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An “awakening” of Europe after the Middle Ages which challenged many current ways of thinking. This was a time of art, political, and economic "rebirth". It first began in Italy. It made more areas urban.

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There were different reforms in different areas of the world. Martin Luther wrote the 95 thesis. It was a list of criticisms of the Catholic church. People would challenge the authority of government officials.

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Europeans were motivated to start exploring. They wanted to find new land and more materials that they could trade. Spice was very valuable, but they were mostly found in Asia. The Europeans traded to get those spices.

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Spain and Portugal's Exploration (1487-1497)

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Spain and Portugal's Exploration (1487-1497)

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The first venture was to the Atlantic during the spice trade. They used the African coast as a guide on their journey. Along with the spice trade, they also traded gold on the southern coast. The Portuguese lacked the resources to colonize India or Asia, but they did establish wealthy trade posts in Asia.

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It was on the longest-lasting impacts on the age of exploration. it started with the triangular trade, which was a route that ships would take from Europe to Africa for manufactured goods. Then it was from Africa to North America where they would trade slaves. Lastly, it was from North America to Europe for crops.

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The Age of Enlightenment was when philosophy and reason were used to study the world. This was a time when people were actually searching for answers instead of just listening to what people had to say. People also started applying reason to politics.

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During this civil war, the parliament passed 19 propositions. Those propositions made them the supreme power of England. It was the Cavaliers versus the Roundheads. The Roundheads won under general Oliver Cromwell.

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King Charles II worked closely with the parliament to fix previous issues that he caused. King Charles II officially made Britain a constitutional monarchy. His heir was the problem, and disregarded all laws and tried to disregard the parliament. His heir ended up giving up the throne.

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The British Parliament was trying to tax the colonies on goods they will never see. The taxes were so high that they were revolting and protesting. The Boston massacre killed 5 protestors. They rebutted by illegally dumping pounds of tea into the boston harbor.

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The Industrial Revolution made working easier while also giving more citizens a job to work in. There were improvements to the economy and living wages for the citizens. In the end, this revolution came out with a factory system, a steam engine, and new transportation methods.

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Imperialism is the extension of a nation’s power over other lands. Imperialism had already been around, but now it was the Europeans who wanted more land acquired. They wanted to gain more control.

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Conflicts had erupted during the British and the Dutch over silver and gold. Africa had a surplus of silver and gold. African regions were only used by European colonists. Europeans promoted ideas of fairness, democracy, and equality but Africans were not given these.

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World War I was a primarily European war with most of the Europeans countries being involved. World war I had a lot of allies which really affected the cause of World War II. WWI had a lot of effects on the entire planet. Some of those effects were nationalism, imperialism, militarism, alliances.

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During World War I, soldiers fought inside trenches. Trenches are long, narrow ditches that the soldiers had to hide in. Both sides of the war would shoot or throw bombs from inside these trenches. A lot of soldiers were killed and their bodies were left there, along with most of them also having to deal with trench foot.

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World War II started just a couple years after World War I had ended. It involved 70 million armed forces and 30 nations. During this war, there was a rise in totalitarianism. Regular citizens were forced to fight during this war. There was an estimate that 75 million people died worldwide.