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How Do International Organizations and Non-Governmental Organizations Influence Global Governance?
Actors Playing a Role in Global Governance: 1. States and their subnational and local jurisdictions, 2. International Organizations (IGOs) and their bureaucracies, 3.Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), 4. Experts and epistemic communities, 5. Networks and partnerships, 6.Multinational Companie, 7. Private Foundations

In continuation of these, important themes are discussed in Chapter 1 under the heading Challenges of Global Governance. The problems of global governance and global concerns include mounting evidence of climate change, the danger of international terrorism, diseases, the rise of ethnic nationalism, and the 2008 financial crisis serve as a constant reminder of the intricate difficulties facing humanity today.

Independent nations cannot resolve any of these issues on their own. Numerous issues necessitate working with both states and an increasing number of non-state entities, and many demand interstate cooperation.  On the other hand, Global Governance, A collection of initiatives by nations and a variety of non-state players to comprehend and address a variety of issues in the modern, complicated world is referred to as global governance.

Governance is "how public and private individuals and institutions manage their collective affairs," according to the Commission on Global Governance's definition from 1995. To resolve divergent or competing interests and take coordinated action, governance is a continual process.

The connection between government and governance: Government and governance are not the same thing. While governance refers to actions based on agreed aims that may not be derived from official legal responsibilities, government refers to actions supported by formal authority. Development and Forms of International Governance, The chapter looks at the history of global governance and observes that, among other foundations of power, global governance is based on state sovereignty. He highlights that one of the most noticeable aspects of modern global governance is the division between legitimate government and coercive authority.

The notion of global governance surfaced in the mid-1990s in tandem with the world's rapid systemic changes, the swift expansion of issues and players, and the shortcomings of the world's current international institutions. This chapter clarifies the fundamental ideas behind global governance, its historical development, and the reasons behind its growing significance in the modern world.

Development and Forms of International Governance: The book looks at the history of global governance and observes that, among other foundations of power, global governance is based on state sovereignty. He highlights that one of the most noticeable aspects of modern global governance is the division between legitimate government and coercive authority.

Political science and economics inform strategic or rational choice theory, which asserts that material and objective factors impact national choices. Proponents emphasize the efficiency of markets, but they also acknowledge the possibility of imperfection, which could result in options being limited by the obligations of institutions and organizations.

With its foundations in realism, hegemonic stability theory examines how the power and direction of a sovereign state are accountable for creating and maintaining an open global economy. Control over markets and resources is what allows the hegemon to maintain stability in the global economic system.

This chapter also introduces social constructivism, which highlights how institutions, norms, and beliefs impact state action. The United States' Historical Role, II. The United States utilized its position of dominance in the postwar international system to influence its rules and structure, particularly the liberal international economic order, following World War II.

America used both its soft and hard powers—charm and persuasion—and material might to advance the ideas of compromise and multilateralism. One phrase used to describe the American role is "American hegemony." The purpose of international organizations (IGOs) was to advance American political and economic interests, ideas, and values while establishing frameworks that were consistent with the American democratic system.

Growing nationalism in the independent republics of Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean during the Cold War put American hegemony to the test against that of the Soviet Union and its supporters. The US's Part America cannot presently sculpt world governance by itself. Growing nations like China, India, and Brazil are starting to doubt the West and America's hegemony.
In particular, China's rise calls into question America's place in global governance.

In summary, America has had a complicated history of both leadership and difficulties in its involvement in global governance.

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How does it highlight the importance of theory in international relations, the different approaches taken by scholars, and its role in social interaction?

In Chapter 2, The author of Theoretical Foundations of Global Governance highlights the value of theory in international relations as well as the many methods used by scientists. Specifically, constructivism examines the use of language and symbols in social interaction, whereas rationalist theories, such as functionalism, concentrate on quantifiable results and testable hypotheses.

In the English School, liberalism, realism, social constructivism, and critical theories are the five major theories they study. For instance, the liberal viewpoint stresses the importance of institutions in fostering a just society, thinks that social progress is possible, and considers human nature as essentially good. Because of this, liberalism is believed to have developed from the Grotian tradition to Wilsonian idealism and the Enlightenment.

Neoliberal institutionalism, a liberalism variety that first appeared in the 1970s, is another crucial point. It maintained that states could still collaborate through international institutions even in chaotic environments. But game theory, particularly the Prisoner's Dilemma, demonstrates how self-interested governments can nonetheless work together. She also discusses liberal feminism and draws attention to the position of women in global governance as she continues the discussion.

Functionalism is a theory of international relations that is explored towards the end of the field. It emphasizes that political collaboration and the avoidance of conflict depend on economic and social cooperation, which is why governance arrangements are derived from people's and nations' basic needs. Political science and economics inform strategic or rational choice theory, which asserts that material and objective factors impact national choices. Proponents emphasize the efficiency of markets, but they also acknowledge the possibility of imperfection, which could result in options being limited by the obligations of institutions and organizations.

With its foundations in realism, hegemonic stability theory examines how the power and direction of a sovereign state are accountable for creating and maintaining an open global economy. Control over markets and resources is what allows the hegemon to maintain stability in the global economic system. This paragraph also introduces social constructivism, which highlights how institutions, norms, and beliefs impact state action. International organizations play a significant role in this process by influencing norms and practices. Constructivists contend that actors in the international system are influenced by common beliefs and socially constructed rules.

The English School, which combines constructivism, liberalism, and realism, sees the international order as a community of independent states that adhere to common laws. International organizations are viewed as interventionist elements that are influenced by major institutions like international law and sovereignty. Lastly, conventional notions of power and order are contested by critical theories, such as those based on Marxist and neo-Marxist viewpoints. They place a strong emphasis on how global capitalism, class conflict, and economic factors have shaped the international order. The unequal trading conditions between rich and developing countries are explicitly examined by dependency theory. The variety of these theoretical stances provides scholars with various lenses through which to study and understand international relations, and it also reflects the complicated terrain of global governance.

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INTERDEPENDENCE IN WORLD POLITICS

It appears that nationalizing multinational corporations has been successful even in weak and impoverished nations. Furthermore, the idea that the nation-state has disappeared seems to be called into question by the rise of nationalism.

Crucially, it seems that the modernists identified the essential shifts that are currently occurring accurately. Nonetheless, they frequently stress that technological advancements along with an increase in social and commercial interactions will result in this if proper analysis is not done.

It is well recognized that several various but possibly complementary models or analytical instruments will develop to fully understand the interdependence that exists in modern international politics. As a result, modern global politics are a texture of many interactions rather than an uninterrupted network.

It is well known that when examining this idea, logic and reasoning, systems presentation, and symbols get so entwined that even policymakers find it challenging to distinguish between rhetoric and reality. Historically, theories of international politics based on the possibility of a "state of war" have portrayed a situation in which states' actions are determined by the ongoing threat of armed conflict.

It is well-recognized that interdependence affects state behavior and global politics. Nonetheless, it seems that interdependence patterns are also influenced by government acts. Governments create or adopt institutions, set laws for specific types of activities, and exercise tight control over transnational and interstate relations.

It seems to provide a reason for international collaboration as well as support for the UN.

It also seems to justify nations' membership in alliances, overseas aid programs, and large-scale military actions.

It has been demonstrated that the Cold War and the grave danger that Americans perceived are major influences on national security iconography.

Dependency is commonly understood to indicate the state of being largely controlled or impacted by outside factors. As a result, interconnectedness in global politics seems to describe circumstances in which nations or players in many nations impact one another. It has been said that when analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of an interdependent connection, two distinct viewpoints are used.

One way to conceptualize power is the actor's capacity to persuade people to take actions against their better judgment at a price the actor is willing to pay.

It is said that in addition to being economic, sensitive dependency can also be social or political.

Crucially, the immediate consequences of external changes frequently show a dependence on sensitivity since it is frequently challenging to modify policy quickly. It's also crucial to remember that the only way to quantify vulnerability dependency is to look at how much it will cost to gradually adapt to a changing environment.

The idea of interdependence and the shifting of international regimes appear to be the main topics of discussion in international relations. Global politics are shaped by interdependence, and international regimes are networks of regulations.

International regimes are networks of regulations that control the interdependence that shapes the defining characteristics of world politics. In addition, it highlights the significance of international regimes and makes an effort to comprehend the reasons for their fluctuations. It is said that the dynamics of international relations are shaped by power, rules, and processes. Furthermore, instances are provided emphasizing the function and evolution of global regimes concerning matters like aid, environmental preservation, and global trade. The distribution of states within the international system is referred to as the power structure, and it has a significant impact on the characteristics of international regimes. It specifically discusses demands made in the 1970s and changes to international trade regimes like GATT. Lastly, shifting norms, regulations, and practices with an emphasis on the structures and operations of the global system.

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WHY COLLABORATE?

Issue-Linkage and International Regimes

I learned the importance of a new definition of an international regime that is better suited to the realities of complex interdependence, which is this week's important topic. In this way, I can say that there are benefits to focusing on creative ideas about how actors perceive the need for cooperation and the styles of reasoning they use to shape regimes. Thus, I can state that it is more comprehensive than the traditional structural one, which emphasizes the role of hegemonic states in the creation and maintenance of regimes. In addition, I can emphasize that the new regime definition has important features among the complex interdependence. The proliferation of communication channels and the relative insignificance of power are quite striking and impressive. There are widespread disagreements about how the issues on the global agenda should be ranked.

I realized that there is a need for states to cooperate on a wide range of issues, even if they have different interests and goals. Thus, I can say that the new regime definition is a more useful tool for understanding and guiding empirical studies on international cooperation.

Ernst B. Haas, whom I read this week, “Why Collaborate? Based on what I learned from the “Issue-Linkage and International Regimes,” World Politics chap, I came to understand that complex interdependence is a situation in which states are highly interconnected and dependent on each other for their economic and security well-being.

In one of the most striking places I read, I learned that international regimes are the norms, rules, and procedures that states agree to follow to manage complex interdependence. And so I can say that the traditional structural definition of regimes focuses on the role of hegemonic states in creating and maintaining regimes. Further, I was able to grasp how the evolutionary holistic definition of regimes emphasizes the importance of perceptual change and teleological dynamics.

And so, from this book this week, I understood very well the importance of a new cognitive regime that focuses on how actors perceive the need for cooperation and the styles of reasoning they use to shape regimes. And I would say that one of the best parts of the book is in describing the four modes of procedure for implementing the norm of technological acquisition. I found it to be of great importance that it is the simplest mode, involving common framework exchange and common reporting and record-keeping rules, and also describes the pooling of capabilities to harmonize and standardize the behavior of participants through the imposition of common facility, common routines I have also come to realize that common policy requires organizing and programming national behavior so that participants agree to adjust their actions to the planned needs of the community. I can explain the meaning of single policy as follows, I can say that this mode replaces national ones with a central set of plans and goals.

In addition to these sages, the concept of Liberal regimes is based on a common framework and commandments. I understood that it was characterized by a loose division of labor and a high degree of national autonomy. From the reading I did this week, I learned very well that he argues that the type of regime that will most emerge will depend on the strength of the technological acquisition norm and the degree of consensus among those participating in the regime. I can now better explain that if the norm is strong and there is a high degree of consensus, then a more authoritarian or hierarchical regime is likely to emerge. I realized that if the norm is weak or there is a low level of consensus, then a more liberal or consensual regime may be likely to emerge.Thus, an important lesson I took away from the book was that regime typology is a useful tool for understanding the different ways in which countries can cooperate to achieve technological gains. So it became clear from this week's reading that it can also be used to analyze the evolution of regimes over time

Finally, as the most striking and useful part of the book, I can say that research on this will be beneficial to me and my circle, clearly understanding that the new regime definition is more appropriate to the realities of complex interdependence and is a more useful tool for understanding and guiding empirical studies on international cooperation.

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Are international organizations an important tool for promoting international cooperation and solving global problems?

This week, I learned that there is important and influential information about the United Nations system, regional organizations, and non-governmental organizations. However, from the past to the present, it has been seen that political communities have established norms and rules with their neighbors. In support of this argument, it was seen that the Treaty of Westphalia laid the foundations of the state system with the example. Thus, it is seen that this issue is underlined by emphasizing sovereignty, regional sovereignty, the choice of religion, and the prohibition of interference by supranational authorities. Moreover, as stated in the article, it is stated that the state system has developed based on sovereignty. However, throughout history, it has been seen that this concept has changed over time, as the concept of sovereignty has been in the process of debate and has been around different ideas. However, it is stated that the capacity of the state has changed greatly in the contemporary world, but it is seen that the states still act according to the principle of sovereignty. For this reason, the author argues that the weaknesses of the servlet system are accompanied by factors such as the field of international trade, migration and information, democratization, and technological innovations.  Moreover, it has been stated that these weaknesses played an important role in the emergence of the international organization process. With this important argument, the following conclusions can be drawn: it has been seen that developments have emerged to deal with new actors and processes between states. Thus, it can be seen that it led to the creation of various international organizations. Another important point is that the author highlighted the process of international organization in the nineteenth century. As a supporting argument for this process, the issue of Napoleon's defeat seems to be explained in the context of developments within the framework of the spread of industrialization, the emergence of technological innovations such as the telegraph, and the spread of democratic ideas.

In addition to this information, it has been emphasized how the process of international organization has been shaped since the middle of the nineteenth century. In the highlighted part, factors such as great power wars, technological changes, and globalization seem to play a role. This process is seen to be advanced and developed within the scope of concrete manifestations, such as systems within the United Nations system, regional organizations, and non-governmental organizations. However, significant developments appear to have taken place among early governance innovations. Examples of these developments include the defeat of Napoleon, the European Concert, international public associations, and the Hague Conferences. It is also important in this article that these innovations, together with the spread of democratic ideas, the expansion of trade, and technological advances, have increased the complexity of international relations. In this article, the author emphasizes that in line with this information, the process of international organization has accelerated with the increase in the interdependence of states. Thus, international organizations are seen as an important tool to promote international cooperation and solve global problems.

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WEEK 7  The Politics and Ethics of Military Intervention Stanley Hoffmann

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WEEK 7  The Politics and Ethics of Military Intervention Stanley Hoffmann

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Military interference in the internal affairs of states: how should it be evaluated from an ethical and pragmatic point of view?

In this article, the author seems to consider the events that took place in a post-Cold War international system. As an example of these developments, the author states that military intervention in the internal affairs of states is the main point of issue due to the existence of many dangerous, problematic, unsuccessful, and even murderous states. Moreover, opponents of intervention emphasize the functions of sovereignty. When we look at the content of the opposing views in the article, it is seen that there is also a defense of sovereignty. Moreover, interventions with the potential for harm are likely to cause unintended consequences and much harm. In addition, Hoffmann used the concept of national interest as the conspicuous concept used by those who rejected intervention as justification for inaction. It is stated that interventions can also be a factor in weakening international law by violating international law and norms. In addition to these arguments, it seems that the lack of effectiveness may not be effective in achieving the desired goals. For these reasons, however, advocates say it is based on a mixture of moral and pragmatic arguments. In this Article, the author argues that internal turmoil and interests threaten regional or international security.  For this reason, it is stated that there will be incidents in which major human rights violations occur. In these cases, Hoffmann seems to have argued that military intervention was ethically justified. In most cases, however, the emphasis was placed on the fact that the intervention should be regulated by the United Nations Security Council, at least allowing the ratification process to take place. However, in this context, it is said that the UN Security Council should be given independent tools and capacity to advance and improve both its legitimacy and its ability to act. Thus, it is seen that the concept of national interest emerged as a justification for inaction by opponents of intervention. Therefore, it is underlined that it leads to an expansion that should include ethical concerns. Moreover, moral arguments are indicated to reveal the realities of the political context. The author also emphasized the consideration of the rules of the game of the domestic or international political environment. In the article, Hoffmann seems to state that ethical verification is by a deontological ethic that is not derived from the calculation of the possible. In this case, Hoffmann states that if it is based on the principle that possibilities come first with deontological ethics, it can go towards an inapplicable dimension in the world. However, Hoffmann seems to have made his mark in this article about not succumbing to the big difference between the ethics and the possible in the matter of intervention.

In addition, Hoffmann discusses in detail the political and ethical issues raised by military interventions, emphasizing that no distinction is made between cases where the intervention takes place with official government approval and when it does not. Because it is seen that consent can always be voluntary, or by pointing out that it is not real. Finally, the article emphasizes that the decision of whether or not to interfere in the internal affairs of another state is a choice that needs to be made carefully weighing the dangers and potential advantages on an individual basis.

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WEEK8 / Proliferation Rings Chaim Braun and Christopher F. Chyba/ New Challenges to the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime

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WEEK8 / Proliferation Rings Chaim Braun and Christopher F. Chyba/ New Challenges to the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime

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THE UN: Nuclear Non-Proliferation

Authors of this article, Chaim Braun and Christopher F. Chyba, touch upon important main points. In support of these important main arguments, the authors mention the importance of the challenges facing the nuclear non-proliferation regime. According to my understanding from this article, countries appear to act by the NPT due to the spread of secret nuclear weapons. However, it is stated that they are secretly developing nuclear weapons capabilities.

Another important point is that I understand in this article that, due to the proliferation of first-tier nuclear weapons, technology, and materials from private companies or government programs provide support to non-nuclear-weapon states. However, by carefully reading the ideas of Chaim Braun and Christopher F. Chyba, I understood that with the proliferation of second-stage nuclear weapons, developing countries are trading nuclear technologies, weapons designs, and delivery systems among themselves.

In the continuation of these, according to Chaim Braun and Christopher F. Chyba, it is stated that the proliferation of second-stage nuclear weapons and its effects on the nuclear programs of Iran, North Korea, Libya, and Pakistan emerged.

The authors defended important arguments in the article I read this week. According to the arguments defended, Chaim Braun and Christopher F. Chyba made the following important statements: I learned that they emphasized that they threaten the effectiveness of nuclear non-proliferation efforts. It is stated that, in the opinion of the authors, several solutions have been put forward. Looking at the solution examples suggested in the article, it is emphasized that the nuclear materials in the former Soviet Union and elsewhere should be secured. They pointed out that another suggestion is to strengthen export control regimes.

According to the ideas of Chaim Braun and Christopher F. Chyba, I understand that the article also links to recent events in various countries. The authors make this connection an important and impactful understanding of the non-proliferation regime from this week's reading article by revealing the interconnectedness of different types of proliferation rings. Moreover, it is understood by the authors that the proliferation of nuclear weapons could invalidate existing export control regimes.

In this way, according to the ideas of Chaim Braun and Christopher F. Chyba, I learned the importance of a comprehensive approach by learning both the supply and demand aspects of the subject of the article. In addition to these, I would like to mention an important example in the article. In the example, I learned from the example that, according to a shipment seized in Egypt, the presence of British-made high-strength aluminum tubes among these components and that if these components and the enrichment facility were completed, North Korea would be able to produce one or two nuclear weapons per year.

Finally, I can say that I understand that in this Article, Chaim Braun and Christopher F. Chyba argue that the proliferation of second-tier nuclear weapons poses a serious threat to the nuclear non-proliferation regime. And so, I learned that new solutions and serious focus are needed to overcome this challenge.

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WEEK 9 / The UN: Humanitarian Intervention  /Weiss et al., Karns and Mingst

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WEEK 9 / The UN: Humanitarian Intervention  /Weiss et al., Karns and Mingst

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How is the balance between human rights and criminal justice perspectives achieved in the fight against human trafficking, and what are the roles of international organizations and civil society?

This week I learned important information about The UN: Humanitarian Intervention. As Weiss et al., Karns, and Mingst mention in their books, they emphasize that human trafficking is a contemporary form of slavery. Thus, it is stated that efforts to combat this in terms of both human rights and criminal justice have emerged. In particular, it appears to outline the international framework, including the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and its protocol on human trafficking, known as the Palermo Convention. Therefore, thanks to this week's reading chapters, I understood that the definition of human trafficking, as stated in the protocol, covers various forms of exploitation.

In addition to what I learned, I saw in both chapters that the UN and other organizations are actively involved in the fight against human trafficking. Thus, the Human Rights Council draws attention to this issue by monitoring and supporting human rights through special rapporteurs. Additionally, according to what I have read in cahapters, I can say that UNODC focuses on the implementation of the laws within the scope of the contract. Through this, I realized that various initiatives such as the UN Voluntary Trust Fund and UN GIFT have an important status in financial assistance to eliminate human trafficking, thus supporting partnerships.

Additionally, I learned this week that challenges remain, such as the lack of a dominant NGO coalition and limited public awareness in both source and destination countries. In the opinion of Karns and Mingst, I understood the importance of the issue by emphasizing in the Chapter how serious a problem the increasing difficulties faced by human traffickers in the Middle East and North Africa in transporting refugees and immigrants to Europe.

According to the authors in the cahapter I read this week, I found the problem of human trafficking to be exemplified by the emergence of modern-day slavery. In addition, it seems that the free flow of capital and trade, which has emerged with the acceleration of globalization, plays an important role.

In the opinion of Karns and Mingst, I saw the use of numerical data, with the estimate that approximately 12 million people may be victims of human trafficking worldwide. But the author goes on to say that this number is uncertain because it is difficult to give an exact figure due to differences in defining human trafficking. In this way, I learned that human trafficking is perceived as both a human rights issue and an international crime. With these important reasons, this week I saw that billions of dollars in annual profits are being made. In this context, I saw that the situation was moving towards a long-term intervention of the UN system, aimed at setting standards in terms of human rights and ensuring that the victims, unfortunately, were able to access their legal rights.

At the same time, I understood by reading that they aim to create effective measures against human traffickers, in line with the cornerstones of creating policies on criminal justice and its logic.

Finally, this week I have seen from the In the opinion of Karns and Mingst chapters the efforts of various organizations against human trafficking and the efforts to move forward around the challenges in this field. Thus, with this important and serious connection in the context of the lack of two coalitions of NGOs and I have a good grasp of the importance of this week's topic, considering the tendency to be seen as other NGOs competing for resources and attention. In addition, in this context, attention was drawn to the importance of the issue with statements that the public's efforts to be generally sensitive to the problem of human trafficking in source countries and target countries, their evaluation of this issue, and the lack of understanding and understanding of the issue.

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WEEK 10/ IOs and Economic Management: Overview  /Karns and Mingst, ch.8.

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WEEK 10/ IOs and Economic Management: Overview  /Karns and Mingst, ch.8.

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What are the Developments of the 2008 Crisis that Revealed the Fragilities of the Global Financial System?

In the chapter written by Karns and Mingst, they emphasized that the 2008 Global Financial Crisis triggered the biggest economic crisis since the Great Depression. Thus, it is stated that it has deeply shaken the global economy. Karns and Mingst claim that within the scope of the economic crisis, stocks fell, large banks collapsed, production and trade declined significantly, foreign investments and remittances decreased, and the unemployment rate increased in response to these situations.

Subsequently, it has been observed that unemployment in the USA has more than doubled, and a period of serious stagnation has begun in consumption and access to credit. Daniel Drzner seems to argue that the steps to manage the crisis were successful, and he emphasizes that the economic results played a major role in overcoming the crisis quickly. However, it seems that there are parties who do not agree with this view. In support of this sentence, it has been argued that the world economy has recovered much better after the period following the Great Depression.

Moreover, it has been observed that banks have relaxed their lending criteria and given loans even to people with poor credit. This has been stated to cause housing bubbles to form and eventually burst. In addition, it has been emphasized that central banks and other regulators turn a blind eye to risky financial practices. This appears to have increased the fragility of the system. In line with this information, it has been stated that the effects of the crisis have spread all over the world. While the USA and Europe were the most affected regions, it was stated that many developing countries were less damaged. In parallel with this information, it was stated that the effects of the crisis spread all over the world. It is further stated that different regions are not equally affected. In line with this information, it is known that while the USA and Europe are the most affected regions, many developing countries are less damaged. In support of these arguments, it is stated that oil prices collapsed towards the end of 2008, negatively affecting oil-exporting countries such as Saudi Arabia, Russia, Angola, and Venezuela. In line with this situation, it has been noted that negative consequences have been experienced in some parts of Eastern Europe, with serious financial problems emerging.

In this chapter, it is emphasized that the 2008 Global Financial Crisis seriously threatened the global economy and created different effects in different regions, I learned about this serious dimension and the negative scenarios that emerged about global economic management, thanks to reading this book.