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a category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter.

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a darkened box with a convex lens or aperture for projecting the image of an external object onto a screen inside. It is important historically in the development of photography.

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In photography, 35 millimeter (35mm) film is a small-format photographic film used in single-lens reflex cameras

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A twin-lens reflex camera (TLR) is a type of camera with two objective lenses of the same focal length. One of the lenses is the photographic objective or "taking lens" (the lens that takes the picture), while the other is used for the viewfinder system, which is usually viewed from above at waist level.

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The gelatin silver print or gelatin developing out paper (DOP) is a monochrome imaging process based on the light sensitivity of silver halides. They have been made for both contact printing and enlarging purposes by modifying the paper's light sensitivity.

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a keeper or custodian of a museum or other collection.

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a public display of works of art or items of interest, held in an art gallery or museum or at a trade fair.

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a room or building for the display or sale of works of art.

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a building in which objects of historical, scientific, artistic, or cultural interest are stored and exhibited.

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A photographic studio is often a business owned and represented by one or more photographers, possibly accompanied by assistants and pupils, who create and sell their own and sometimes others’ photographs.

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Line is defined as a point moving in space where its length is greater than its width. Lines can be two or three dimensional, implied or abstract. Different types of lines include continuous, broken, jagged, vertical, horizontal, or diagonal. Lines are the foundation of drawing.

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There are three different components to color, there is hue which is the name we give the color (red, yellow, blue, etc.), intensity, which refers to the vividness of the color (intensity can also be referred to as saturation or purity), and value meaning how dark or light a color is. Color can be used symbolically or to produce a pattern or to show contrast in a piece.

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Value is the lightness or darkness in color. The lightest value is white and the darkest value is black. The difference between values is contrast. You can study the use of value in monochromatic or black and white pieces of art.

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Shape is the result of closed lines, they are two dimensional and flat. Shapes can be geometric, such as squares or triangles or they can be organic and not have defined parameters and are more curved and abstract. Shapes in art can be used to control how the viewer perceives a piece.

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When shape acquires depth and becomes three dimensional, it takes on form. Three-dimensional art has an actual form (like in architecture) while two-dimensional pieces can have the illusion of form when the artist uses perspective or shading. Some common forms are cones, pyramids, spheres, and cubes.

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Space is any area an artist creates for a specific purpose. Space can be positive or negative. Positive space is an area occupied by an object or form. Negative space is the area that runs between, through, and around or within objects. This includes background, foreground, and middle ground. Space that can be manipulated in art based on how an artist uses lines, shape, form, and color.

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Texture is how an object looks or feels. Sometimes texture can actually felt, such as in sculpture or the texture of work can be implied such as if you were to sketch a sheep’s wool. Some words to describe texture include soft, hard, rough, brittle, fluffy, or smooth.

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Balance ensure the design and its elements have an even distribution in regards to position and weight

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Variety refers to how artists and designers add complexity to their work using visual elements

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symmetry around a central axis, as in a starfish or a tulip flower.

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the quality of being made up of exactly similar parts facing each other or around an axis.

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lack of equality or equivalence between parts or aspects of something; lack of symmetry.

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the fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect.

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existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence. relating to abstract art.

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The phrase cool color is used to describe any color that is calm or soothing in nature. Cool colors are not overpowering and tend to recede in space. For this reason, cool colors typically make a space seem larger. Examples of cool colors include green, blue and violet (think calming blue waters).

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The phrase warm color is used to describe any color that is vivid or bold in nature. Warm colors are those that tend to advance in space and can be overwhelming. Examples of warm colors include red, yellow and orange (think exciting fire and volcanoes).

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Neutral colors are muted shades that appear to lack color but often have underlying hues that change with different lighting. Examples of neutral colors include beige, taupe, gray, cream, brown, black, and white. While neutral colors are not on the color wheel, they complement primary and secondary colors.

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Complementary colors are pairs of colors which, when combined or mixed, cancel each other out by producing a grayscale color like white or black.

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helping to improve; promoting further development or advancement (opposed to destructive).

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the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own.

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relating to moral principles or the branch of knowledge dealing with these.

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Subjective and objective are two forms of perception, and the main difference between them is that a subjective point of view focuses on a personal interpretation of the subject, while an objective viewpoint is based on factual data.

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A copyright is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the exclusive right to copy, distribute, adapt, display, and perform a creative work, usually for a limited time. The creative work may be in a literary, artistic, educational, or musical form.

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The rule of thirds is a "rule of thumb" for composing visual images such as designs, films, paintings, and photographs.

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“Leading lines are a compositional technique where human-made or natural lines lead the viewer's eyes through a photograph to the subject or the heart of the image."

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golden ratio, also known as the golden section, golden mean, or divine proportion, in mathematics, the irrational number (1 + Square root of√5)/2, often denoted by the Greek letter ϕ or τ, which is approximately equal to 1.618.

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emphasizes not just the subject, but the empty space around the subject

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positive space is the actual subject

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a repeated decorative design.

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a part, share, or number considered in comparative relation to a whole.

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MOVEMENT is the path the viewer's eye takes through a work of art. Movement can be directed along lines, edges, shapes and color. RHYTHM is created when one or more elements are used repeatedly to create a feeling of movement.

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Unity (also called harmony) is an important principle of design that gives the artwork a sense of cohesion or coherence.

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Emphasis is the principle of creating a centered interest in an art work, often achieved by color contrast and by lines which direct the eye to it.

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Monochromatic colors are all the colors of a single hue. Monochromatic color schemes are derived from a single base hue and extended using its shades, tones and tints. Tints are achieved by adding white and shades and tones are achieved by adding a darker color, grey or black.

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Gradients, also known as color transitions, are a gradual blending from one color to another color

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A trademark is a type of intellectual property consisting of a recognizable sign, design, or expression that identifies products or services from a particular source and distinguishes them from others. The trademark owner can be an individual, business organization, or any legal entity.

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a set of two photos you can use to tell a story and emphasise contrast

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a common style used in modern commercial artwork

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an aerial photograph or satellite imagery geometrically corrected ("orthorectified") such that the scale is uniform

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created by the curved shape of the lens

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causes straight lines to curve outwards from the center of the image

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backlighting is the process of illuminating the subject from the back.

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a soft light with neither the intensity nor the glare of direct light. It is scattered and comes from all directions

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A soft light that is reflected off the ceiling

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ISO is your camera's sensitivity to light as it pertains to either film or a digital sensor. A lower ISO value means less sensitivity to light, while a higher ISO means more sensitivity.

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The ASA (American Standards Association) scale is an arbitrary rating of film speed; that is, the sensitivity of the film to light. If everything else is kept constant, the required exposure time is inversely proportional to the ASA rating.

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An image sensor is a device that allows the camera to convert photons – that is, light – into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the device. The first digital cameras used charge-coupled devices, facilitating movement of the electrical charge through the device so it could be modulated.

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Auto Mode. Automatic Exposure is when the camera chooses the optimum shutter speed, aperture, ISO and flash settings for your shot. All you need to do is point and shoot.

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Program mode is marked by 'P' on your camera's mode dial and is one of the Creative Zone modes, though one with the least control over your exposure settings.

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As the name suggests, “Manual” mode stands for a full manual control of Aperture and Shutter Speed. In this mode, you can manually set both the aperture and the shutter speed to any value you want – the camera lets you fully take over the exposure controls.

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Shutter priority (usually denoted as S on the mode dial), also called time value (abbreviated as Tv), refers to a setting on cameras that allows the user to choose a specific shutter speed while the camera adjusts the aperture to ensure correct exposure.

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the photographer selects a specific aperture value and the camera autoselects the proper shutter speed based on how much light it detects.

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the term used to denote aperture measurements on your camera.

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the opening of a lens's diaphragm through which light passes

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the way the lens renders out-of-focus points of light

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the distance between the nearest and furthest elements in a scene that appear to be "acceptably sharp" in an image

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determined when the lens is focused at infinity

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the time for which a shutter is open at a given setting.

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The Bulb setting on camera shutters is a momentary-action mode that holds shutters open for as long as a photographer depresses the shutter-release button.

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Motion blur is the apparent streaking of moving objects in a photograph or a sequence of frames, such as a film or animation. It results when the image being recorded changes during the recording of a single exposure, due to rapid movement or long exposure.

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In photography, a tripod is a portable device used to support, stabilize and elevate a camera, a flash unit, or other videographic or observational/measuring equipment. All photographic tripods have three legs and a mounting head to couple with a camera.

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Camera shake is a term used to define the act of accidentally shaking a camera during shooting due to unsteady hands, which results in blurry images. This generally occurs more often if you're shooting on a low shutter speed or with a heavy lens, and can be avoided by using a tripod and cable release setup.

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Long-exposure, time-exposure, or slow-shutter photography involves using a long-duration shutter speed to sharply capture the stationary elements of images while blurring, smearing, or obscuring the moving elements.

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Time-lapse photography is a technique in which the frequency at which film frames are captured is much lower than the frequency used to view the sequence. When played at normal speed, time appears to be moving faster and thus lapsing

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Light painting is a photographic technique where light is “painted” or “drawn” into the photograph using a hand held light source during a long exposure.

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What is panning photography? Panning photography freezes objects in motion in a still frame. Explore ways to pan your camera, what shutter speed to use, and other ways to add action to your shots.

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Burst mode, also called continuous shooting mode, sports mode, continuous mode, or burst shot, is a shooting mode in still cameras where several photos are captured in quick succession by either pressing the shutter button or holding it down.

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an effect of contrasted light and shadow created by light falling unevenly or from a particular direction on something

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the dark shape and outline of someone or something visible against a lighter background, especially in dim light

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the visible silver crystals in a film negative's emulsion

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a certain type of visual distortion

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What is spot metering? Whereas multi-segment or multi-zone metering takes exposure readings from across the whole image frame, in spot metering mode the camera takes a measurement from a single point or spot. This area is often at the centre of the frame, but it may be linked to the active

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Partial metering covers only the centre 6.2% of the frame in the viewfinder, thus providing precise metering only for the subject. When the background is brighter than the subject due to reasons like back lighting, this metering mode is particularly useful. It is useful for back-lit shots or tiny subjects.

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In photography, the metering mode refers to the way in which a camera determines exposure. Cameras generally allow the user to select between spot, center-weighted average, or multi-zone metering modes

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Evaluative metering is the default metering mode on most cameras. It ensures that the camera will automatically adjust to the right exposure setting even when the ambient lighting shows greater contrast.

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18% grey or middle grey is a measurement of the amount of light objects reflect. Your camera meter reads objects that reflect exactly 18% light as correctly exposed. Your camera meter measures exposure by first turning colors into tones of grey.

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It is the dark side on an object not facing the light that reveals the form and mass of the shape. The very darkest point within the Form Shadow is called the Form Shadow Core.

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A medium tone, one that is neither very dark nor very light.

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the lightest part or one of the lightest parts of a painting, drawing, etc. especially : one that depicts the areas of the subject receiving the greatest amount of illumination. added highlights to the painting.

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a picture (such as an engraving or photograph) that shades off gradually into the surrounding paper. : the pictorial part of a postage stamp design as distinguished from the frame and lettering

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Sepia tone is a form of print toning in photography, and refers to the warm colors that are produced by a specific chemical process in developing film. The toning process was popularized in the late 1800s for both logistical and artistic reasons.

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Workspace Switcher displays a visual representation of your workspaces.

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When you launch Photoshop, the Tools bar automatically appears on the left side of the window. If you wish, you can click the bar at the top of the toolbox and drag the Tools bar to a more convenient place.

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Palettes [shown right] are groups of tools used to edit and manipulate your image. Photoshop contains over two dozen palettes that can be shown or hidden by using the Window menu and selecting the palette you wish to reveal.

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The menu bar is used to open and save files, adjust the canvas size, access some of the editing tools, open and close various windows, and more.

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The word Crop can be defined as “to trim” or “cut back”. The Crop tool in most image processing programs is used to trim off the outside edges of a digital image. Cropping can be used to make an image smaller (in pixels) and/or to change the aspect ration (length to width) of the image.

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The aspect ratio is the proportional relationship between an image's width and height. Different cameras shoot in different aspect ratios, so whether you're using a digital camera, a 35mm film camera, or an iPhone, they can all vary.

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In digital photography, resolution is the level of detail contained in an image. More specifically, it refers to the number of pixels that exist within that ima

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PPI describes the resolution in pixels of a digital image whereas DPI describes the amount of ink dots on a printed image. Though PPI largely refers to screen display, it also affects the print size of your design and thus the quality of the output.