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Altitude (Height above Sea Level)

Meaning:
Altitude is the height of a place above sea level.

How it affects climate:

Temperature decreases with height.

For a vertical rise of 165 metres there is an average decrease in temperature at the rate of 1°C.

High-altitude places have cooler climates even if they are near the Equator.

Reason:
Air becomes thinner and cooler at higher elevations because it cannot hold much heat.

Example:

Delhi (low altitude): Hot in summer.

Shimla (high altitude, same latitude): Cool throughout the year.

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Latitude (Distance from the Equator)

Meaning:
Latitude is the distance of a place north or south of the Equator, measured in degrees.

How it affects climate:

The Equator (0° latitude) receives direct sunlight all year round → hot climate.

As we move towards the poles (90° N or S), sunlight becomes slanting → less heat → cold climate.

The Earth is divided into three heat zones based on latitude:

Torrid Zone (Tropics): Hot all year (e.g., Singapore, Brazil).

Temperate Zone: Moderate climate (e.g., India, USA, France).

Frigid Zone (Polar): Very cold (e.g., Greenland, Antarctica).

Example:

Chennai (near the Equator): Hot and humid.

Moscow (high latitude): Cold most of the year.