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i spend most of my childhood on mexico, i was born in the state of mexico and went to visit my family every vacation to Tamaulipas or Guanajuato, the best memories come from there,I lived in the state of mexico for about 6 years and made a lot of friends in there, some im still Friends with until now. Then i moved to Monterrey , the north of mexico being the frontier with the United States and aslo being one of the wealthiness staes in mexico , i moved there when i was 6 and lived there until i turned 11, Then i moved to Chicago, when i moved i moved to burr ridge , one of the wealthiest towns around Hinsdale south, i could see how the life in the united states was much easier than the life in Mexico, i was lucky to live in an upper middle class and while i was living in mexico my family was going through a hard time so i understand what is like to have nothing and to have everything. This impacts the world i live in because it teached me to be grate full for what i have and for the things i dont have.

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this is the neighborhood i grew up in( monterrey mexico ) a zone where the prices can variate from 691194.51 dollars witch its almost i million pesos to some houses raging form 41471.67 dollars. Its amazing to see how the prizes have changed so much since i was little due to inflation.

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In mexico city and monterrey the places i grew up in. I though that it was a really poor city/town because you see street vendors everywhere or people looking for jobs, indigenous persons on the streets but according to wikipedia they both are some of the richest states in mexico.having a GDP, at 14.6%.

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List of Mexican states by GDP - Wikipedia

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The following list shows the GDP (nominal) of Mexico's 32 states as of 2022, ranked in order. Overall, in the calendar year 2022, the Nominal GDP of Mexico at Current Prices totaled at US$1.42 trillion, as compared to US$1.27 trillion in 2021.

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when i moved to the unites states i attended Gower middle school and it was a really ``good´´ school, i made some friends that i am not friends with now but its okay. Gower middle recived many prizes making it the # 54 in state and being classified as a commendable school meaning it was no under performing students. school link

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Power works in many ways from monetary to political. In my child hood my parents, teachers and elder where the people who had power on me, since i was born i been following instructions as simple as ``clean your room´´ or do the dishes. if i wanna have an allowance i have to do the things my parents ask me to do In school we have rules made by people with power like the deans. If i dont follow their rules i will most likely get detention .People that also have power over and me and most of the world is the government, the government gives me the rule of driving with a permit with a parent, In case that i dont follow the government rules i could get my permit taken away or my paretns could go to jail

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the steps to reach power are pretty simple

but not anybody can do it because of lack of ambition

to reach power you need to understand that mistakes are not made to be repeated and that you never have to give up

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this picture shows who had power ( and still has) over me when i was little, she showed me how to reach my dreams and guided me to in a future have my own power and know how to use it. So how am i gonna reach power in the future ?

by applying everything my mom teached me into my daily life

for example

always saying thank you

helping other

being grateful

being clean

caring for others

be patience

and be ambitious

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interest groups or local political organizations that impact my life with power 

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interest groups or local political organizations that impact my life with power 

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some groups that bring power into my persona are

League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)

which basically works to advance the economic condition, educational attainment, political influence, housing, health and civil rights of the Hispanic population of the United States

this bring me power becuase it encourages me to work for my family and fight for Hispanic civil rights.

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The Sierra Club, "the nation's largest and most influential grassroots environmental organization," works to protect the outdoors and promote clean energy. They also undertake a variety of actions designed to preserve and protect the environment.

Jewish Voice for Peace's primary mission is to achieve "full equality for Palestinians and Jewish Israelis grounded in international law and universal principles of human rights." They also undertake related campaigns for peace and human rights, such as advocating against Stephen Bannon's appointment as the president's senior strategist and drawing attention to the Syrian refugee crisis.

Get started

Faith in Action organizes religious congregations and other local groups (such as community centers and business associations) to advocate for solutions to civic issues. Recent campaigns have included reducing gun violence, creating paths to citizenship for undocumented immigrants, developing affordable housing, and ending mass incarceration and systemic racism.

The Unitarian Universalist church runs Standing on the Side of Love, "a public advocacy campaign that seeks to harness love's power to stop oppression," and has a human rights coordinating committee in the Unitarian Universalist Service Committee. Individual local congregations will almost definitely be involved in one or both projects. Find a local congregation and see what social justice efforts they are involved in.

PFLAG -- formerly Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays, now just PFLAG -- works to ensure that "all people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer are not only valued by society, but take pride in and value themselves." They do this through "peer-to-peer support, educating people on the issues that are important to the community, and advocating for inclusive policies and laws," and there are many local chapters where you can join in this important work.

Get started

Black and Pink works to abolish the prison-industrial complex. They emphasize having formerly incarcerated people lead their chapters, and they focus particularly on the treatment of LGBTQ prisoners.

Indivisible groups are using the principles in the Indivisible guide written by former Congressional staffers to coordinate local action. They focus their actions on their communities and representatives.

League of Women Voters began in 1920 to encourage women to use their new voting power "to participate in shaping public policy." Nowadays the organization is "nonpartisan, neither supporting nor opposing candidates or political parties at any level of government, but always working on vital issues of concern to members and the public."

National Association of Regional Councils (NARC) supports local regions and communities in environmental, transportation, and public safety projects (for starters). If you want to work with others to impact how stuff in your area works, NARC may be for you.

Get started

Solidarity Sundays is "a nationwide network of feminist action groups focused on taking action to resist Trump. On the 2nd Sunday of each month, we gather in homes across the country to:

Engage with elected officials (via letters, emails, phone calls, social media, and in-person meetings)

Amplify the action items of existing progressive organizations

Build communities of empowered, educated, active feminists who will resist the Trump agenda and work for peace, justice, and equity."

Get started

Working Families Party is "a growing progressive political organization that fights for an economy that works for all of us, and a democracy in which every voice matters," so if you're looking for an alternative to the Democratic Party, WPP are your people.

Get started

Your local Democratic party. They are going to need people to run for office and even more people to work for and volunteer on those campaigns. Get started now. Because there is no organized list of party chapters at the local level on the Dems' website, MCW suggests googling your town or county name + Democrats.

Your local Republican party chapter. Seriously. If you live in a red district where most voters are registered Republican or independents, and you yourself are not a registered Democrat, consider joining your local Republican party and being a voice of moderation against the Tea Party right. Because there is no organized list of Republican party chapters at the local level on the GOP website, MCW suggests googling your town or county name + Republicans.

League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) was founded in 1929. The "oldest and most widely respected Hispanic civil rights organization in the United States of America," LULAC works to "advance the economic condition, educational attainment, political influence, housing, health and civil rights of the Hispanic population of the United States."

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) hardly needs an introduction. "Our mission is to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate race-based discrimination. And we've been doing it since 1909," says the NAACP's national website. There are active units nationwide that you can join. W. E. B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells-Barnett, and Thurgood Marshall are smiling from above.

National Council of La Raza (NCLR) serves "millions of Latinos in the areas of civic engagement, civil rights and immigration, education, workforce and the economy, health, and housing," and is currently the "largest national Hispanic civil rights and advocacy organization in the U.S." with state and regional offices, and 260 local affiliate groups nationwide.

Get started

Showing Up for Racial Justice is an organization of white allies supporting movements for racial justice led by people of color. The group says "Through community organizing, mobilizing and education, SURJ moves white people to act as part of a multi-racial majority for justice with passion and accountability."

Get started

Want even more groups? Check out the listings on these websites.

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The Sierra Club, "the nation's largest and most influential grassroots environmental organization," works to protect the outdoors and promote clean energy. They also undertake a variety of actions designed to preserve and protect the environment. Jewish Voice for Peace's primary mission is to achieve "full equality for Palestinians and Jewish Israelis grounded in international law and universal principles of human rights."

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Having skills and education are two types of power individuals can have. Skills can be strong in one area without a deep understanding of the subject, but education gives a deeper level of being smart and being awareness. By focusing on learning, people can improve their thinking abilities, understand different subjects better, and use their intellect to handle difficult situations. Education empowers individuals to think critically, make smart decisions, and adapt to changing situations with wisdom.

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In the past, being violent was the fastest way to show you were in charge now they say that helping others is a better way to gain power, but when people get power from helping, they may become selfish instead of generous, which they call a 'power paradox.

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family shapes my believes and values by educating me on how to be a lady that respects her self and others, how to help me while helping others and how to teach others to be better. My peers does not influence in values due to the fact that my parents have raised me well to not get peer pressured. i try to look for finds that have the same or different values than me. INCLUDE PIC WITH FRIENDS . As i said before almost nothing can change my belives and values but social media really influences other teens on what to wear or what to think about certain situations going around my community . Economics and political influences people values by scaring them that if they believe about this that will happen. My religion influences so much in my believes and values because its something i practice every day, if god today tells me to not lie i will have to follow the instruction of not lying my whole life.

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as a christian i follow a set of instruction god gives me to follow my path, wich forms my persona and it also guides my spirit, living in a place where i can share this believe is splendid because i get to guide me and others to the right path and to be a better person than yesterday .

this link shows the percentages of Christian in Chicago

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according to this link it shows that my comunitie is conservative

Despite my community leaning more towards conservatism rather than liberalism, it remains a nice place to live that does not change my personal beliefs. The good things of living in this conservative community is that we respect each other This opportunitie to live ina comm untie eith different values and choices gives me a change for personal growth and a deeper understanding of different ideologies

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Alice Park, Charlie Smart, Rumsey Taylor and Miles WatkinsFeb. 2, 2021

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An Extremely Detailed Map of the 2020 Election

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An interactive map that lets readers explore in new detail how most states voted in the 2020 presidential election.

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how do my belives and values impact my life 

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how do my belives and values impact my life 

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My beliefs and values are really fundamental in my life, deeply meaningful and they serve to guide me in all aspects of my life . They shape not only my thoughts, but also the way I express myself, the actions I take, and even the friends i make Every decision I make is influenced by these belives and values , reflecting not only in my choices but also in the manner in which I interact with those around me. In concusion my beliefs and values permeate every facet of my life.

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Describe why it’s important to engage with people who have different beliefs and values than you 

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Describe why it’s important to engage with people who have different beliefs and values than you 

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It is important to interact with people who have different beliefs and values talking to people who have them can teach you new things and give you different perspectives. Being open to these interactions can help you learn new ideas and expand your understanding of the world.Being accepting of diverse beliefs and values can help you grow as a person and be more understanding towards others.

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what can happen when beliefs and values break bad?

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what can happen when beliefs and values break bad?

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Sometimes, not knowing what you believe in can lead to confusion and uncertainty morality is meant to help guide your actions towards getting something you want without goals you may adopt new beliefs without thinking them through for example, if you believe stealing is always wrong but witness someone stealing out of desperation, you may need to reconsider your belief.

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how do i interact with technology on the daily 

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how do i interact with technology on the daily 

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i interact with technology in my every day life, from waking up by putting my alarms to going to sleep with my ambient noise machine. This is just some of the many examples that technology is included in my life every day

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screenhot of phone and describe what app i use often 

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screenhot of phone and describe what app i use often 

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this is a screenshot of my phone and i can show you the apps i use to most

i love to listen of music to do anything so the music app is fundamental in my life

also the calling app becuase i need my mom 24/7 and call her all the time

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the negative things about the screenshot is how depending and influenced i am by music

if im doing homework and dont have music on i am not able to focus or do much the link below says how much it affects our developing brains and our mental health

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Negative Health Review of Cell Phones and Social Media

Danielle M. Viola*

Tranquil Tides Mental Health & Wellness, LLC, USA

Cell phone and social media usage have become intriguing topics to explore and discuss over recent years. This research aims to review correlations of negative effects in mental and physical health caused by cell phone and social media use in the past two decades. The history of cell phones and their capabilities will be introduced. The need for human connection will be emphasized. Exploration of the connection between unbalanced use and different aspects of health will be evaluated such as addiction, social influences, brain changes, and multitasking. Lastly, resources and recommendations to find balance and support for anyone being adversely affected by cell phones and social media will be provided. Current literature reveals that there is a negative correlation between increased cell phone and social media use with human connection, mental health, and physical health.

Introduction

Method

A pointed search of literature identifying problems relating areas of poor health to social media and cell phone use were examined. Summaries of the findings were analyzed and presented in this article. The databases used to obtain research articles for review included Google Scholar, NIH, Research Gate, Semantic Scholar, and PubMed. The search terms used to gather information included: meta-analysis on social relationships and health; emotional deprivation and development; exclusion and brain studies; loneliness and addiction to cell phones; depression and media screen time; mobile phone dependence and brain studies; adolescent screen time and brain development; distracted parents from mobile devices and infant response; preteen non-verbal recognition and screen media; cognitions and multitasking with social media; evening light from screens and sleep; thumb pain and texting; and, neck pain and increased cell phone use. The analysis involved meta-analytical reviews, original studies, observational studies, mass surveys, and interviews. Where possible, basic statistical data was presented to substantiate claims concerning negative effects from social media and cell phone use.

Need for Human Connection

In a meta-analysis, Holt-Lunstad, Smith, and Layton (2010) ²⁶ reviewed 148 studies with over 300,000 participants that analyzed how social relationships influence the risk of mortality. Amount of social integration, perception of social support received from social interaction, and the actual amount of social support available was assessed and controlled in accordance with risk factors such as lifestyle and disease. Complex measures of social integration were evaluated by participant questionnaires. These results were then used to assess the degree of association between social relationships and mortality between studies, and structural and functional aspects of social relationships. These outcomes revealed that there were stronger associations between social relationships and mortality (Odds Ratio (OR)= 1.91) compared to those studies that only included binary measures such as married versus being single (OR= 1.19). Statistical significance was demonstrated at a 95% confidence interval across the types of measures used (p< 0.001), and the average random effects for multidimensional assessments was OR= 1.5. These statistics explain that survival was 50% more likely with stronger social relationships than with weaker social relationships. Other poignant conclusions were found when these researchers compared their average weighted random effects results to other meta-analyses linking various conditions to mortality rates. They concluded that mortality as a function of a lack of social relationships (OR= 1.5) is comparable to mortality rates of those drinking six or more alcohol drinks per day (average OR= 1.45), smoking 15 cigarettes per day (OR= 1.52) and are twice as deadly when compared to obesity (OR= 0.80) ²⁶.

An orphanage study in the 1940's adds credence to the detrimental effects of loneliness. In 1945 Spitz and Wolf observed 61 infants from birth to 18 months in foundling homes with no maternal influence and compared them to 69 infants of the same age in a women's prison who interacted with their mothers. Between 6-18 months, babies entered stages of social and physical withdrawal in the foundling homes, where in the women's prison, babies actively engaged with the mothers. In the foundling homes, infants from six to eight months demonstrated weepiness which eventually led to withdrawal 61,63,50. Spitz and Wolf defined their observation of withdrawal by children losing weight, insomnia, eczema, averting their face and refusing to respond ⁶³. In a two year follow up report, Spitz (1946) ⁶³ concluded that 37% of the foundling infants died while all the prison babies survived and thrived to the point of reaching normal development in the areas of motor movement, growth, and speech. Out of the 21 remaining living children in foundling homes, only two fell into the normal height range and only five were able to walk without assistance. Although there were no formal statistical tests to measure the data, Spitz's observations provided some insight that mortality increased as the length of time without mothers increased 13,62. These results support the idea that a child's ability to thrive physically and emotionally depends on the presence or absence of socialization with others, particularly the mother.

Another study by Eisenberger, Liebermain, and Williams (2003) ¹⁷ described the importance of social inclusion by testing exclusion. This experiment involved 13 participants connected to a functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) machine and observed how each participant responded to being excluded from a game of catch. The subjects were instructed to interact with two remote live players, but the other two players were computer simulated and controlled to create distress. During the experiment, the live participants were isolated from the simulated players. After 10 times of taking turns throwing the ball, the simulated players ignored each of the live participants by throwing the ball only to each other. After being excluded for 45 throws, each participant completed a questionnaire measuring their distress. The amount of distress reported by each of the participants correlated with the amount of activation viewed on the fMRIs in the areas of the brain that sense physical pain (i.e. anterior cingulated cortex) and more specifically affective pain (i.e. dorsal anterior cingulated cortex). This research exemplifies how important it is to feel included ¹⁷.

Mental Health

Loneliness, Depression, and Anxiety

Smartphone addiction has been linked to loneliness. A study by Bian and Leung (2014) ¹¹ surveyed 414 Chinese university students by using two validated scales: the revised UCLA Loneliness Scale and the Smartphone Addictions Scale (SPAS). Five addiction symptoms were included: (1) disregarding negative consequences; (2) preoccupation; (3) inability to control behavior; (4) productivity loss and feeling lost; and (5) anxiousness. The results reported that loneliness scale answers were directly proportional to smartphone addiction symptoms. The lonelier someone felt, the more likely they were addicted to their smartphone ¹¹.

Jean Twenge, PhD, a psychologist and professor of psychology at San Diego State University, reviewed data and surveys of generational differences from the 1950's until 2014. She explains that the suicide rate for children under 14 doubled in 2014 from 1980 ⁶⁶. Additionally, according to the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program, emergency room visits for self-harm have tripled among girls aged 10-14 years old from 2009-2015 ³⁷. After finding these statistics, Twenge et al. (2017) ⁶⁷ wanted to find reasons for such dramatic increases. They gathered reported data from two nationally represented surveys: Monitoring the Future (MtF) (388,275 participants) and Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) (118,545), and cross referenced this information with the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions (CDC) data per 100,000 population on suicide deaths since 1999. They compared frequency of using new media screen time (electronic devices: cell phones, computers, video games, social media), older media screen time (television), and non-media screen time (playing outdoors, in-person social interaction, homework, etc.). The researchers noticed shifts of leisure time since 1999. As frequency of new media screen time increased from 2009-2015, television and non-media screen time decreased. Of the six items assessing depression from the MtF report, a mean item score of three or more signified concern for teen depression. The feelings assessed included hope, usefulness, enjoyment, meaning, appreciation of life, and ability to perform well in general. They found that in 2015, a mean score of at least three was reported 33% more since 2009 and adolescents (13-18 years old) who spent six hours or more on their electronic devices were 66% more likely to respond as having at least one suicide-related event (i.e. suicidal attempt, plan, or ideation). The results demonstrated that there was a significant correlation between depression and social media use (Internet, YouTube, and social networking sites such as Facebook) among girls (r = 0.06, p < 0.001), but not boys (r = 0.01, p < 0.08). Although, all suicide related outcomes measured were significantly correlated with electronic device use despite gender (average r = 0.09, p < 0.001). These results infer that boys are less likely to report depressive symptoms than girls despite having suicide related events reported in the survey questionnaires. Also, the researchers concluded that despite gender differences, increases in reported depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation were positively correlated with increases in all screen time activities (including television and gaming) and negatively correlated with all non-screen time activities ⁶⁷. More research needs to be done to learn about the social media habits of adolescent boys.

Nancy Jo Sales, an American journalist, interviewed 200 teen girls from across the country with a varying range of demographics and observed that popularity was determined by likes on social media. She noticed that when the number of likes increased, pressure to sustain or improve these numbers also increased. If someone receives a low number of likes, they are judged as unpopular by peers and are more likely to be bullied ⁵⁷. Texting (chatting) is another form of communication in social media. However, typed text can be misinterpreted due to lack of nonverbal cues and intonation such as sarcasm, sadness, or anger ³². These interpretations can influence social connections as well as likes. Examples of misleading texts that could be misinterpreted include giving one-word answers without elaborating or leaving someone's message unread ²⁹. Screen Education researchers found that out of the 82% of the American teenage population that owns a cell phone, 42% are fearful of being gossiped about online ⁵⁹. These sources indicate that symptoms of anxiety and depression are more evident with increased cell phone use, but more studies need to be done to correlate what motivates someone to increase their frequency of using their cell phone and how that motivation leads to depression or anxiety.

Cyberbullying and Self-Harm

According to the Cyberbullying Research Center, cyberbullying is defined as "willful and repeated harm inflicted through the use of computers, cell phones, and other electronic devices" ²⁵. Insult generator applications (apps) such as Ugly Meter and Enemy Graph have been designed to rate others in negative ways and allow insults to be sent to targeted individuals. Ugly Meter has over 5,000,000 downloads. This app rates uploaded pictures based on physical appearance markers. Enemy Graph is used on Facebook to determine who is an enemy or archenemy based on the user's opinion. This rating is seen by anyone who views the page. Anonymous texting is another app which allows someone to send messages without being identified. These apps contribute to cyberbullying by encouraging the sending of negative opinions or messages that may or may not be true ²⁴. Apps on cell phones and computers are only one method that cyberbullies use.

Patchin and Hinduja (2019) ⁴⁸ surveyed over 200,000 students from 98 middle schools and high schools throughout the United States from 2002 to 2019. The survey included questions regarding hurtful comments, harmful pictures or videos sent or received, posted threats and rumors on social media, and imposter websites or texts where the bully pretends to be someone else to fool the victim. They found that 27% of those surveyed have been cyberbullied in their lifetime and 10% were cyberbullied within 30 days of their survey. Also, 16% of those cyberbullied, did it to someone else in their lifetime and 6% did so within 30 days of the survey. They concluded that one out of four teens are cyberbullied, and one out of six teens have cyberbullied someone else ⁴⁸.

Several cases of cyberbullying have been the cause of attention in recent years. The first nationally recognized and documented cyberbullying case involved Ryan Halligan, a 13-year-old middle school student, who was cyberbullied by his peers. He was initially bullied in elementary school because of his disabilities. In middle school, some fellow students deceived him into thinking they were friends. They spread rumors that he was gay and copied and pasted personal information, sending it to several classmates. Ryan hung himself on October 7, 2003 ¹⁴. Ryan's suicide led his father, John Halligan, to begin working on establishing anti-bullying laws such as: The Bullying Prevention Policy Law, Act 117 (2004) and The Suicide Prevention Law, Act 114 (2006) ⁶⁴.

Publicly posting to unknown viewers with thoughts of creating friendships or romance may lead to exploitation or predator activity. In October of 2012, a 15-year-old high school student, Amanda Todd, created a video before ending her life, explaining her experience with a man she met online. He started complementing her and then asking her for nude pictures. At first, she obliged but then refused. He blackmailed her and eventually shared her intimate pictures to her friends on Facebook. Amanda tried to cope with her shame, fear, and helplessness by turning to drugs, alcohol, and sex. After her friends ostracized her, Amanda felt lonely and hopeless and suicided ¹⁵.

The latest high-profile case was Conrad Roy III who suicided after hundreds of text messages were found between him and his girlfriend, Michelle Carter, who urged him to go ahead with his suicide plan ⁵⁸. These case studies are examples of how cyberbullying contributes to demeaning other's self-worth, which has led to loneliness, withdrawal, isolation, depressed mood, and suicidal ideation; all of which are symptoms of Major Depression ⁵.

Cell Phone Use and Physiology

The Screen Education survey revealed that 80% of teens typically spend time on their phone after they go to bed, but before falling asleep and of those, 22% of teens spend 30-60 minutes on their phone before falling asleep, 18% spend 1-2 hours, 11% spend 2-3 hours, and 11% spend more than 3 hours before falling asleep ⁵⁹. Researchers from the National Sleep Foundation surveyed 1,508 American people in 2011 between the ages of 13-64. The participants were grouped according to their generation. Part of the survey questioned cell phone use one hour before bed, coping strategies for sleepiness, and driving drowsy statistics. Results demonstrated that 58% of those surveyed used cell phones in some way before bed (e.g. texting, internet browsing, checking emails, watching videos, etc.). Additionally, an average of 74% used caffeinated beverages as a coping skill for sleepiness and 44% took naps every day. Within the subgroups, 72% of participants aged 13-18 used their cell phone one hour before bed and 61% get less than eight hours of sleep per night. Among participants aged 19-29, 67% used their cell phone one hour before bed and 66% admitted to driving while drowsy 20,44. These percentages represent the growing problem with increased cell phone use. People are becoming more tired, less focused, and more dangerous on the road.

Insomnia and eye problems from blue light emissions have been associated with increased cell phone use according to the National Sleep Foundation. One contributing factor to insomnia is the sleep/wake cycle, or circadian rhythm, being disrupted from blue light emitted from phones during use in evening hours. Blue light delays the natural production of melatonin which is the chemical needed to signal the body that it is time for sleep ⁴³. Melatonin helps prepare the body for sleep by dropping the body temperature and reducing cortisol levels. Blue light fatigues the muscles in the eyes due to its shorter wavelengths compared to other light, which can lead to eye strain, pain, and even damage to the cornea ⁶⁵.

Sleep quality was compared to different wavelengths and intensities of light in a study at the University of Haifa. Three physiological measures taken. The polysomnography measured physical changes during sleep such as brain wave activity, heart rate, breathing rate, etc. Melatonin levels through urine samples and body temperature were taken at various times throughout the study. There were also three behavioral tests that measured daytime sleepiness, physical and emotional symptoms, and inattention and impulsivity. The most significant findings of this study were that short wave blue light independently disrupted the ability of the body to produce melatonin to lower body temperature and negatively affected participants sleep architecture, including increased awakenings, longer time falling asleep, and difficulty entering different stages of sleep. In instances where these disruptions were viewed, participants reported more daytime sleepiness, mood issues, and difficulty with focus and attention, with results seen in the post-sleep behavioral tests. The only sleep parameters where higher intensity was a significant factor was in prolonging stage 1 and 2 sleep (I = 5.17 and I = 5.71 both at p < 0.05) and slow wave sleep (I = 4.54, p < 0.05). At (p < 0.001) shorter wavelength independently had more significance when it came to total sleep time (W = 21.45), stage 1 sleep (W = 17.9), stage 2 sleep (W = 14.03), sleep efficiency percent (W = 24.5), awakening index (W = 18.3), and slow wave sleep percent (W = 42.55). Overall, this study explained that blue light was the greatest contributing factor of negative sleep effects. These results led to participants feeling more irritable, less focused, and sleepier during the day ²¹. This study provides evidence that exposure to blue light creates negative physiological effects. More studies need to be performed to determine in depth effects of blue light on physiological development.

Other physical problems can be initiated and exacerbated by increased cell phone use such as trigger thumb and text neck syndrome. According to Dr. Arush Patel, an orthopedic surgeon specializing in hand surgery, trigger thumb, or stenosing tenosynovitis, is when the thumb becomes stuck in the bent position and pops when attempting to straighten it, which causes increased inflammation that can eventually lead to loosing range of motion ⁴⁹. Dr. Robert Wysocki, an orthopedic specialist at Rush University Medical Center, explained that repeated gripping such as tightly holding a cell phone or texting can cause trigger thumb ⁷. Several case studies were reported where activities leading up to a diagnosis of tenosynovitis or tendinitis in the thumb were directly related to texting or using thumbs repetitively on a touch screen 3,8,70. Researchers at M V Shetty College of Physiotherapy reviewed 10 studies with participants experiencing smartphone induced neck pain due to text neck posture. According to these investigators, text neck was coined by Dr. DL Fishman, a chiropractor, and involves strain, tightness, and spasms in the neck or nerve pain in the back, shoulders, or arms from spending too much time looking down at a cell phone. The researchers included cohort and cross-sectional surveys and controlled randomized trials and found that when the neck slants forward over the shoulders, weight is added to the spine. This weight forces the muscles in the neck and shoulder areas to work harder than they should, thereby causing pain. The amount of cell phone use positively correlates with flexibility and poor posture. They also determined that the longer subjects used their smartphones, the more the neck flexion angle increases, thereby putting more pressure on the spine. They explained that progressively, this posture can lead to broken or degenerative discs ⁴⁵. One cross sectional study analyzed the data received from 500 questionnaires of healthy male (166) and female (334) university students (average age 21.5 years) between February and March of 2017. They found using the Pearson correlation of 0.14, that neck pain severity was increased with increased duration of cell phone use (p = 0.001) ². More research needs to be performed to compare body positions while using mobile phones in relation to the amount of neck pain. This research does add to the negative physical effects caused by increased cell phone use.

Mental and Physical Health

Addiction and Brain Changes

Table 1: Summarized comparison criteria of problematic cell-phone use vs. DSM-5 criteria for compulsive gambling and substance use

Note. Adapted from "Cell-phone addiction: A review," by J.D. Gutiérrez, F. Rodríguez de Fonseca, and D. Rubio, 2016, Frontiers in Psychiatry, 7(175), p. 1-15 (https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00175). Copyright 2016 by De-Sola Gutiérrez, Rodríguez de Fonseca, and Rubio.

Although cell phone or social media addiction is not yet recognized, brain changes have been viewed in those who score high on scales that measure cell phone use. The Mobile Phone Addiction Index (MPAI) is a five-point Likert scale that measures four addiction symptoms: control, anxiety and craving, escape and withdrawal, and productivity loss. It analyzes these symptoms regarding boredom, sensation seeking and self-esteem, in relation to mobile phone use ³⁴. A group of analysts examined magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 68 college students who scored high on the Mobile Phone Addiction Index (MPAI) and compared them to a control group. They found that those who scored high on this scale had significantly less gray matter volume and white matter integrity than the controls ⁶⁹. The gray matter is the part of the brain that is responsible for information processing of the senses and transporting nutrients and energy to the neurons. White matter sends this information to and from the gray matter through its axons ⁵⁴. Increased cell phone use is changing the structure and function of the brain.

Nomophobia is essentially the fear of not having one's mobile phone. Two validated tests to help gauge unmanageable cell phone use include The Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) and the Smart Phone Addictions Scale short version (SAS-SV) 33,71. The NMP-Q consists of 20 questions including four qualitative dimensions that rate a lack of: communication, connection, information accessibility, and convenience. It includes a seven-point Likert scale ranging from 20-140 points. A score of 20 means there is an absence of nomophobia, 21-59 is considered mild nomophobia, 60-99 is moderate and a score of 100-140 suggests severe nomophobia (see Table 2) ⁷¹. Kwon et al. (2013) ³³ created a shortened version of the Smart Phone Addictions Scale to help save time and money. The original scale entailed 33 questions that had gender and age limitations. The short version controlled these factors and reduced the test to ten questions (see Table 3) ³³. The (SAS-SV) was determined to have good reliability and validity. A score of 22 or below indicated no addiction and a score of 34 or above indicated a potential addiction. Researchers explain that this scale should be used more as an assessment tool to screen for risk of smartphone addiction rather than used as a diagnostic tool ³³. Since an increased number of the population are using cell phones ⁵² and using them more frequently 57,66, there is a greater potential for cell phone addiction. These tests could contribute to the assessment of the actual prevalence of problematic cell phone use in future controlled studies. They could also aid in identifying addiction and helping individuals curb this growing problem.

Table 2:

Note: The NMP-Q has 20 questions, each scored on a 7-point Likert scale. The total score on the NMP-Q is between 20 and 140. Score interpretation is as follows: 20 = absence of nomophobia, 21-59 = mild level of nomophobia, 60-99 = moderate level of monophobia and 100-140 = severe nomophobia. Adapted from "Exploring the dimensions of nomophobia: Development and validation of a self-reported questionnaire," by C. Yildirim and A Correia, 2015, Computers in Human Behavior, 49, p. 130- 137 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.059). Copyright 2015 by Elsevier Ltd.

Table 3: Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV)

Note. Adapted from "The smartphone addiction scale: Development and validation of a short version for adolescents," by M. Kwon, D-J. Kim, H. Cho and S. Yang, 2013, PLoS ONE, 8(12),
(https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083558). Copyright 2013 by Kwon et al.

Role-Modeling

Nonverbal Communication

According to Dr. Jurgen Ruesch and author Weldon Kees, who studied visual perception, nonverbal communication is the process of sending and receiving messages without spoken or written words ⁵⁶. Researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles created a field experiment to test how the absence of screens (cell phones, television, and video games) influences the ability to understand non-verbal emotional cues. The study was composed of 105 boys and girls with ages ranging between 11 and 13 years old. The participants were separated into two groups: the control group, who stayed at school and the experimental group, who went to a five-day nature camp that prohibited the use of television, computers, and mobile phones. All participants completed tests on the Monday before the retreat and the Friday after the retreat. The two validated pre- and posttests included the second edition of the Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Behavior (DANVA2) Faces subtest and the Child and Adolescent Social Perception Measure (CASP). The DANVA2 incorporated 48 faces of varying intensities of emotional expression that were viewed for two seconds each. The participants had to record the type of emotion they interpreted. The CASP included ten videos, five pre-test and five post-test videos. These videos involved children and adults acting out typical adolescent school and home scenarios. The participants had to judge emotional states of the actors. The results reported significance in the experimental group compared to the control group. The experimental group had an average of 14.02 errors in the DANVA2 pretest and 9.41 in the post-test, where the control group had an average of 12.24 pretest errors and 9.81 post-test errors. The experimental group significantly improved their facial emotion interpretation compared to the control group (F (5, 88) = 4.06, p < 0.05, d = 0.33). With the CASP test, the experimental group improved their ability to interpret emotion and was significantly better than the control group (F (5, 86) = 8.75, p < 0.01, d = 0.66). Researchers concluded that in the absence of screens, adolescents' ability to read human emotion improves ⁶⁸. This study provides hope to those who have noticed decreased affect recognition due to increased cell phone use.

Technoference, Cognition, and Behavior

Dr. Brandon McDaniel, a family scientist at Illinois State University, coined the term "technoference" and defines it as "everyday interruptions in interpersonal interactions or time spent together that occur due to digital and mobile technology devices" ³⁵. An investigative study included 170 families in the United States (US) using parent self-reports to study how technoference influenced internal and external problematic behaviors in young children. These problems were defined according to the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist. Internalizing behaviors included anxiety, depressive state, withdrawal, and somatic complaints while externalizing problems included aggressive or rule-breaking behavior. Researchers concluded there were significantly more internalizing and externalizing behaviors with increased technoference ³⁶. Technoference can lead to learning difficulties which is illustrated in the following study.

Reed, Hirsh-Pasek, and Golinkoff (2017) ⁵³ investigated how infant learning is affected by cell phone interruptions. Thirty-eight mothers were instructed to teach their two-year-old toddlers two new words: 'frep' and 'blick.' Frep was instructed to mean a modified type of shaking demonstrated on a maraca. Blick was considered a modified type of bouncing and demonstrated on a doll. One word was interrupted by a 30 second cell phone call while the other word was not. A 30 second phone call separated the teaching session of the two words. The testing phase included Sesame Street characters acting out these different behaviors. Toddlers were instructed to decide which action was a frep and which one was a blick. The authors reported that statistical significance in learning was only found with comprehension of words without interruptions (F (1,34) = 6.44, p < 0.02, partial á¿ƒ . Children comprehended the meaning when teaching was not interrupted (M = 0.63) compared to interruptions (M = 0.50). The researchers concluded that learning in two-year-old toddlers is best when teaching is not interrupted by cell phone calls ⁵³. Additional initial observations from the ABCD study mentioned earlier revealed that those participants who spent at least 2 hours on their phones scored lower on thinking and language tests than those who spent less than 2 hours ¹⁰. The evidence captures how increased use by cell phones negatively impacts the ability to learn.

Multitasking

Multitasking is when one engages in more than one task at a time ³⁸. One study investigated distraction, memory, and switching tasks between two groups of cell phone users ⁴⁷. The researchers created a trait media multitasking index to signify heavy media multitaskers (HMM) and light media multitaskers (LMM). The results revealed that those determined to be HMM had significantly more difficulty than the LMM in filtering irrelevant pieces of memory, filtering distraction and switching to different tasks. These results demonstrated that the more one multitasks on cell phones, the more there is indication of interference with information processing, increased errors, and decreased quality of an activity ⁴⁷. According to the Screen Education survey 49% of teens feel that their smartphone shortens their attention span and 56% of teens go online daily with the intention of doing one thing but get sidetracked doing something else for an extended period. Of those surveyed, 41% feel that their phone is an obstacle to getting the best grades they can in school ⁵⁹.

Multitasking has been a significant factor in car crashes. In 2017 the latest published data from the US Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration reports that, 2,994 distracted drivers were involved in fatal car crashes and 3,166 people were killed in these crashes in that year ⁴¹. The Department of Motor Vehicles reported that approximately 660,000 drivers in 2017 used their cell phones while driving and 14% of all crashes that were fatal involved a cell phone. When multitasking increases, especially while driving, deadly accidents can occur ¹². The Screen Education survey reported that 52% of teens feel compelled to talk on the phone while on the road and 32% admitted to texting while driving ⁵⁹. Adolescence is a critical time for growth and development for the brain and body. Along with hormone levels changing, abstract reasoning, response inhibition, and ability to shift attention improves with age ⁵⁵. Although abstract reasoning is developed by age 16, poor choices are still made at this age. The part of the brain that controls impulses, dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex, is not fully developed until the early 20s ¹⁹. Multitasking while driving is dangerous for any age group, but adolescents appear to be more susceptible to distraction due to this underdeveloped part of the brain. More studies including multitasking with different age groups would be warranted to support this claim.

Resources and Recommendations for Balance

Practicing balance from an early age could prevent addiction in later years. One resource to help promote cell phone balance is the website for The American Academy of Pediatrics. They recommend setting limits with cell phones by creating no phone zones, no phone times, device curfews, cyberbullying discussions, and limiting time spent on recreational sites. These suggestions are aimed at the adults and kids alike. This organization helps promote more connection between the parent and child by encouraging families to watch or play on the cell phone together rather than alone ⁴. In regard to cyberbullying, Arizona State University devised the BullyBlocker app, which aims to block bullies, report them to authorities, and record them in the act. It also provides information to the user (parent or child) to calculate risk factors of being bullied based on key words used ²². Although this app has potential to help, victims may be intimidated using it for fear of being exposed to their perpetrator. More research needs to be performed to validate the efficacy of this app.

Some educators suggest teaching cell phone etiquette to students and teachers to promote balance in and out of the classroom ⁴⁶. Since cell phones have resulted in distraction and poor sleep, they should be put away when reading a book, having a conversation, and driving a car, and should be kept out of the bedroom ³¹. Other potential strategies include teaching cell phone use as analogous to nutrition, where chores, homework, or other priorities need to be completed before using the phone for leisure use. Some suggest encouraging device-free time each day rather than taking a device away. Healthy balance could be achieved by having more parent involvement helping their children to decipher differences between productive screen-time that is educational versus recreational screen time ³⁹.

Professors at San Francisco State University suggest maximizing mental alertness by scheduling uninterrupted time to do tasks that need more concentration such as creative work or homework, while saving social media for time when less attention is required ⁵¹. Even though these ideas are linked to the use of general computerized devices, the suggestions apply to cell phone and social media use for the purposes of this paper. Since cell phones are smaller and more portable, there is easier access in logging onto social media. Although these strategies have not been thoroughly studied, they could be potential areas for future research.

Conclusion

Evidence from this literature review has demonstrated that improper use of a cell phones and social media lead to negative effects on health and well-being. Trends have indicated the integration of cell phones into many areas of daily life. Exclusion in social media and cyberbullying have interfered in one's vital need for connection and acceptance, which has led to anxiety, loneliness, depression, and sometimes suicide. In addition, cell phone distraction between parent and child, has resulted in teaching and learning deficits, interference in social development, influencing behavior, and disturbing bond formation between the parent and child. The physiological effects reviewed include structural brain and neurotransmitter changes, trigger thumb and neck pain, and sleep interference from those who use devices improperly or have cell addiction tendencies. Sleepiness paired with cell phone multitasking while driving increases distraction and have led to more car crashes. Educating society and practicing cell phone etiquette is paramount in reducing problems with cell phone use and essential in creating balance.

Acknowledgement is given to Dissertation Editor, LLC, especially Dr. William Caskey, former Managing Editor, and Dr. Patrick Ryan, Editor.

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# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Negative Health Review of Cell Phones and Social Media

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Cell phone and social media usage have become intriguing topics to explore and discuss over recent years. This research aims to review correlations of negative effects in mental and physical health caused by cell phone and social media use in the past two decades

# data[].attributes.body
video showing how phone affects our lifes

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Impact of Cell Phone Use in School (CESE)

# data[].attributes.body
i used to use my phone 10 hours at day while having c´s and d´s know i only use it for 2 and i have a´s and b´s

i feel like reducing my time in my phone helped me to focus more on my persona and school

# data[].attributes.body
New research indicates that writing by hand, as opposed to using a keyboard, enhances learning and memory. The study suggests that brain connectivity patterns during handwriting are more elaborate and crucial for memory formation and encoding new information.

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As some teachers start to use artificial intelligence (AI) tools in their work, a majority are uncertain about or see downsides to the general use of AI tools in K-12 education, according to a Pew Research Center survey conducted in fall 2023.

A quarter of public K-12 teachers say using AI tools in K-12 education does more harm than good. About a third (32%) say there is about an equal mix of benefit and harm, while only 6% say it does more good than harm. Another 35% say they aren't sure.

Pew Research Center conducted this analysis to better understand public K-12 teachers' views on the use of artificial intelligence tools in K-12 education. To do this, we surveyed 2,531 U.S. public K-12 teachers from Oct. 17 to Nov. 14, 2023. The teachers are members of RAND's American Teacher Panel, a nationally representative panel of public school K-12 teachers recruited through MDR Education. Survey data is weighted to state and national teacher characteristics to ensure they are representative of the target population.

We also used data from a separate survey of 1,453 U.S. teens conducted from Sept. 26 to Oct. 23, 2023. Ipsos recruited the teens via their parents, who were part of its KnowledgePanel. The survey was weighted to be representative of U.S. teens ages 13 to 17 who live with their parents by age, gender, race and ethnicity, household income, and other categories.

The survey on teens was reviewed and approved by an external institutional review board (IRB), Advarra, an independent committee of experts specializing in helping to protect the rights of research participants. Find more details about the survey of teens here.

Here are the questions we asked teachers and teens, along with responses, and the methodology for the survey of teachers and for the survey of teens.

How teachers' views differ by school level

High school teachers are more likely than elementary and middle school teachers to hold negative views about AI tools in education.

About a third of high school teachers (35%) say these tools do more harm than good. Roughly a quarter of middle school teachers (24%) and 19% of elementary school teachers say the same.

Fewer than one-in-ten teachers at all levels say these tools do more good than harm.

Some 47% of elementary school teachers say they aren't sure about the impact of AI tools in K-12 education. That is much larger than the shares of middle and high school teachers who say this.

Teens' experiences with and views of ChatGPT

In a separate survey, we asked U.S. teens about their experience with and views of ChatGPT, a generative AI tool, in their schoolwork.

Among teens who have heard of ChatGPT, 19% say they have used it to help them with schoolwork. This is more common among teens in higher grades. About a quarter of 11th and 12th graders who have heard of ChatGPT (24%) say they have used it in their schoolwork, compared with 17% of 9th and 10th graders and 12% of 7th and 8th graders.

Teens' views on whether using ChatGPT is acceptable depend on what it's being used for. Among teens who have heard of ChatGPT:

69% say it's acceptable to use it to research new topics.

39% say it's acceptable to use it to solve math problems.

20% say it's acceptable to use it to write essays.

Shares ranging from 18% to 24% aren't sure whether it is acceptable to use ChatGPT in each of these situations.

Overall, two-thirds of U.S. teens say they have heard of ChatGPT. That includes 23% who have heard a lot about it and 44% who have heard a little about it. Roughly a third (32%) say they have heard nothing at all about ChatGPT.
Note: Here are the questions we asked teachers and teens, along with responses, and the methodology for the survey of teachers and for the survey of teens.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
A quarter of U.S. teachers say AI tools do more harm than good in K-12 education

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
High school teachers are more likely than elementary and middle school teachers to hold negative views about AI tools in education.

# data[].attributes.body
big techs that impact mi life are netflix becuase i love watching movies and i rather stay at my hosue watching netflix than anything else

# data[].attributes.headline
elements of culture  that are most impactful in my  life.

# data[].attributes.subject
elements of culture  that are most impactful in my  life.

# data[].attributes.body
its hard to grow in a mexican house hold because there is so much precision on you speccially if your family migrated to the US, you need to be better than everybody and try harder than everybody becuase you need to show your parents that the reasson they came to this county is to succeed and to not be lazy, this encourages me in my daily life a be better person

Race/Ethnicity, being mexican is dealing with stereotypes all the time for examples

if i am an illegal

that i dont pay taxes

and that i scam the government

this are some problems that i had to deal with since i move here, people being so ignorant to not consider to even stop and think right

Gender, being a female mexican is so important to me due to the fact that my family is mostly woman and they encourage me to be like my mom and be succesful

Religion, religion affects my daily life becuase every morning they give me a set of intructions

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Provide images or video that show display your creations (art, music, design)

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Provide images or video that show display your creations (art, music, design)

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this is me in m first communion and i have my dad and mom by my side

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 aspects of my  culture that i enjoy and love 

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 aspects of my  culture that i enjoy and love 

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aspects of my culture that i enjoy and love are the values my parents teach me and how i am growing with them

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 aspects of my culture that i would like to change.

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 aspects of my culture that i would like to change.

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i will defensibly would like to change how parents raise their kids because mot Mexican parents are really abusive