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Disaster-related economic losses topped $145 billion in 2004, the latest in a disturbing upward trend. Has climate change increased the number and severity of natural disasters, or is the rising cost of natural disasters due to other human factors?

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Rivers are absolutely vital: for fresh drinking water, for people's livelihoods and for nature. Unfortunately, they're still threatened. We must commit to recovering freshwater biodiversity, restoring natural river flows and cleaning up polluted water for people and nature to thrive.

To learn more about our work with rivers and freshwater, click here.

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Why are rivers so important? How can we protect them?

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Rivers are absolutely vital: for fresh drinking water, for people's livelihoods and for nature. Unfortunately, they're still threatened. We must commit to recovering freshwater biodiversity, restoring natural river flows and cleaning up polluted water for people and nature to thrive. To learn more about our work with rivers and freshwater, click here.

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A collection of documentaries about climate change and environmental issues available on Planet eStream. To log in, select FHS Sloane Square from the dropdown menu, then use your normal school credentials.

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Playlist of content about climate change, sustainability, and environmental issues

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The world is getting warmer. Each decade is hotter than the last as we continue to add heat-trapping greenhouse gases to the atmosphere at an alarming rate.

The impact is more complex than rising temperatures and melting polar ice caps. It's changing the world around us, causing extreme weather across the globe - storms, flooding and drought.

We're in a race against time to fight the effects of climate change and reduce the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

And that's where trees come in. They have a major role to play in taking in carbon dioxide - one of the most prominent greenhouse gases - and locking up the carbon for centuries.

They do this through photosynthesis.

The leaves of growing trees absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide, releasing oxygen and locking up the carbon until the tree eventually dies and, decays, or is burnt. Some of the carbon from falling leaves enters the woodland soil and is stored there for the long term, making the entire woodland ecosystem an important carbon store.

Photosynthesis is powered by light and uses carbon dioxide and water to make glucose...

Light hits the leaves.

Carbon dioxide enters through the stomata on the underside of the leaves and water is transported to the leaves from the roots up the trunk.

Chlorophyll, a green pigment in the chloroplast of leaves, sets off a reaction between the CO₂ and the water using energy from the light.

The result is glucose, used by the trees to grow, and oxygen released back into the atmosphere as a waste product.

The carbon atoms end up inside the glucose and become the building blocks that trees use to grow. It forms the trunk, branches, leaves and roots - a solid tower of carbon providing a lifeline to thousands of species.

Native woods and trees are our allies in the fight against climate change. We need to find the space for them to grow and thrive, locking away carbon for generations to come and safeguarding our planet for the future.

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How Trees Capture and Store Carbon: Film - Woodland Trust - Woodland Trust

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Guide to trees, photosynthesis and carbon: simple film on the science behind how woods and trees capture and store carbon, helping fight climate change.

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Join us in creating a just, equitable world free of plastic pollution & its toxic impacts.

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BBC Bitesize: Climate Change & Global Warming

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BBC Bitesize: Climate Change & Global Warming

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Climate change - KS3 Geography - BBC Bitesize

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Carbon dioxide emissions are now more than three times higher than they were in 1965. Find out more with BBC Bitesize. For students between the ages of 11 and 14.

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Royal Geographical Society: Climate Change & Greenhouse Gases

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Royal Geographical Society: Climate Change & Greenhouse Gases

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No One is Too Small to Make a Difference by Greta Thunberg

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No One is Too Small to Make a Difference by Greta Thunberg

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The history-making, ground-breaking speeches of Greta Thunberg, the young activist who has become the voice of a generation 'Everything needs to change. And it has to start today' In August 2018 a fifteen-year-old Swedish girl, Greta Thunberg, decided not to go to school one day. Her actions ended up sparking a global movement for action against the climate crisis, inspiring millions of pupils to go on strike for our planet, forcing governments to listen, and earning her a Nobel Peace Prize nomination. This book brings you Greta in her own words, for the first time. Collecting her speeches that have made history across Europe, from the UN to mass street protests, No One Is Too Small to Make A Difference is a rallying cry for why we must all wake up and fight to protect the living planet, no matter how powerless we feel. Our future depends upon it.

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Save the World: There is No Planet B by Louise Bradford

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Save the World: There is No Planet B by Louise Bradford

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There is little doubt that our beautiful planet is now under huge threat; our weather is more extreme, plastic litters our oceans, industrial production and farming methods wreak havoc on the environment and mass deforestation has led to the extinction of many species. Carry on this way and it's almost certain that sea levels will continue to rise, there will be extreme heatwaves, loss of the polar ice caps and mass pollution; in short, a very worrying future for us all. We need to take action before it's too late, and we can all do our bit to help. This guide is full of simple tips we can all incorporate into our daily lives, and will demonstrate how small eco-friendly changes can have a huge positive effect on the world around us. They might even save the planet.

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Plastic, water, recycling, activism & action

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100 Things to Know about Saving the Planet by Jerome Martin

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100 Things to Know about Saving the Planet by Jerome Martin

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How could plastic-eating bacteria help reduce waste? Can a river be given human rights? Could we generate all the power we need from the sun and the wind? How do woolly sweaters help penguins in peril? Would building a giant sunshade in space stop the world from overheating? Find the answers to these questions and more in this exciting book full of big, small and unexpected ways to save the planet.

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Guardians of the Planet by Clive Gifford

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Guardians of the Planet by Clive Gifford

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This environmentally positive book contains everything children need to become guardians of the planet. Kids can learn how to become keepers of the coasts, friends of the forests, home heroes and much more through a mix of compelling facts, creative activities and proactive tips. Key environmental topics are clearly explained, and the easy-to-follow projects and suggestions help to put the issues in an everyday context. From reusing clothes and composting food to reducing water waste and giving wildlife a helping hand, this book will encourage children to engage with environmental problems and inspire them to take care of our wonderful planet.

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Greenhouse gas effect, climate change, activism & action

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Our house is on fire - it's time to wake up to the climate crisis facing planet Earth before it's too late. Which countries generate the highest CO2 emissions? Which coastal cities are most vulnerable to rising sea levels? What will the polar ice caps look like in 10 years' time? Which countries have successfully harnessed renewable energy sources? This unique graphic altas tells you everything you need to know about the current climate emergency, and what we can do to turn things around. Packed with facts and figures and more than 30 dynamic maps, Climate Emergency Atlas is clear and easy to understand, making it the perfect reference guide for all young climate activists.

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Global warming, polar ice, wind power, energy, CO2

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The first book for younger readers by internationally bestselling social activist Naomi Klein: the most authoritative and inspiring book on climate change for young people yet. Warming seas. Superstorms. Fires in the Amazon. The effects of climate change are all around us. Reforestation. School-strikes for climate change. Young people are saving the world and you can join them because you deserve better. Are you ready to change everything? From the Great Barrier Reef to Hurricane Katrina to school environmental policies to Greta Thunberg - climate change impacts every aspect of the world you live in and you have the power to lead the way by enacting change.

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Greenhouse gases, greenhouse effect, flooding, global temperature, action & activism

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Understanding climate change like never before! Explore and understand the intriguing science behind climate change. Gain valuable knowledge on why climate change is occurring, one of the planet's most challenging issues, and analyse possible solutions.

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Climate change, greenhouse gas effect, plastics

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Your Ecological Questions, Simply Explained: How do species interact with each other and their environment? How do ecosystems change? What is biodiversity and can we afford to damage it? This fresh new guide looks at our influence on the planet as it grows, and answers these profound questions. If you thought it was difficult to learn about this field of science, The Ecology Book presents the information in an easy to follow layout. Learn the key theories, movements, and events in biology, geology, geography, and environmentalism from the ideas of classical thinkers in this comprehensive guide.

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CO2, plats, carbon, water pollution, global temperature, wind power, energy

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Climate Change for Beginners by Andy Prentice

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Climate Change for Beginners by Andy Prentice

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Climate Change is having an enormous impact on the world around us. This book uses simple language and vivid illustrations to explain complex questions clearly. How does the climate work? What are we doing to change it? What can we do differently to avoid the worst outcomes? Why do we all find change so hard?

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Greenhouse gas effect, CO2, carbon emissions, energy, fossil fuels, farming & fertilizers

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Learn about Biology in this overview guide to the subject, brilliant for novices looking to find out more and experts wishing to refresh their knowledge alike! The Biology Book brings a fresh and vibrant take on the topic through eye-catching graphics and diagrams to immerse yourself in. The Biology Book is a captivating introduction to understanding the living world and explaining how its organisms work and interact - whether microbes, mushrooms, or mammals. Here you'll discover key areas of the life sciences, including ecology, zoology, and biotechnology, through exciting text and bold graphics.

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Plastics have transformed every aspect of our lives. Yet the very properties that make them attractive--they are cheap to make, light, and durable--spell disaster when trash makes its way into the environment. Plastic Soup: An Atlas of Ocean Pollution is a beautifully-illustrated survey of the plastics clogging our seas, their impacts on wildlife and people around the world, and inspirational initiatives designed to tackle the problem. In Plastic Soup, Michiel Roscam Abbing of the Plastic Soup Foundation reveals the scope of the issue: plastic trash now lurks on every corner of the planet. With striking photography and graphics, Plastic Soup brings this challenge to brilliant life for readers. Yet it also sends a message of hope; although the scale of the problem is massive, so is the dedication of activists working to check it. Plastic Soup highlights a diverse array of projects to curb plastic waste and raise awareness, from plastic-free grocery stores to innovative laws and art installations.

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This Book Will Save the Planet by Dany Sigwalt

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This Book Will Save the Planet by Dany Sigwalt

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Our planet is in crisis. The ice caps are melting, sea levels are rising, wildfires are raging… and those most affected by global warming are marginalised communities across the globe. But all is not lost – there’s still time for each and every one of us to make a difference. Through the lens of intersectionality, author Dany Sigwalt lays out the framework for how we can come together to fight climate change, and how we can work to put people over profit. The planet is not protected if all its inhabitants are not; the people are not protected if the planet they inhabit is not.

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Fossil fuels, CO2, carbon emissions, polar ice, greenhouse gas effect, deforestation, climate justice, action & activism

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The Causes and Impact of Climate Change by Clive Gifford

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The Causes and Impact of Climate Change by Clive Gifford

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The Causes and Impacts of Climate Change explains, in a clear and interesting way, what climate is and why it's changing, what greenhouse gases are and how they are changing the climate, and how we can slow down this process. The engaging design highlights the Heroes of the subject from early beginnings to modern day and picks out and explains tricky terminology in 'Speak like a Scientist' features. Comic strips, illustrations, amazing photographs, and a timeline, as well as a glossary and index, all make this handy-sized book the perfect way to learn.

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Greenhouse gases, carbon, CO2, global temperature, fossil fuels, renewable energy, fertilizers, polar ice, flooding, wind power, action & activism

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Did the universe start with a Big Bang? Is light a wave, a particle – or both? Is a "Theory of Everything" possible? Explaining the key milestones in the field of science in a clear and simple way, The Science Book answers these questions and more besides, and is the perfect introduction to the subject. Untangling knotty theories and shedding light on abstract concepts, entries unpack each complex idea with a combination of easy-to-follow explanations, innovative graphics, and intriguing quotes.

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The Physics Book is the perfect introduction to the science, aimed at adults with an interest in the subject and students wanting to gain more of an overview. Here you'll discover more than 90 of the most important laws and theories in the history of physics and the great minds behind them. If you've ever wondered exactly how physicists formulated and proved groundbreaking abstract concepts, this is the perfect book for you.

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Renewable energy, wind power, heat transference 

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100 Things to Know about Planet Earth by Jerome Martin

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100 Things to Know about Planet Earth by Jerome Martin

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Did you know that rain sometimes falls red? Or that the equivalent of one truckload of plastic is dumped in our oceans every minute? This visually stunning book is filled with 100 fascinating facts, bright, infographic illustrations, information on ways we can help our planet and links to specially selected websites to find out more.

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Based on the six-part BBC program , this book offers what writer/filmmaker David Attenborough is best known for an intimate view of the natural world wherein a multitude of miniature dramas unfold. Attenborough treks through rainforests, mountain ranges, deserts, beaches, and home gardens to show us things we might never have suspected about the vegetation that surrounds us. With their extraordinary sensibility, plants compete endlessly for survival and interact with animals and they can see, count, communicate, adjust position, strike, and capture.

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Look around you - plastic is everywhere! It''s in your shoes, pens, toothbrush, car, toys, TV, water bottles, food packaging... It''s so popular that it''s almost impossible to get through one day without using it. And it''s creating major problems for our planet, wildlife and ourselves. With The Plastic Problem, you''ll discover loads of brilliant and easy ways to cut plastic out of your life! By becoming a ''plastic patroller'' instead of a plastic polluter, your actions will help protect our world, and inspire friends and family to do the same

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We Are All Greta: Be Inspired to Save the World by Valentina Giannella

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We Are All Greta: Be Inspired to Save the World by Valentina Giannella

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Follow in the footsteps of the Swedish teenage activist and Nobel Peace Prize candidate in We Are All Greta and join the global mission to save our planet from climate change. Greta Thunberg, author of No One is too Small to Make a Difference, has directed the attention of adults and her peers alike to issues crucial to the future of the planet, and the heads of even the youngest children have been filled with questions.  GLOBAL WARMING, THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT, FOSSIL FUELS - what do they all mean? What are biodiversity and sustainable development? Who is studying the changes that are taking place here on Earth?  Which sources are reliable? What action can I take?

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Climate change, greenhouse gas effect, fossil fuels, action & activism

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Consider all that the oceans do for us – stabilising the climate by constantly exchanging heat with the atmosphere, absorbing heat and CO2, controlling the weather and slowing global warming. Through wind farms tidal power, they also provide us with renewable energy. Outside of the numerous environmental benefits, fishing alone employs 12% of people worldwide, and global trade is most often transported by sea freight, not to mention the benefits of leisure and tourism. Home to an estimated 3.5 trillion fish, our oceans are truly remarkable. In this wonderfully clear-sighted book, find out how climate change, loss of biological diversity, overfishing, pollution and ocean-based industries affect the marine environment. Look at the stark facts, presented oh-so beautifully about how long it takes a plastic water bottle to break down in the ocean (450 years) and how many marine mammals die from this plastic (100,000 every year).

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Turning the Tide on Plastic by Lucy Siegle

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Turning the Tide on Plastic by Lucy Siegle

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Enough plastic is thrown away every year to circle the world 4 time. More than 8 million tonnes of plastic enter the oceans each year. 300 million tonnes of new plastic is produced every year. An estimated 15-51 trillion pieces of plastic now litter the world's oceans. 38.5 million plastic bottles are used every day in the UK
A million plastic bottles are used per minute around the world. 500 million plastic straws are used per year. Without big action, at the current rate, pieces of plastic will outnumber fish in the ocean by 2050. That is the legacy we are leaving our children and grandchildren. Plastic flows into our lives from every direction and most of it is not recycled. Instead it is incinerated or ends up in landfill, where it will sit for hundreds of years, or enters the world's seas where it fragments into tiny pieces to become microplastics - the environmental scourge of our times.

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The Science of Plants: Inside their Secret World

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The Science of Plants: Inside their Secret World

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Discover the extraordinary diversity of the plant world and how plants work with this photographic celebration of the plants, trees and flowers that share our planet and breathe life into our lungs. The Science of Plants invites you on a breathtaking journey to explore the plant kingdom from the ground up, from root to leaf tip!

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Climate Change: A Very Short Introduction by Mark Maslin

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Climate Change: A Very Short Introduction by Mark Maslin

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In the last few years global awareness of climate change has grown very rapidly - through the school strikes led by Greta Thunberg, groups like Extinction Rebellion, the IPCC's recent high impact reports, tv documentaries, and declarations from governments around the world that we are in a climate emergency. This awareness is continuing to grow, as the science shows us that our planet and our species are facing a massive crisis, which we ourselves have caused. Climate change is one of the few scientific theories that make us examine the whole basis of modern society. It is a challenge that has politicians arguing, sets nations against each other, queries individual lifestyle choices, and ultimately asks questions about humanity's relationship with the rest of the planet.

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Climate change, greenhouse gases, global temperature, CO2, carbon, sea level, flooding, polar ice

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Renewable Energy: A Very Short Introduction by Nick Jelly

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Renewable Energy: A Very Short Introduction by Nick Jelly

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Energy is vital for a good standard of living, and much of the world's population does not have enough. Affordable and adequate sources of power that do not cause climate change or pollution are crucial; and renewables provide the answer. Wind and solar farms can now provide the cheapest electricity in many parts of the world. Moreover, they could provide all of the world's energy needs. But while market forces are fast helping the transition from fossil fuels to renewables, there are opposing pressures, such as the USA's proposed withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, and the vested interests in fossil fuels.

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Renewable energy, fossil fuels, wind power

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We still have time to change the world. From the world's leading climate activist, this is the essential book for making it happen. Created by Greta Thunberg in partnership with over 100 climate experts working around the globe, with her commentaries throughout and updates for this new paperback edition to reflect the latest research, The Climate Book equips us with knowledge, and gives us hope.

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Global temperature, heat, polar ice, glaciers, flooding, plastics, waste, plants, carbon cycle, CO2, greenhouse gases

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How Bad Are Bananas? by Mike Berners-Lee

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How Bad Are Bananas? by Mike Berners-Lee

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How Bad Are Bananas? was a groundbreaking book when first published in 2009, when most of us were hearing the phrase 'carbon footprint' for the first time. Mike Berners-Lee set out to inform us what was important (aviation, heating, swimming pools) and what made very little difference (bananas, naturally packaged, are good!). This new edition updates all the figures (from data centres to hosting a World Cup) and introduces many areas that have become a regular part of modern life - Twitter, the Cloud, Bitcoin, electric bikes and cars, even space tourism. Berners-Lee runs a considered eye over each area and gives us the figures to manage and reduce our own carbon footprint, as well as to lobby our companies, businesses and government. His findings, presented in clear and even entertaining prose, are often surprising. And they are essential if we are to address climate change.

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Browse Lists - Francis Holland School - Library - Oliver

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Browse more library books about climate change & the environment

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Browse more library books about climate change & the environment

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In this compelling journey through twenty-six countries, Simon Mundy traces how the struggle to respond to the climate crisis is rapidly reshaping the modern world - shattering communities, shaking global business and propelling waves of cutting-edge innovation. Telling unforgettable human stories, meeting scientists and business tycoons, activists and political leaders, this is an account of disaster and survival, of frantic adaptation and groundbreaking innovation, of hope, and of the forces that will define our future.

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How to Avoid a Climate Disaster by Bill Gates

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How to Avoid a Climate Disaster by Bill Gates

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Bill Gates has spent a decade investigating the causes and effects of climate change. With the help of experts in the fields of physics, chemistry, biology, engineering, political science, and finance, he has focused on what must be done in order to stop the planet's slide toward certain environmental disaster. In this book, he not only explains why we need to work toward net-zero emissions of greenhouse gases, but also details what we need to do to achieve this profoundly important goal. He gives us a clear-eyed description of the challenges we face. Drawing on his understanding of innovation and what it takes to get new ideas into the market, he describes the areas in which technology is already helping to reduce emissions, where and how the current technology can be made to function more effectively, where breakthrough technologies are needed, and who is working on these essential innovations. Finally, he lays out a concrete, practical plan for achieving the goal of zero emissions-suggesting not only policies that governments should adopt, but what we as individuals can do to keep our government, our employers, and ourselves accountable in this crucial enterprise.

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Fertilizers, carbon emissions, activism & action

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The Future We Choose by Christiana Figueres & Tom Rivett-Carnac

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The Future We Choose by Christiana Figueres & Tom Rivett-Carnac

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We can survive the climate crisis. This book shows us how. We have two choices for our future, which is still unwritten. It will be shaped by who we choose to be right now. So, how can we change the story of the world? The Future We Choose is a passionate call to arms from former UN Executive Secretary for Climate Change, Christiana Figueres, and Tom Rivett-Carnac, senior political strategist for the Paris Agreement. We are still able to stave off the worst and manage the long-term effects of climate change, but we have to act now. We know what we need to do, and we have everything we need to do it. Practical, optimistic and empowering, The Future We Choose is a book for every generation, for all of us who feel powerless in the face of the climate crisis. This is the final hour: it can be our finest. But we must act now.

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CO2, carbon emissions, plants, action & activism

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There is no Planet B by Mike Berners-Lee

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There is no Planet B by Mike Berners-Lee

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Feeding the world, climate change, biodiversity, antibiotics, plastics, pandemics - the list of concerns seems endless. But what is most pressing, and what should we do first? Do we all need to become vegetarian? How can we fly in a low-carbon world? How can we take control of technology? And, given the global nature of the challenges we now face, what on Earth can any of us do, as individuals? Mike Berners-Lee has crunched the numbers and plotted a course of action that is full of hope, practical, and enjoyable. This is the big-picture perspective on the environmental and economic challenges of our day, laid out in one place, and traced through to the underlying roots - questions of how we live and think.

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Greenhouse gases, carbon emissions, wind power, action & activism

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The food system is no longer simply a means of sustenance. It is one of the most successful, most innovative and most destructive industries on earth. It sustains us, but it is also killing us. Diet-related disease is now the biggest cause of preventable illness and death in the developed world - far worse than smoking. The environmental damage done by the food system is also changing climate patterns and degrading the earth, risking our food security.

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The Physics of Climate Change by Lawrence M Krauss

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The Physics of Climate Change by Lawrence M Krauss

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The news is full of hotly debated and divergent claims about the impacts and risks of climate change. Lawrence Krauss, one of the world’s most respected physicists and science popularizers, cuts through the confusion by succinctly presenting the underlying science of climate change. The Physics of Climate Change provides a clear, accurate and accessible perspective on climate science and the risks of global inaction. Krauss’s narrative explores the history of how scientists progressed to our current understanding of the Earth’s climate and its future. Its generous complement of informative diagrams and illustrations allows readers to assess which climate predictions are securely based on analysis of empirical data, and which are more speculative.

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Global temperature, carbon emissions, CO2, flooding, polar ice

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Not the End of the World by Hannah Ritchie

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Not the End of the World by Hannah Ritchie

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We are bombarded by doomsday headlines that tell us the soil won't be able to support crops, fish will vanish from our oceans, that we should reconsider having children. But in this bold, radically hopeful book, data scientist Hannah Ritchie argues that if we zoom out, a very different picture emerges. The data shows we've made so much progress on these problems, and so fast, that we could be on track to achieve true sustainability for the first time in history. Packed with the latest research, practical guidance and enlightening graphics, this book will make you rethink almost everything you've been told about the environment, from the virtues of eating locally and living in the countryside, to the evils of overpopulation, plastic straws and palm oil. It will give you the tools to understand what works, what doesn't and what we urgently need to focus on so we can leave a sustainable planet for future generations. These problems are big. But they are solvable. We are not doomed. We can build a better future for everyone. Let's turn that opportunity into reality.

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Greenhouse gases, carbon emissions, CO2, fertilizers, plastics, waste, wind power

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A Life on Our Planet by David Attenborough

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A Life on Our Planet by David Attenborough

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I am David Attenborough. At time of writing, I am 93 years old. I've had an extraordinary life. It's only now that I appreciate how extraordinary. As a young man, I felt I was out there in the wild, experiencing the untouched natural world - but it was an illusion. The tragedy of our time has been happening all around us, barely noticeable from day to day - the loss of our planet's wild places, its biodiversity. I have been witness to this decline. A Life on Our Planet contains my witness statement, and my vision for the future - the story of how we came to make this, our greatest mistake, and how, if we act now, we can yet put it right. We have the opportunity to create the perfect home for ourselves and restore the wonderful world we inherited.

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Plastics, pollution, wind power, fertilizers, carbon emissions

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High Tide: How Climate Crisis is Engulfing Our Planet by Mark Lynas

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High Tide: How Climate Crisis is Engulfing Our Planet by Mark Lynas

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The No Logo of climate change – a book that shows how global warming is not a theory we should still debate, but something that has already happened on a global scale. Climate change is not a concern for the future. It's happening right now. In this book – based on the latest scientific evidence – the author takes us around the world to show the impact of global warming already being felt in people's lives. From sand-buried houses in China to thawing Alaskan plains, the author witnesses some of the worst effects of climate change at first hand. Some, like the floods in the UK, are near home. Others – like the drowning Pacific island of Tuvalu – are a world away from the exhaust pipes and factory chimneys that are actually causing global warming. But this isn't simply an inventory of disaster, it's a wry look at how people around the globe are coping as their world changes at unprecedented speed. In the process, the author eats whale blubber in Alaska, swims in shark-infested waters off the Great Barrier Reef and struggles to the top of Andean peaks in Peru. An adventure with a conscience and an argument with an urgent purpose, High Tide is an extremely important book.

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The Laws of Thermodynamics by Peter Atkins

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The Laws of Thermodynamics by Peter Atkins

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From the sudden expansion of a cloud of gas or the cooling of a hot metal, to the unfolding of a thought in our minds and even the course of life itself, everything is governed by the four Laws of Thermodynamics. These laws specify the nature of 'energy' and 'temperature', and are soon revealed to reach out and define the arrow of time itself: why things change and why death must come. In this Very Short Introduction Peter Atkins explains the basis and deeper implications of each law, highlighting their relevance in everyday examples. Using the minimum of mathematics, he introduces concepts such as entropy, free energy, and to the brink and beyond of the absolute zero temperature. These are not merely abstract ideas: they govern our lives.

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Field Notes from a Catastrophe: A Frontline Report on Climate Change by Elizabeth Kolbert

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Field Notes from a Catastrophe: A Frontline Report on Climate Change by Elizabeth Kolbert

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Elizabeth Kolbert's environmental classic Field Notes from a Catastrophe first developed out of a groundbreaking, award-winning three-part series in The New Yorker. She expanded it into a still-concise yet richly researched and damning book about climate change: a primer on the greatest challenge facing the world today. In the years since, the story has continued to develop; the situation has become more dire, even as our understanding of it grows. Now Kolbert returns to the defining book of her career, with new chapters on ocean acidification, the tar sands, and a Danish town that's gone carbon neutral. Field Notes from a Catastrophe remains as necessary as ever, and a must-read for our moment.

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Carbon emissions, CO2, greenhouse gases, glaciers, pilar ice, wind power, renewable energy

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A Better Planet: Forty Big Ideas for a Sustainable Future ed. by Daniel C Esty

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A Better Planet: Forty Big Ideas for a Sustainable Future ed. by Daniel C Esty

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Sustainability has emerged as a global priority in the past decade. The 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change and the adoption of the seventeen Sustainable Development Goals through the United Nations have highlighted the need to address critical challenges such as the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, water shortages, and air pollution. But in the United States, partisan divides, regional disputes, and deep disagreements over core principles have made it nearly impossible to chart a course toward a sustainable future.

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Pollution, plastics, flooding, plants, reforestation, renewable energy, wind power, action & activism

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Regenesis: Feeding the World without Devouring the Planet by George Monbiot

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Regenesis: Feeding the World without Devouring the Planet by George Monbiot

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Farming is the world's greatest cause of environmental destruction - and the one we are least prepared to talk about. We criticise urban sprawl, but farming sprawls across thirty times as much land. We have ploughed, fenced and grazed great tracts of the planet, felling forests, killing wildlife, and poisoning rivers and oceans to feed ourselves. Yet millions still go hungry. Now the food system itself is beginning to falter. But, as George Monbiot shows us in this brilliant, bracingly original new book, there is another way.Regenesis is a breathtaking vision of a new future for food and for humanity. Drawing on astonishing advances in soil ecology, Monbiot reveals how new discoveries about the world beneath our feet could allow us to grow more food with less farming, and transform our relationship with the living planet. He meets the people who are unlocking these methods, from the fruit and vegetable grower who is revolutionising our understanding of fertility; through breeders of perennial grains, liberating the land from ploughs and poisons; to the scientists pioneering new ways to grow protein and fat. Together, they show how the tiniest life forms could help us resolve the biggest of our dilemmas: how to feed the world without devouring the planet.

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The Uninhabitable Earth by David Wallace-Wells

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The Uninhabitable Earth by David Wallace-Wells

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It is worse, much worse, than you think. The slowness of climate change is a fairy tale, perhaps as pernicious as the one that says it isn't happening at all, and if your anxiety about it is dominated by fears of sea-level rise, you are barely scratching the surface of what terrors are possible, even within the lifetime of a teenager today. Over the past decades, the term "Anthropocene" has climbed into the popular imagination - a name given to the geologic era we live in now, one defined by human intervention in the life of the planet. But however sanguine you might be about the proposition that we have ravaged the natural world, which we surely have, it is another thing entirely to consider the possibility that we have only provoked it, engineering first in ignorance and then in denial a climate system that will now go to war with us for many centuries, perhaps until it destroys us. In the meantime, it will remake us, transforming every aspect of the way we live-the planet no longer nurturing a dream of abundance, but a living nightmare.

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The Best of Times, The Worst of Times by Paul Behrens

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The Best of Times, The Worst of Times by Paul Behrens

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The environmental emergency is the greatest threat we face. Preventing it will require an unprecedented political and social response. And yet, there is still hope. Academic, physicist, environmental expert and award-winning science communicator Paul Behrens presents a radical dual analysis of a civilisation on the brink of catastrophe. Setting out the pressing existential threats we face, he writes, in alternating chapters, of what the future could look like, at its most optimistic and pessimistic, and details the steps we can take to ensure our survival. In lucid and clear-sighted prose, Behrens argues that structural problems need structural solutions, and examines critical areas in which political will is necessary, including women’s education, food and energy security, biodiversity and economics.

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How will the world be powered in ten years' time? Not by fossil fuels. Energy experts are all saying the same thing: solar photovoltaics (PV) is our future. Reports from universities, investment banks, international institutions and large investors agree. It's not about whether the switch from fossil fuels to solar power will happen, but when. Solar panels are being made that will last longer than ever hoped; investors are seeing the benefits of the long-term rewards provided by investing in solar; in the Middle East, a contractor can now offer solar-powered electricity far cheaper than that of a coal-fired power station. The Switch tracks the transition away from coal, oil and gas to a world in which the limitless energy of the sun provides much of the energy the 10 billion people of this planet will need.

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TedEx: Johan Rockstrom on the tipping point of climate change

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TedEx: Johan Rockstrom on the tipping point of climate change

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The tipping points of climate change — and where we stand

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We’re nearly halfway through the 2020s, dubbed the most decisive decade for action on climate change. Where exactly do things stand? Climate impact scholar Johan Rockström offers the most up-to-date scientific assessment of the state of the planet and explains what must be done to preserve Earth’s resilience to human pressure.

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Wind power is the nation's largest source of renewable energy, with wind turbines installed in all 50 states supplying more than 10% of total U.S electricity and large percentages of most states' energy needs.

Keep reading to learn:

How wind energy works

How turbines work

The benefits and impacts of wind energy

Where wind turbines are used-on land, in water, and for smaller needs (like farms or islands).

How Does Wind Create Power?

Wind power or wind energy is a form of renewable energy that harnesses the power of the wind to generate electricity. It involves using wind turbines to convert the turning motion of blades, pushed by moving air (kinetic energy) into electrical energy (electricity). This requires certain technologies, such as a generator that sits at the top of a tower, behind the blades, in the head (nacelle) of a wind turbine.

This aerial view shows how a group of wind turbines, which can be part of a wind power plant or wind farm, make electricity. The electricity created can either provide power to specific needs (like a wind turbine powering a streetlight or isolated farm) or contribute to the electric grid, which then powers homes, businesses, and schools with the help of transmission and distribution cables (or power lines).

How Does a Wind Turbine Work?

Wind blowing above the ground spins the blades attached to the top of a wind turbine tower. Moving air rotates a wind turbine's blades. That turning motion spins a generator just downwind from the blades (or rotor) in the nacelle, which also stores all the other working parts of a turbine. The generator produces electricity.

View the wind turbine animation to see how a wind turbine works or take a look inside.

A typical 2.8-megawatt (MW) utility-scale wind turbine could produce enough electricity to power 100,000 American homes. And wind turbines are growing taller; the bigger, the more energy they may be able to produce. New designs for blades help wind turbines generate more power and address other issues, such as material use, recyclability, or noise.

Windmills, sometimes confused with wind turbines, traditionally use the power of wind to turn blades that then rotate a grinding stone, rather than a generator, to pulverize grains into powder, like wheat into flour for baking.

Learn more about how wind turbines work on the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Wind Energy Technologies Office website.

Why Should We Use Wind Energy?

There are many important reasons we should use wind energy.

It is a renewable energy source, meaning we can keep creating energy as long as wind blows. Improvements to turbines help them become more efficient, providing clean and reliable energy to the grid, homeowners, or communities even in regions that are less windy.

Wind energy is also a form of clean energy, meaning wind turbines do not produce greenhouse gas emissions, like carbon dioxide, which means less pollution going into the air, oceans, and environment that can cause health problems or harm the environment.

Wind energy can be used in many places, including isolated or remote areas, like islands, that are not able to access the utility grid for power. Wind farms can be installed both on land and offshore, taking advantage of wind currents across the United States and along its coastlines.

There are also financial benefits and economic advantages to installing wind energy. It has a low cost of energy (cost to produce while operating), and wind turbines can help homeowners and communities reduce utility bills, benefit from tax credits and financial incentives, create jobs, and even profit from selling extra energy a turbine on their land might make.

The U.S. Department of Energy's invests in wind energy research, development, demonstration, and deployment activities that enable and accelerate the innovations needed to advance offshore, land-based, and distributed wind energy systems; reduce the cost; drive deployment in an environmentally conscious manner; and facilitate integration with the electric grid.

What Are the Impacts of Wind Energy?

Wind energy has very few disadvantages.

Most concerns that impact social acceptance of wind energy revolve around how wind farms interact with society, such as location (including property value effects and land use), health and safety, the environment and wildlife, local communities, radar interference, and the economy or finances.

Although wind energy does not produce emissions, it is important to consider how wind turbines can coexist with the environment. In addition to identifying the best location, researchers:

To mitigate the potential impact to communities, there are a number of ongoing efforts to work with local communities to better understand their priorities and address these concerns.

Human impacts can be quite small to begin with. For example, wind turbines:

And turbines that are located far offshore can have even fewer human impacts while generating large amounts of electricity.

What Are the Different Types and Applications of Wind Energy?

Wind turbines provide electricity that can either be used at the site where it's generated or transferred to the electrical grid. Typically, the size of a turbine determines how much energy it can produce, although technology is improving to increase turbines' efficiency.

The term "distributed wind energy" (sometimes called "onsite wind energy") refers to turbines installed locally to meet nearby energy needs. Distributed wind energy installations are typically used by a community, company, utility, or homeowner to power their specific needs.

The term "utility-scale" refers to typically large turbines installed either on land or in water that are used to generate large amounts of electricity to feed into the three major electrical grids in the United States (Eastern, Western, and Texas's grid).

Regardless of size, wind energy projects connected to the electrical grid require utility approvals and sometimes grid impact studies before construction can begin, along with other permitting and zoning requirements and regulations.

Plants that combine multiple forms of energy are called hybrid power plants. For example, wind turbines and solar power technologies, as well as energy storage devices, can complement each other in what is commonly known as hybrid renewable energy systems. These systems combine different renewable energy sources to enhance overall efficiency, reliability, and energy output. The combination of wind and solar power is one of the most popular hybrid configurations.

Read a summary below or learn more about the three kinds of wind energy and our guides.

Distributed wind energy describes wind energy projects that serve on-site energy demand. As such, distributed wind turbines can generate on-site electricity for homes, schools, businesses, and farms. Sometimes distributed wind projects support local electricity networks, which are often called "microgrids." They can help cut down on electricity use and, in some cases, can provide all the power for homes and other structures that are off the grid. Distributed wind turbines can also work together with other technologies like solar panels, storage, and power converters to provide power.

Distributed wind energy installations are defined by how they are applied (to serve on-site energy demand) rather than by turbine size. However, turbines used for distributed applications are typically smaller than 20 megawatts. Distributed wind turbines installed near homes are usually between 1 and 10 kilowatts, but they can be significantly bigger. Individual or small clusters of megawatt-scale wind turbines can be used to power commercial and industrial facilities, agricultural uses (farms or ranches), community facilities (such as schools, office buildings, or part of a campus), public campuses (such as a college or hospital), and isolated grids (such as small island, remote, or tribal communities). Read 10 things you didn't know about distributed wind energy.

Learn how wind power can provide you with energy, how to install a wind turbine on your land, the details of small community or large community wind power projects, and how community agreements can benefit those living near wind farms.

Land-based, utility-scale wind energy projects use highly efficient, state-of-the-art wind turbines that generate cost-competitive electricity at power-plant scales. They can be owned and run by a utility company that then sells the power the plant makes to users, like homeowners, who connect to the electrical grid. Read 10 things you didn't know about land-based wind energy.

These projects use large, land-based turbines that can have blade rotors measuring more than 75 meters in diameter, which is about the size of an average Ferris wheel. The rotors are installed on towers that can be taller than the Statue of Liberty.

Because of their size and the scale of the installations, utility-scale wind turbines require environmental, utility, governmental, and public coordination and they are regulated in their location, distance from nearby infrastructure (called "setback"), and other health, safety, and environmental aspects.

Offshore wind energy, the newest application for wind energy, refers to utility-scale wind energy projects that capture wind resources over bodies of water. Read 10 things you didn't know about offshore wind energy.

In water depths less than 60 meters, offshore wind turbines can be fixed directly to the bottom of the ocean, known as fixed-bottom offshore wind turbines, using foundations that can be different shapes and installed in different ways, like monopiles-single stems on which a turbine tower is attached, pictured, that are pounded into the seafloor by pile drivers.

As the newest application of wind energy, the industry, academics, government, and other stakeholders are working together to establish best practices, safety standards, technologies, marine wildlife impacts, ocean co-use (such as coordinating with fishing industries), and other aspects these water-based wind farms.

In water depths greater than 60 meters, floating offshore wind turbines are needed, which are tethered to the seafloor with long mooring lines and anchors, like boats moored in a harbor. There are several different kinds of floating offshore wind turbines, and research continues to investigate the best way to design, build, and situate these turbines in the ocean. Researchers are also looking into the potential to harness winds blowing in the middle of large lakes, like the U.S. Great Lakes, with offshore wind turbines.

Offshore wind turbines have different regulations and must consider impacts to wildlife and the environment, skylines (called "viewshed"), other uses of the ocean space (such as fishing). Because they are more remote, these turbines can be taller than land-based turbines, meaning they have the potential to harness more energy from the strong winds blowing off U.S. coastlines, which can then power offshore activities or be sent to shore via underwater cables to power homes, schools, and other electric needs.
Learn more about wind energy basics on the Wind Energy Technologies Office website. Sign up for the WINDExchange newsletter to get the latest in wind energy research, development, deployment, and more.

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Wind power is the nation's largest source of renewable energy, with wind turbines installed in all 50 states supplying more than 10% of total U.S electricity and large percentages of most states' energy needs.

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We are experiencing a temporary problem with our website that we are working to resolve as quickly as possible. If you’re unable to access our site, please check back again soon. Thank you.

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Hood College: Global Temperature & the Albedo Effect

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Hood College: Global Temperature & the Albedo Effect

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NASA: What is the greenhouse gas effect?

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NASA: What is the greenhouse gas effect?

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What is the greenhouse effect? - NASA Science

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The greenhouse effect is the process through which heat is trapped near Earth’s surface by substances known as ‘greenhouse gases.’ Imagine these gases as a cozy blanket enveloping our planet, helping to maintain a warmer temperature than it would have otherwise. Greenhouse gases consist of carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and water vapor. […]

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US Department of Energy: How do wind turbines work?

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US Department of Energy: How do wind turbines work?

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Wind is a form of solar energy caused by a combination of three concurrent events:

1. The sun unevenly heating the atmosphere

2. Irregularities of the earth's surface

3. The rotation of the earth.

Wind flow patterns and speeds vary greatly across the United States and are modified by bodies of water, vegetation, and differences in terrain. Humans use this wind flow, or motion energy, for many purposes: sailing, flying a kite, and even generating electricity.

The terms "wind energy" and "wind power" both describe the process by which the wind is used to generate mechanical power or electricity. This mechanical power can be used for specific tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping water) or a generator can convert this mechanical power into electricity.

A wind turbine turns wind energy into electricity using the aerodynamic force from the rotor blades, which work like an airplane wing or helicopter rotor blade. When wind flows across the blade, the air pressure on one side of the blade decreases. The difference in air pressure across the two sides of the blade creates both lift and drag. The force of the lift is stronger than the drag and this causes the rotor to spin. The rotor connects to the generator, either directly (if it's a direct drive turbine) or through a shaft and a series of gears (a gearbox) that speed up the rotation and allow for a physically smaller generator. This translation of aerodynamic force to rotation of a generator creates electricity.

Types of Wind Turbines

The majority of wind turbines fall into two basic types:

When wind turbines of any size are installed on the "customer" side of the electric meter, or are installed at or near the place where the energy they produce will be used, they're called "distributed wind.

Many turbines used in distributed applications are small wind turbines. Single small wind turbines-below 100 kilowatts-are typically used for residential, agricultural, and small commercial and industrial applications.

Small turbines can be used in hybrid energy systems with other distributed energy resources, such as microgrids powered by diesel generators, batteries, and photovoltaics.

These systems are called hybrid wind systems and are typically used in remote, off-grid locations( where a connection to the utility grid is not available) and are becoming more common in grid-connected applications for resiliency.

Learn more about distributed wind from the Distributed Wind Animation or read about what the Wind Energy Technologies Office is doing to support the deployment of distributed wind systems for homes, businesses, farms, and community wind projects.

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Learn the basics of how wind turbines operate to produce clean power from an abundant, renewable resource-the wind.

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BBC news: Five standout cities making the world a better place

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BBC news: Five standout cities making the world a better place

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Five standout cities making the world a better place

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The Global Destination Sustainability Index reveals the destinations that are working towards a sustainable and lower-carbon future

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US Environmental Agency: Fertilizer & Algae Blooms

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US Environmental Agency: Fertilizer & Algae Blooms

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Guardian News: Microplastics & Plant Photosynthesis

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Guardian News: Microplastics & Plant Photosynthesis

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Microplastics hinder plant photosynthesis, study finds, threatening millions with starvation

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Researchers say problem could increase number of people at risk of starvation by 400m in next two decades

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Chapter on Climate Change/Changing Climates in The Cambridge Companion to Environmental Humanities

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Chapter on Climate Change/Changing Climates in The Cambridge Companion to Environmental Humanities

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Note: Can only be accessed while connected to school wifi (but you can download a PDF to use at home!)

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undefined Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

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Introduction: Climate Change/Changing Climates (Chapter 1) - The Cambridge Companion to Environmental Humanities

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The Cambridge Companion to Environmental Humanities - September 2021

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Climate Change & the Greenhouse Gas Effect

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Climate Change & the Greenhouse Gas Effect

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Mini-lectures on climate change and the greenhouse gas effect from Prof Richard Allen at Reading University. Log in with your usual FHS credentials.

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Mini-lectures, including specific talks on global temperature and sea levels, from Professor Joanna Haigh at Imperial College London. Log in with your usual FHS credentials.

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Prof. Mark Maslin explains the greenhouse gas effect. Log in with your usual FHS credentials.

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What is Climate Change?: Crash Course Climate & Energy #1

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What is Climate Change?: Crash Course Climate & Energy #1

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What is Climate Change?: Crash Course Climate & Energy #1

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How do wind turbines work? - Rebecca J. Barthelmie and Sara C. Pryor

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National Institue of Environmental Health Studies site on harmful algae blooms

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

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Algae are always in natural bodies of water like oceans, lakes, and rivers, and a few types produce toxins. A harmful algal bloom (HAB) occurs when toxin-producing algae grow excessively in a body of water.

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Can the ocean run out of oxygen? - Kate Slabosky

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Crash Course: How Rivers shape the landscape

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Crash Course: How Rivers shape the landscape

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How Rivers Shape the Landscape: Crash Course Geography #23

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CrashCourse: The Environmental Challenges of Renewable Energy

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CrashCourse: The Environmental Challenges of Renewable Energy

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The Engineering Challenges of Renewable Energy: Crash Course Engineering #30

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What Are Glaciers? Crash Course Geography #26