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Phenomenology

Explores the lived experiences of people.

seeks to understand phenomena—the objects, events, and experiences we encounter—without imposing preconceived notions or theories.

Example: "The Lived Experiences of Pet Shop Owners in handling Customer Complaints"

Title: Selected Filipino-Chinese small-medium entrepreneur communication management practices in the Philippines
General Research Problem: Management Practices
Participants: 6 Filipino-Chinese entrepreneurs & 3 government officials
Research Design: Phenomenology
Data Collection: Interview through Email Correspondence & personal (in-person) conversation
Data Analysis or Interpretation: According to the study, the researchers utilize simple descriptive analysis in which several themes emerged that explains the management practices of the Filipino-Chinese Entrepreneurs. The following are the themes enumerated:
Planning - "All aspects came from entrepreneurs"
Leading - motivation, communication, and trust are important elements of effective leadership
Organizing - balancing operations and manpower, designing individual jobs, developing an organisation
al structure, allocating human resources, creating a good working environment, and carrying company rules.
Controling - close look at operations, hands-on monitoring, valuing money tremendously, performing without deviating from standards, following house rules, and providing monitoring system

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Case Study

Examines a specific individual, group of people, or institution

Seeks to gain insights into a specific problem, To provide background data for broader studies, or to explain socio-psychological and socio-cultural processes

Example: "The Customer Satisfaction in Hotel Management: A Case Study in Manila Hotel"

Title: "Anxious, Apart and Attentive: A Qualitative Study of Overseas Filipino Workers' Families in the time of COVID-19"

General Research Problem:

1. What are the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on OFW families?

Participants: Four families were purposively selected through social networks of researchers

Research Design: Qualitative instrumental case study

Data Collection: Two virtual interviews using video conferencing application for each family
Data Analysis or Interpretation:

Based on the case study, the researchers examined the impact of the pandemic on four OFW families within the three major themes that emerged from the analysis of the interviews:

Theme 1: Worry about the conditions of the distant family members

From the experience of anxiety among OFW families, they are worried about the usual social costs of being separated with family members, having an impact in emotional development among the children.

Theme 2: Disruption of Plans and Family Relations

Families have adapted to anxieties and disruptions caused by the pandemic emphasizing the relevance of feeling one’s family member, illustrating a long-distance care strategy, where communication and monitoring plays an important role in ensuring each other’s well being.

Theme 3: Attentive: Monitoring and caring from a distance

The families were able to remagine their relationships and establish new pattern in order to express their care toward each other, protective routine at home.

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Narrative Research Design:

It is a qualitative analysis method focused on interpreting human experience in the form of stories or narratives.

There are two overarching approaches to narrative analysis: the inductive (exploratory) approach and the deductive (confirmatory) approach.

Has particular sets of strengths and weaknesses

Is generally most appropriate for research focused on interpreting individual, human experiences as expressed in detailed, long-form accounts.

Title: A Narrative Study of Science Teaching Methods and Techniques in the New Normal

General Research Problem: Teaching Methods and Techniques in Online Learning

Participants: 12 Secondary High School Science teachers of a private school in the Philippines

Research Design: Narrative Research Design

Data Collection: The research made use of the interview method as the main source of data collection

Data analysis or Interpretation:

Based on the narrative research design, the researchers examined the teaching methods and techniques on 12 secondary Science teachers of a private school in the Philippines. the following themes are enumerated:

Teaching Techniques Employed by Teachers-
Majority of the respondents utilize varying methods including interactive sessions, games, and inquiry-based approaches. This suggests a diverse range of instructional strategies being employed in the new normal of online education.

Parameters for Success of Online Classes-
Assessments, particularly quizzes and exams, are deemed vital for gauging the success of online learning sessions. Teachers rely on assessment results to measure students' learning and understanding.
Highlighted challenges in conducting assessments online include ensuring validity of exams, as noted by Swan, Shen, and Hiltz (2008).

Challenges Encountered by Teachers-
Respondents unanimously identify slow internet connection as a major obstacle. Lagua (2020) acknowledged the prevalent issue of internet connectivity hindering online teaching.

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Ethnographic Research

Title: Displacement in the Name of Development. How Indigenous Rights Legislation Fails to Protect Philippine Hunter-Gatherers

General Problem: How indigenous Rights Legislation fails to protect Philippine Hunter-Gatherers

Participants: In the municipality of Divilacan. Among the Agta communities of Dibakeyan (21 individuals), Dialinawan and dimakapoot (28 individuals) and those living on the the beach in the Divilacan municipal center (37 individuals).

Research Design: Ethnographic Research Design

Data Collection: The researchers used the focus group method and semi-structured interview.

Data Analysis or Interpretation: Examining how indigenous rights legislation affects the protection of Philippine hunter-gatherers highlights deficiencies in addressing displacement. The lack of consistent enforcement and minimal community engagement may be factors contributing to the inefficacy of current policies. A more in-depth data analysis could identify precise areas requiring improvement within legal frameworks to enhance the protection of these communities' rights.

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Phenomenological Research

• This study aims to explore the effectiveness and the backround of the growing popularity of folk medicine in Quiapo, influenced by positive experiences, perceptions, family tradition, and a desire to complement Western medicine.

• It offers insights for health professionals to understand and enhance treatment outcomes by respecting patients' personal preferences for taking traditional remedies.

•Using a phenomenological approach and convenience sampling, the study collected and analyzed data from seven participants in Quiapo, employing thematic analysis to gain a deeper understanding of the lived experiences and significance associated with the purchasing of folk medicine products in the market.

General Research Problem:

What are the factors to a person's health-seeking behavior that results in seeking Folk Medicine?

Participants:

There are seven participants (A, B, C, D, E, F, G)

All participants exhibit a common reliance on folk or herbal medicine for diverse health concerns. This preference is evident in practices such as using kakawate leaves, coconut oil, pito-pito concoction, sambong leaves, guava leaves, and snakeroot. Participants express trust in herbal efficacy, often rooted in traditional practices and positive experiences. While some, like Participant B and Participant E, exhibit a degree of skepticism towards mainstream medical practices due to personal losses or dissatisfaction, others, like Participant G, maintain a balanced approach, seeking proper medical attention for certain conditions. Overall, the experiences highlight a cultural adoption of traditional remedies, reflecting a willingness to explore alternative treatments alongside conventional medicine

Research Design:

Phenomenology

The research made use of observation for ongoing trades between sellers and consumers then taking down personal reflection. The research also use interview method with the participants for the data collection.

Data Analysis or Interpretation:

Based on the phenomenological study conducted by Rondilla et al. (2021), the researchers investigate the factors of a health seeking individuals acquiring folk medicine services from Quiapo. The following are the three primary organizing themes enumerated:

Theme 1: The health - seeking behavior

There are several reasons why a portion of consumers choose to purchase these folk medicines in Quiapo, Manila instead of modern medicines. This includes their beliefs associated with the products, experiences in using folk medicine, purpose of going to Quiapo, and reasons for utilizing folk medicine.

Theme 2: Folk medicine utilization

The phenomenological study uncovered why a certain amount of people use folk medicine in Quiapo, Manila. These reasons include medicinal use of product, product bought and history of usage.

Theme 3: Sources of knowledge

The theme sources of knowledge investigates how people come to know about Quiapo and the products it can offer. This revealed the three basic sources: information obtained from television, found in Quiapo, and someone recommended for it.

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Grounded theory

• Focusing data collection, checking and developing analytic ideas.

• Seeks to explain, provide a perspective on, or even predict behavior in and of the particular context of the study’s subject.

• Example: “An in-depth explanation of the process that South Asians undergo when managing their HTN (Hypertension).

Title: South Asians’ experience of managing hypertension: a grounded theory study

General Research Problem: Managing hypertension

Participants: The participants were 27 South Asian; 12 men and 15 women. Who is self-identified on having HTN.

Research Design: Grounded theory design

Data Collection: Research Assistance of South Asian interviews Punjabi and Hindi believers. They chose “Transitional Elements” which are led by senior researchers, the interviews lasted for 30-45 minutes, the researchers included telephone audio to provide evidence. The research collected was conducted from February 2017 to May 2018.

Data Analysis or

Interpretation: Qualitative data analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to understand demographics, while ongoing comparative techniques were employed for theoretical sampling and research issues. Regular team meetings helped identify core concepts and discuss the analysis.