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The 13th Amendment to the Constitution formally abolished slavery in the United States, marking a pivotal moment in the nation's history. It represented the first of three Reconstruction Amendments aimed at ensuring African Americans' rights, laying the foundational stone for the civil rights movement.

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The 14th Amendment granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, including former slaves, and promised "equal protection of the laws." This amendment fundamentally changed the Constitution by establishing that state laws must also adhere to the federal standard of equality and justice, setting the stage for future civil rights advancements.

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The 15th Amendment granted African American men the right to vote, asserting that the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. This marked a vital step towards racial equality, although actual voting rights would be contested for nearly a century thereafter.

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The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson established the 'separate but equal' doctrine, which legitimized state laws of racial segregation under the guise of providing equal public facilities. This case entrenched systemic racial segregation and discrimination, creating a legal basis for Jim Crow laws that lasted until the civil rights movement of the 1960s challenged and overturned this precedent.

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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka overturned Plessy v. Ferguson, declaring state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. This landmark Supreme Court decision was a major victory for the civil rights movement, highlighting the importance of education in the fight for equality and setting a precedent for challenging segregation and discrimination.

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a groundbreaking piece of legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace, and by facilities that served the general public. This act significantly changed the Constitution by legally dismantling the Jim Crow era's segregationist policies.

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The Voting Rights Act of 1965 aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote as guaranteed under the 15th Amendment. This landmark legislation was a crucial victory for the civil rights movement, enforcing voting rights by imposing federal oversight and removing discriminatory practices such as literacy tests.

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Roe v. Wade was a historic Supreme Court decision that established a woman's legal right to an abortion under the right to privacy protected by the 14th Amendment. This decision significantly changed the Constitution's interpretation regarding individual liberties, sparking a continuing debate on abortion rights and setting a precedent for future cases related to privacy and personal freedom.

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The Supreme Court's decision in Bakke v. Regents of the University of California ruled that while affirmative action policies are constitutional, the use of racial quotas in university admissions processes is not. This landmark case clarified the limitations of affirmative action, ensuring its aim to provide equal opportunities while also respecting the diversity of qualifications among applicants.

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The 19th Amendment to the Constitution granted women the right to vote, marking a significant milestone in the women's suffrage movement. This amendment changed the Constitution by ensuring gender equality in voting rights, a crucial step forward for civil rights and the empowerment of women in American society.