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The inhabitants of France had to choose what government they should become during/after the French Revolution. The Declaration of The Rights of Man made it that slaves couldn't vote because they were "property" of their masters, although free men of color could vote. In 1791 the French began sending thousands of troops to the island of Haiti in hopes of restoring order. During the many slaves were able to escape. In 1994 the French abolished slavery, but it wasn't until 1995 that it was clear.

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Realism.

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Toussaint Louverture was the leader of the Haitian Revolution. He led a slave revolt against the French who were occupying Haiti at the time. It took 13 years for Haiti to gain their independence in a long bloody war against Napoleon. Napoleon managed to capture Toussaint Louverture and interrogate him repeatedly. Toussaint Louverture eventually died from pneumonia and malnutrition in 1803.

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Toussaint Louverture (b. c. 1743–d. 1803), also known as Toussaint Bréda and Toussaint L’Ouverture, was a slave, planter, revolutionary, general, and statesman from the French colony of Saint-Domingue (modern-day Haiti). He was born in bondage on the Bréda plantation in Haut-du-Cap c. 1743; both his parents had been imported from modern-day Benin as part of the Atlantic slave trade. Louverture was a prominent slave who cared for the plantation’s cattle and horses and who developed a close relationship with the Bréda plantation’s owners and overseers. After he was emancipated in the 1770s, he leased a coffee plantation in Petit Cormier and acquired at least two slaves. He joined the Haitian Revolution when it began, in 1791, serving first with the rebel army of Georges Biassou and Jean-François Papillon, in 1791–1793, then with the Spanish army in Santo Domingo (modern-day Dominican Republic), in 1793–1794, and, subsequently, the French republican army, in 1794–1802, in which he eventually attained the rank of division general. After eliminating domestic and foreign rivals, he became the leading political figure in Hispaniola and proclaimed himself governor general for life in an 1801 constitution. But, First Consul Napoléon Bonaparte, convinced that Louverture might declare independence, sent an expedition to depose him in 1801–1802. After he was captured, in June 1802, Louverture was deported to France, where he died in captivity on 7 April 1803. Louverture was a secretive and controversial figure in his time, and historians continue to disagree on his political views. At one extreme, he was long portrayed as a heroic, idealistic figure whose lifelong goals were the emancipation of his fellow slaves, black pride, and independence for Haiti. Yet, other scholars have emphasized Louverture’s equivocations on the issue of free labor, his interest in white mores, and his deep ties to France. The idealist vision still tends to dominate popular interpretations of Louverture, but most cholarly works in the late 20th and early 21st centuries incorporate the revisionist approach, at least to some extent. Many aspects of Louverture’s life have not been adequately researched, however, so the scholarship remains in flux and may further evolve in the years to come.

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Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898) / German Unification

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The German Unification lasted for only one year, which is short compared to most wars. The war began due to the result of a major increase in nationalism. The spread of this occurred because of the sharing of enlightenment ideas. Otto Von Bismarck was the president of Prussia. And fought wars with France Austria and Denmark. They won all of them. In 1871 he unified Germany, and created the German Empire.

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Realism.

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born:

April 1, 1815, Schönhausen, Altmark, Prussia [Germany]

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died:

July 30, 1898, Friedrichsruh, near Hamburg (aged 83)

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Early years

Bismarck was born at Schönhausen, in the Kingdom of Prussia. His father, Ferdinand von Bismarck-Schönhausen, was a Junker squire descended from a Swabian family that had ultimately settled as estate owners in Pomerania. Ferdinand was a typical member of the Prussian landowning elite. The family's economic circumstances were modest-Ferdinand's farming skills being perhaps less than average-and Bismarck was not to know real wealth until the rewards flowed in after the achievement of German unification. His mother, Wilhelmine Mencken, came from an educated bourgeois family that had produced a number of higher civil servants and academics. She had been married to Ferdinand von Bismarck at age 16 and found provincial life confining. When her son Otto was seven, she enrolled him in the progressive Plamann Institute in Berlin and moved to the capital to be near him. The young Bismarck resented exchanging an easy life in the country for a more circumscribed life in a large city, where in school he was pitted against the sons of Berlin's best-educated families. He spent five years at the school and went on to the Frederick William gymnasium for three years. He took his university entrance examination ( Abitur) in 1832.

With his mother's encouragement, he took up the study of law at the University of Göttingen in the kingdom of Hanover. Evidently Bismarck was a mediocre student who spent much of his time drinking with his comrades in an aristocratic fraternity. After a brief stint at the university in Berlin, he entered the Prussian civil service, where he was plagued by boredom and an inability to adhere to the hierarchical principles of the bureaucracy. His mother's death in 1839 gave him the opportunity of resigning in order to come to the assistance of his father, who was experiencing financial difficulties in the management of his estate. From 1839 to 1847 Bismarck lived the ordinary life of a Prussian country squire. Subsequently he romanticized these years on the land and wondered why he had abandoned an idyllic existence for the insecurities of a life in politics. This frequently expressed nostalgia may have been more guise than reality.

During this period he met and married Johanna von Puttkamer, the daughter of a conservative aristocratic family famed for its devout pietism. While courting Johanna, Bismarck experienced a religious conversion that was to give him inner strength and security. A subsequent critic was to remark that Bismarck believed in a God who invariably agreed with him on all issues. There is no question that the marriage was a very happy one. In fact, Bismarck's last words before dying in 1898 expressed the wish that he would once again see Johanna, who had passed away some years earlier.

His politics during the 1840s did not diverge substantially from those of a typical country squire. If anything, his politics were more conservative. He believed in a Christian state that received its sanction ultimately from the deity. The existing social and political order was to be defended in order to prevent a Hobbesian chaos of all against all. Given his views, Bismarck was welcomed as a member of the religious conservative circle around the brothers von Gerlach, who were stout defenders of the noble estate against the encroachments of bureaucratic centralization. Bismarck had nothing but sarcasm for aristocratic liberals who viewed England as a model for Prussia. In 1847 he attended the Prussian United Diet, where his speeches against Jewish emancipation and contemporary liberalism gained him the reputation of a backwoods conservative, out of touch with the dynamic forces of his age.

Bismarck's response to the liberal revolution that swept through Europe in 1848 confirmed his image as a reactionary. He opposed any concessions to the liberals and expressed contempt for the king's willingness to bargain with the revolutionaries. He even considered marching his peasants to Berlin to free Frederick William IV from the baneful influence of the rebels. With other archconservatives, including Ernst Ludwig von Gerlach, he began contributing to the Kreuzzeitung newspaper (1848) as an organ of antirevolutionary sentiment.

For Bismarck's future role, it is important to understand his analysis of the revolution. He identified the forces of change as confined solely to the educated and propertied middle class. The vast majority of Prussians, however, were peasants and artisans, who, in Bismarck's view, were loyal monarchists. The task of the forces of order was to confirm the loyalty of these two groups by means of material concessions. The economic policies of the urban middle-class radicals were rooted in pure self-interest, he maintained. The radicals would spur industrial growth at the expense of the lower middle class and the farm population. Ultimately, even the middle class itself might be won over by tactical concessions and success in foreign policy. This strategic and opportunist thinking distanced Bismarck from the ideological conservatives, who were wedded to traditional concepts of authority. His vision of a manipulative state that sustained its power by rewarding obedient groups remained with him throughout his political career.

Early career

In 1849 he was elected to the Prussian Chamber of Deputies (the lower chamber of the Prussian Diet) and moved his family to Berlin. At this stage he was far from a German nationalist. He told one of his fellow conservatives, "We are Prussians, and Prussians we shall remain.... We do not wish to see the Kingdom of Prussia obliterated in the putrid brew of cosy south German sentimentality." In 1851 Frederick William IV appointed Bismarck as the Prussian representative to the federal Diet in Frankfurt, a clear reward for his loyalty to the monarchy.

With the defeat of the revolution in central Europe, Austria had reasserted its supremacy in the German Confederation, and Bismarck, being an archconservative, was assumed to support the status quo, which included Austrian hegemony. He lived in Frankfurt for eight years, where he experienced a commercial and cultural environment quite different from that of a Prussian estate.

It was in Frankfurt that Bismarck began to reassess his view of German nationalism and the goals of Prussian foreign policy. Not only did he find the constant deference to the Austrians in Frankfurt demeaning, but he also realized that the status quo meant acceptance of Prussia as a second-rate power in central Europe. In 1854 he opposed close cooperation with Austria, arguing that it entailed "binding our spruce and seaworthy frigate to the wormy old warship of Austria." Gradually he began to consider the options that would make Prussia the undisputed power in Germany. A vision of a Prussian-dominated northern Europe and a redirection of Austrian power to the Slavic areas in the south took shape in his mind. If necessary, a war with Austria to destroy its hegemony was not to be excluded. Implementation of such a policy would be anything but conservative because it would entail radical changes in the map of Europe as it had been drawn by the conservative powers at Vienna, Austria, in 1815.

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Otto von Bismarck | Biography, Significance, Accomplishments, & Facts

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Otto von Bismarck, prime minister of Prussia (1862-73, 1873-90) and founder and first chancellor (1871-90) of the German Empire whose time in office took Prussia from the weakest of the five European powers to, as the unified German Empire, the foremost military and industrial power on the Continent.

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Otto Von Bismarck was the prime minister of Prussia. He was also the chancellor and founder of Germany. In 1851, Frederick William IV gave him the position of being Prussia's representative in Diet, which located in Frankfurt. In 1867 the North German Confederation was established. He died due to natural causes July 30, 1898.

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Brazilian Independence | 3 Minute History

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In the Napoleonic Wars the Portuguese royal family was forced to flee to Brazil due to the British. After the wars were over King John VI didn't go back immediately because he didn't want a revolution to start in Brazil as they have been started throughout Latin America. The Portuguese king made Brazil equal to Portugal creating the Portuguese Empire. Revolution started and King John returns to Portugal. He agreed to the constitution they created and left his son to rule. No blood was shed.

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The king of Portugal allowed his son Pedro to rule Brazil after a document was signed and sent to the king. There was no bloodshed in the revolution so there was no military strategy occurring as one may expect to happen during a revolution. He was a great leader and ruled fairly and just. He was crowned the emperor of Brazil on September Seventh 1822. He died in 1891 on December seventh in Paris, France at the age of 66.