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image caption: The Missouri Crisis | US History I – Daniel Deluna

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This was a political event. It kept the number of free and slave states equal to stop arguments between the North and South. It made Missouri a slave state and Maine a free state. It showed how the country was divided over slavery and tried to keep peace for a while. But it only delayed bigger problems that led to the Civil War.

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image caption: Bleeding Kansas Clash between proslavery and antislavery groups in Fort Scott, Kansas Territory, 1850s.

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(1854–1856) - Kansas–Nebraska Act / “Bleeding Kansas” 

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(1854–1856) - Kansas–Nebraska Act / “Bleeding Kansas” 

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This was both social and political. The law let people in Kansas and Nebraska vote if they wanted slavery. It caused fighting between pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups called “Bleeding Kansas.” The violence showed how angry both sides were and how hard it was to compromise anymore. It pushed the country closer to war.

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image caption: In the case Dred Scott v. Sanford, the Supreme Court ruled that slaves were not citizens and could not be free unless their owners freed them. 

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This was a political event from the Supreme Court. The Court said Dred Scott, an enslaved man, was not a citizen and could not sue for freedom. It also said Congress couldn’t stop slavery in new territories. Many Northerners got mad and Southerners felt supported. It made the country even more divided.

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image caption: Abraham Lincoln and his Emancipation Proclamation Published by Strobridge Lith. Co.

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This was political and social. President Lincoln said enslaved people in Confederate states were free. It changed the goal of the war to also fight against slavery. It gave hope to African Americans and let them join the Union Army. It made other countries not want to help the South.

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image caption: The Battle of Gettysburg marked the turning point of the Civil War. With more than 50,000 estimated casualties, the three-day engagement was the bloodiest single battle of the conflict.

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This was a military and political turning point. The Union Army stopped General Lee’s invasion of the North. It was the bloodiest battle of the war and hurt the Confederate army badly. After this, the South never really recovered. Lincoln later gave the Gettysburg Address, which inspired people to keep fighting.

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image caption: Vicksburg Campaign of 1863 - March 31 to July 4, 1863 (November 2020) American battlefield Trust

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This was a military and economic event. The Union took control of the Mississippi River. It split the South in two and stopped them from sending supplies. The victory gave the North more confidence and power. It helped lead to the Union winning the war.

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image caption:  Freedmen’s Bureau Bill, “An Act to establish a Bureau for the Relief of Freedmen and Refugees” (1865)

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This was a social and political program. The government made the Freedmen’s Bureau to help freed slaves and poor people after the war. It gave food, jobs, and started schools for African Americans. It helped many people but didn’t last long because of money problems and racism. It showed how hard rebuilding the South was.

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image caption: The 13th Amendment comprises a very short statement that prohibits slavery, except for convicted criminals, and a short statement that allows Congress to pass laws to enforce this prohibition

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This was political. It ended slavery in the whole United States. It was one of the biggest changes in American history. But even after slavery ended, many African Americans still faced unfair treatment. It started a new fight for equal rights.

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image caption: Despite reluctantly acceding to the core requirements for readmission to the Union, many of the former Confederate states began passing laws the so-called "Black Codes"  that disenfranchised the former slaves economically and politically.

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This was political and social. It said everyone born in the U.S. is a citizen and must be treated equally by the law. It tried to protect the rights of freed slaves. Some states still ignored it and made unfair laws. It became important later for civil rights cases.

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image caption: Cartoonist Thomas Nast depicted the Compromise of 1877 as a “truce, not a compromise.” Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Division, public domain

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This was a political event that ended Reconstruction. The North took troops out of the South to settle an election fight. When the troops left, white leaders in the South took back control. Black people lost many of their new rights. It showed that the government stopped trying to protect them.