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A fixed amount paid for each unit produced. Can be adjusted to reflect difficulty of production.

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payment to a worker made for each period of time worked

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1. offers some security over pay levels 工资有保障

2. different rates paid to different types of workers 工种不同薪酬不同

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1. no incentive to increase output, not linked directly to output

2. labour cost per unit will depend on output

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motivate workers to produce more, easy to calculate

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Quality might fall, for some jobs individual output is hard to calculate. And no security of the level of pay薪酬水平无保障.

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当个人产出数量容易计算时 & 当需要尽可能控制降低生产成本时

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a payment to a sales person for each sale made, can be the total income or be an addition to base salary 可以是收入的全部，也可以是基本工资之上的额外佣金

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Annual income that is usually paid on a monthly basis.

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benefits given, separate from pay, by an employer to some or all employees. 雇主给予部分或全部雇员的与工资分开的福利

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1. It offers the security of a pay level to employees.

2. There are different salary levels for different grades of workers.

3. It is suitable for jobs where output is not measurable.

4. It is often fixed for one year, so labor costs are easier to forecast.

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a payment made in addition to the contracted wage or salary. 在合同工资或薪金之外支付的款项

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1. It is not directly linked to output so complacency may be a problem. 它与产出没有直接联系，因此自满可能是个问题。

2. It may lead to low achievement/ motivation if the effort and achievement of the employee are not regularly checked with appraisal. 如果员工的努力和成就没有得到定期的考核，可能会导致低成就/积极性。

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1. It is paid to individuals for outstanding work or to teams for reaching targets.

2. It creates the incentive for employees to do well.

3. It is in addiction to basic salary, so it offers some security too.

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1. Status and security of income are important motivators in managerial or non-manual jobs. 地位和收入保障是管理或非体力工作的重要激励因素。

2. Overtime pay for extra hours is not expected. 加班时间不需要加班费。

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1. It can cause resentment if the bonus is not received.

2. It damages team spirt if some members receive a bonus and others do not.

3. It reduces motivation if no bonuses are paid, e.g. if sales are falling.

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1. It creates the incentive to increase sales.

2. It may be in addition to a basic salary so it could offer some security of pay too. 它可能是基本工资之外的，所以它也可以提供一些工资保障。

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a scheme that allows employees to switch from one job to another. 允许雇员从一份工作转到另一份工作的计划

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1. It discourages teamwork amongst sales employees. 它阻碍了销售人员之间的团队合作。

2. It may lead to pressurized selling which damages customer relationships. 它可能导致压力销售，损害客户关系。

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an attempt to increase the scope of a job by broadening or deepening the tasks undertaken. 扩大工作范围通过扩大或深化所承担的任务来扩大工作范围的尝试

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1. relieve boredom from one task避免做同一份工作无聊

2. give more skills, be more flexible

3. workers may cover for colleagues' absence easily 可以代班

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the restructuring of a job to make the work more interesting, satisfying and challenging. 调整工作结构，使工作更有趣、更令人满意、更有挑战性

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1. does not mean workers will have more power or responsibility for work

2. does not give worker a complete unit of work to produce, but just a series of separate tasks of similar difficulty 零散的任务，相似的难度，没挑战

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the gaining of new or advanced skills and knowledge as well as opportunities to apply what is gained. 获得新的或先进的技能和知识，以及应用所学知识的机会

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Not good for long-term job satisfaction 无法保证长期的工作满意度 (除非让工作内容变得更有趣、有挑战性）

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1. one-off payment (不在合同里的，一次性的）

2. reward workers for good performance

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1. Improving and widening the skills of employees can increase the productivity and flexibility of the workforce and its ability to deal with change.

2. Training and development increase the status of workers and give them access to more challenging, and probably better-paid, jobs within the business.

3. Developing employees and encouraging them to reach their full potential increase the opportunities for self-actualization.

4. Training and development are often important incentives for employees to stay with a business as they feel that they are being fully recognized and appreciated by the company.

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1. Training can be expensive as trainers and training facilities are needed or off-the-job courses must be paid for.

2. Training and development programes can take employees away from their work for some time so other employees will need to cover for them.

3. Training can lead to employees leaving a business as they become better qualified to gain employment within other companies. This discourages some businesses from paying for training programmes in case competitors benefit from the people they have trained.

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Advancement of an employee within a business to a higher level of responsibility and status, sometimes along with higher pay or benefits, and more responsibility.

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It involves a reduction of direct supervision as workers take more responsibility for their own work and are allowed some degree of decision-making authority. 它包括减少直接监督，因为工人对自己的工作承担更多的责任，并允许一定程度的决策权力。

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As a reward of hardwork, promotion means increased employee status, which satisfies a key human need (Maslow)

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a bonus scheme to reward employees for above-average work performance. 奖励工作表现高于平均水平的员工的奖金计划

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1. Individual bonuses for meeting pre-determined targets may encourage workers to work hard to meet these targets.

2. Target setting can form part of the hierarchy of objectives to meet the company's aims.

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1. 如果员工看不到晋升空间，工作就无动力，不会付出最优表现 if workers can't see the area for promotion, they will be less motivated to perform to the best of their ability

2. 如果公司不认可出色的表现和努力，会导致优秀员工流失 if company doesnt recognize hard work and exceptional performance, it will lose talented employees

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1. Complete units of work are produced so that the worker's contribution can be identified and more challenging work can be offered- for example, by using team (or cell) production. 生产完整的工作单元，这样工人的贡献可以被识别，并提供更具挑战性的工作——例如，通过使用团队(或单元)生产。

2. Direct feedback on performance.

3. Challenging tasks are offered as part of a range of activities, some of which are beyond the worker's and the learning of new skills. 具有挑战性的任务是作为一系列活动的一部分提供的，其中一些超出了工人和新技能的学习。

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A bonus for employees based on the profits of the business, usually paid as a proportion of basic salary. 利润分红

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1. It requires frequent target setting and appraisal interviews.

2. If the bonus is low, it may not lead to greater effort as motivation will not be increased.

3. Managers might show favouritism to some employees by giving generous bonus payments.

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1. enhance commitment to make business profitable

2. might lead to cost-cutting 降低成本提高销售量+利润

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1. very small amount, not motivating enough量太少

2. harm shareholder interest损害股东利益

3. reduce profit retained for expansion 收益本可以用于公司扩张

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a scheme that gives employees shares in the company they work for or allows them to buy those shares at a discount. 给员工提供公司股份或允许他们以折扣价购买这些股份的计划

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when managers want workers to focus on 'making profits', 鼓励员工想如何开源节流

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1. It reduces the conflict of objectives between owners and workers.

2. It encourages an increased sense of belonging and commitment.

3. Workers are more likely to participate in decision-making aimed at business success.

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1. Lack of employee training or experience to cope with the greater depth of tasks can result in lower productivity. It is important not to take a worker too far from the type of work they are comfortable with. 缺乏员工培训或经验来应对更深入的任务会导致较低的生产力。重要的是，不要让员工远离自己喜欢的工作类型。

2. Employees may see the enrichment process as just an attempt to get them to do more work. Enrichment must be planned carefully with the employees involved

so that the benefits to both individuals and the business can be understood. 员工们可能会认为，“充实过程”只是让他们做更多工作的一种尝试。提高必须与员工一起仔细计划，这样个人和企业的利益都可以被理解。

3. If employees are just not able to cope with the additional challenges imposed by job enrichment, then this can lead to frustration and demotivation.如果员工无法应对工作丰富化带来的额外挑战，那么这可能会导致沮丧和失去动力。

4. Managers must accept reduced control and supervision over the work of employees, which they might find difficult.

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company car配车，free insurance保险，pension scheme养老金，discounts on company product员工折扣

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1. It may be a very small number of shares so it not motivating.

2. Shares might just be sold so there is no long-term commitment.

3. Managers often receive more shares so the workforce may feel resentment towards the managers.

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to retain best staff, to give status to higher-level employees 留住员工

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1. for non-managerial jobs, where output are easily measured

2. focus on quality is more important than quantity 质量比数量更重要

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the giving of skills, resources, authority and opportunity to employees so that they can take decisions and be accountable for their works. 给予员工技能、资源、权力和机会，使他们能够做出决定并对自己的工作负责

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Job changes can lead to improved recognition by management of the work undertaken by workers and can increase worker's chances of gaining promotion as a result of the wider skills gained. 能力提升，通过工作内容表现出来，更容易获得晋升机会