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Inflammation of the urinary bladder. Most commonly caused by E. Coli which enters through the urethra and is more common in women. Symptoms include dysuria, going often, hematuria and cloudy urine with odor. It can be prevented by having good toileting hygiene and it can be treated with antibiotics.

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Also known as bed wetting. It can occur up to the age of 5 as part of normal childhood development. Most children will outgrow bed wetting on their own.

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Inflammation of the kidney/glomerulus where filtration is affected. Proteins like albumin end up in the filtrate and urine. Symptoms include hematuria, foamy urine, swelling and hypertension. May be acute or chronic

Acute- develops suddenly and may occur after strep throat or other types of infection. Treat infection. Usually patient recovers but can lead to chronic glomerulonephritis.

Chronic- develops slowly over several years. Often leads to complete kidney failure and is often idiopathic or autoimmune. Treated by controlling symptoms.

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Involuntary urination and inability to control the release of urine. Caused by weakened/damaged pelvic floor muscles, nerve damage, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, medications, UTIs, kidney stones or an enlarged prostate. Medications may help.

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Most are made up of crystals of calcium phosphate and uric acid that stick together and gradually get larger until they block the ureters and may even fill the renal pelvis. Some risk factors include, gout, hyperparathyroidism, lower urine volume, bacteria/infections, obesity or diabetes. The 1st symptom is severe pain. Additional symptoms are nausea/vomiting, frequency, chills, fever and hematuria. Diagnosed by symptoms, ultrasound or s-ray. Treated with increasing fluids, medications for pain, lithotripsy or ureteroscopy.

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Swelling of the kidney due to a blocked ureter and the back-up of urine.

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Acute- kidneys become suddenly unable to filter blood. Caused by decreased blood flow to kidneys, damage to kidneys or urine blockage in the kidneys. Symptoms include oliguria, anuria or uremia. Treat cause and symptoms

Chronic- gradual loss of kidney function. Caused by diabetes, high BP, recurrent infections etc. There are often no symptoms in early stages but later symptoms include oliguria, anuria, uremia, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, itchy skin, urine smell to breath, confusion, coma and even death. Treat complications and when reach stage 5 must have regular dialysis or kidney transplant.

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Used for kidney failure. Involves the passage of blood through a device with a semi-permeable membrane which serves as a substitute kidney. Blood from the patient flows through the machine and is filtered. Hemodialysis can be done at home or in clinic and takes 2-4 hours 2-3 times a week.

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Uses the patient's peritoneum (semi-permeable lining the abdominopelvic cavity/surrounding organs) to filter out waste and fluid from the blood instead of using a machine. Can be done multiple times a day or overnight (both usually at home).

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Transplanting one kidney from a living or decreased donor. If no living matches, go on the waiting list for a deceased donor. Anti- rejection medicines for the rest of life. If kidney fails, back on dialysis, attempt second transplant or stop treatment (end of life).