# data[].attributes.body
PLENARY

Summarization through discussion andpresentation of the work done by different groups(2 in one period ) thereby benefiting the entireclass. ​

Using 3-2-1 exit ticket students will document 3new learning- 2 new vocabulary – 1 question thestudent may have.​

​

# data[].attributes.body
Order:

Denaturation: the DNA is unwinded or separated into single strands by using temperature around 95 to 96°C

Annealing: primers are attached (temp: 55°C)

Extension: taq polymerase is added (temp: 72°C), nucleotides are added.

# data[].attributes.body
Denaturation: DNA is heated to 95°C to unwind the helical structure and seperate the two strands of ssDNA.

Annealing: Primers, DNA dependent DNA polymerase and dNTPs are added for new strand formation.

Extension: DNA dependent DNA polymerase extends each strand, creating 2 copies of dsDNA

# data[].attributes.body
1. Denaturation: Dna is heated at 96 degrees so that the helical structure of dna is straighten. 2. Annealing: The primer attaches to the target sequence 3. Extension: TAQ polymerase synthesises new complementary dna strand

# data[].attributes.body
The sequence of events are:

1. Denaturation - Unwinding of DNA

2. Annealing - Beginning the replication process 3. Extension - Replicating using taq polymerase

# data[].attributes.body
1. Denaturation (94–98°C)
The double-stranded DNA separates into single strands due to high temperature

2. Annealing (50–65°C)
Primers bind to the complementary sequences on the single-stranded DNA.

3. Extension (72°C)
DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to extend the primers, creating new DNA strands.

# data[].attributes.body
Correct Sequence:

1. Denaturation:

• The DNA helical structure is unwound and the two strands are separated at 90 degrees Celsius.

2. Annealing:

• A small sequence of the DNA acts as a a starting point when a primer is attached.

3. Extension:

• The DNA dependant DNA polymerase derived from Thermus aquaticus extends the new strands when the original DNA acts as a template strand.

# data[].attributes.body
Denaturing- is when the sample is heated to 90-95 degree Celsius in order to separate the double stranded DNA into single strands Annnealing- primers are attached . Extension- Taq polymerase synthesizes the new DNA strand, adding nucleotides and primers

# data[].attributes.body
The sequence of the processes is:

1) Denaturation: The denaturation process is carried out at a high temperature to separate the two strands of the DNA in order to make it viable for the process of replication through which amplification is done

2) Annealing: This is the process where primers are added to the strands of DNA in order to signal the start of the replication process, primers hybridize to complementary sequences to flank the target region

3) Extension: During this process nucleotides are added to new strand of DNA from the start of the target region by DNA dependent DNA polymerases derived from the bacteria Thermus aquaticus which is a heat resistant enzyme

# data[].attributes.body
The sequence of pcr follows denaturation, annealing, and then extension.

In denaturation,

The double stranded dna template is heated to 95°C which causes the hydrogen bonds to break separating it into single strands

In annealing,

The temperature is lowered to 55°C where primers are bound to their complementary sequences

In extension,

Temperature is raised to optimal working temperature of taq polymerase which is around 70°C which binds to primers and synthesis of complementary strands by adding nucleotides.

# data[].attributes.body
Asmitha

1.Denaturation:- the double stranded DNA is seperated into single strands.

2.Annealing:- Primers initiate the replication process

3.Extension:-new strands are synthesised using TAQ polymerase

# data[].attributes.body
These images reflect the whole process of PCR (polymerase chain reaction). The steps of this biotechnological process, is as follows:

1. Denaturation- At high temperature, the helical structure of DNA is unwound.

2. Annealing- The primers that are created are then attached.

3. Extension- using polymerase extracted from Taq, the sequence is extended.

# data[].attributes.body
There are 3 steps given in the pictures and these 3 steps encompass the process of PCR( Polymerized chain reaction)

1) Denaturing - dsDNA ===> ssDNA (95C)

2) Annealing - Primers are attached to ssDna

3) Extension - TAC polymerase is used to continue DNA replication

# data[].attributes.body
Step 1: Denaturation

(Unwinding of DNA Helix)

Step 2: Primer Annealing

(Attaching Primers at the 3' end)

Step 3: Extension

(DNA polymerase to synthesize new DNA strands)

# data[].attributes.body
1. Denaturation: heating at high temperature to unwind the helical DNA

2. Annealing: attaching primers

3. Extension: extension of DNA using Taq polymerase

# data[].attributes.body
1. Denaturation (95°C): Heat splits the double-stranded DNA into single strands.

2. Annealing (50–65°C): Short DNA fragments called primers bind to target sequences on the single strands.

3. Extension (72°C): A heat resistant DNA polymerase extends from the primers, building new DNA strands using free nucleotides.

# data[].attributes.body
Denaturation – Heat (94°C) breaks hydrogen bonds and the double stranded DNA separates into single strands.

Annealing – Cool (55°C) so primers bind to their complementary target sequences.

Extension – heat stable DNA polymerase from thermus aquaticus, adds dNTPs to the primers and synthesizes the new complementary DNA strands.

# data[].attributes.body
Denaturation: It is the process of heating the DNA sample to such a high temperature that the hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides break to form 2 separate strands of DNA

Annealing: The annealing process in PCR is crucial for primer binding to the target DNA, typically occurring at temperatures between 50°C to 68°C, allowing for successful DNA amplification.

Extension: Taq polymerase synthesizes the new DNA strand by adding nucleotides to the primers end.

# data[].attributes.body
Step 1: Denaturation: Seperation of double stranded DNA

Step 2: Annealing: Primers and nucleotides are added to combine the complementary nitrogen bases

Step 3: Extension: Taq polymerase is used the replicate the DNA

# data[].attributes.body
step 1 :Denaturation → separating double-stranded DNA into single strands.

step 2: Annealing → primers hybridize to complementary sequences flanking the target region.

step 3: Extension → thermostable DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands using dNTPs.

# data[].attributes.body
Denaturation: The sample is heated to approximately 90 degree celsius to unwind the DNA.

Annealing : Temprature is lowered to 50-65 degree Celsius and Primers are added to begin replication procedure

Extension: Temprature is increased to 72 degree celsius and Taq polymerase a heat stable DNA polymerase is added to move forward with replication

# data[].attributes.body
The sequence of events is as follows: Denaturation --> Annealing --> Extension Denaturation - Unwinding and seperation of DNA strands at 95 degrees celsius Annealing - Using primer to start the DNA replication process Extension - Using Taq Polymerase (to sustain high temp.) to extend the DNA replication

# data[].attributes.body
SAMREEN

1. Denaturation: at high temperature to break the H bonds between DNA strands

2. Annealing: Attaching the primers

3. Extension : replication using Taq polymerase and DNA template

# data[].attributes.body
Step 1:Denaturation- the DNA is heated to high temperature so that it unwinds

Step 2: annealing- the primers are attached

Step 3: extension - DNA is replicated by taq polymerase

# data[].attributes.body
Denaturation - DNA is heated to a high temperature, causing the double stranded DNA to unwind

Annealing - attachment of rna primer

Extension - DNA is replicated by thermostable enzyme Taq polymerase

# data[].attributes.body
STARTER ACTIVITY

Padlet activity -VISUAL ANALYSIS-

SCRAMBLE AND SEQUENCE (PEER APPRAISAL)

Students will examine and interpret the visual images and sequence them in order and provide insights into the scientific processes using accurate Scientific terminologies