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The Neolithic Revolution Begins (10,000 B.C.E)

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The Neolithic Revolution Begins (10,000 B.C.E)

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Areas affected - All around the world

When times were changing, there were major shifts in the way people gathered their food, from hunting animals to keeping them fenced up and starting the growing of crops.

Source - https://www.history.com/topics/pre-history/neolithic-revolution

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The Battle of Thermopylae ends in defeat for the Greeks (480 B.C.E)

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The Battle of Thermopylae ends in defeat for the Greeks (480 B.C.E)

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The Greeks were met with defeat, it didn’t tear them down but made them more confident in themselves and their actions.

Source - https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Thermopylae-Greek-history-480-BC

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Areas affected - Medina

After gaining a large following, Muhammed takes his people to find land and they land in Medina where they’re welcomed by the people. He spreads his word here and he gains the trust of the Medinain people.

Source - https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam#ref69137

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Areas affected - China

Gunpowder being invented meant new ways for people to make weapons to fight against their many enemies. This made China powerful for their new ways of inflicting harm on others.

Source - https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Joukowsky_Institute/courses/13things/7687.html#:~:text=Gunpowder%3A%20Origins%20in%20the%20East&text=%E2%80%9CGunpowder%2C%E2%80%9D%20as%20it%20came,for%20a%20life%2Dextending%20elixir

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Areas affected - Different Western European regions, Constantinople, Nicea, and the capital of Anatolia

The first Crusades was an extremely violent fight for religion in the Middle East. It contains the battle of the Crusaders trying to capture Jerusalem for Christians.

Source - https://school.eb.com/levels/high/article/Crusades/110241

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The invention of the printing press let the common people/poor people become more educated.

Source - https://www.history.com/news/printing-press-renaissance

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The area affected - Iberian Peninsula

What happened during the Spanish Inquisition was the killings of people who didn’t wish to convert to Christianity or rejected it.

Source - https://school.eb.com/levels/high/article/Spanish-Inquisition/624066

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Columbus “discovers” the Americas (1492)

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Columbus “discovers” the Americas (1492)

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Areas affected - The Americas

While Columbus was out at sea, he stumbled upon land called the Americas when he thought it was the East Indies.

Source - https://u.osu.edu/christophercolumbusannotatedbibliography/yi-xu/

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Areas affected - The Kingdom of Granada and Spain

Muslims were forced to convert to Christianity and if they didn’t follow those orders then they would be kicked out of the Kingdom.

Source - https://www.britannica.com/event/Reconquista

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Areas affected - The U.S and Britain

This Revolution had changed the world for the better, introducing new ideas and things that were outside of the box. Real changes were happening like Social and  labor change, but it also includes technology!

Source - https://www.britannica.com/money/topic/Industrial-Revolution

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Areas affected - America

Many of the first plastics were actually natural and they came from melted down animal horns. It was commonly used for combs when it was first discovered.

Source - https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/chemistry/age-plastic-parkesine-pollution#:~:text=Belgian%20chemist%20and%20clever%20marketeer,phenol%2C%20under%20heat%20and%20pressure.

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The area affected - Ottoman Empire/Middle East

An agreement with the UK, France, Russia, and Italy to tear apart the Ottoman Empire.

Source - https://www.britannica.com/event/Sykes-Picot-Agreement

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The British army lead an attack on the Somme, at the same time France is attacking them as well with Germany hiding in defense

Source - https://www.britannica.com/event/First-Battle-of-the-Somme

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The area affected - Germany

WWI ended because the Allies and Germany came together and signed a peace treaty that went by the name  “Treaty of Versailles”.

Source - https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Versailles-1919

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The area affected - Europe

The killings of millions of Jews from Naizs whom Hitler directed. Many other minorities were killed too.

Source - https://www.britannica.com/event/Holocaust

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The area affected - Germany

When Hitler became Chancellor, it opened many doors for him to spread his Nazi ideas to the German people.

Source - https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/adolf-hitler-is-named-chancellor-of-germany

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Areas affected - Mexico and India

This was the advancement in technology when it came to agriculture with the examples of new fertilizers.

Source -  https://www.britannica.com/event/green-revolution

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The area affected - Western Europe

D-Day was when the Allies invaded Normandy in Eastern Europe and many people were killed. For what the Allies thought, this was a major win for their military forces.

Source - https://school.eb.com/levels/high/article/Normandy-Invasion/56146

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An atomic bomb is dropped on Nagasaki (1945)

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An atomic bomb is dropped on Nagasaki (1945)

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This bombing was one of the two that led Emperor Hirohito to surrender in WWII causing all the fighting to stop.

Source - https://www.britannica.com/event/atomic-bombings-of-Hiroshima-and-Nagasaki

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The area affected - Palestine

A man in a Jewish Agency said that there was a state of Israel leading to battles to break out between the Jews and Arabs.

Source - https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/state-of-israel-proclaimed

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Neil Armstrong steps onto the surface of the moon (1969)

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Neil Armstrong steps onto the surface of the moon (1969)

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Areas affected - U.S.A

Neil A. Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon. Also, him walking on the moon meant that America won the Space War that was a fight between countries to be the first one on the moon.

Source - https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/kennedy/50-years-ago-apollo-astronauts-land-take-first-steps-on-moon/

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"Tranquility base here. The Eagle has landed." Most everyone knows these iconic words spoken by Apollo 11 Commander Neil A. Armstrong after he and fellow crewmate, Lunar Module Pilot Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin, set the lunar module, called Eagle, on the surface of the Moon 50 years ago, on July 20, 1969. Command Module Pilot Michael Collins remained in the command and service module (CSM), called Columbia, orbiting above.

Collins revisited Launch Complex 39A, the site of the Apollo 11 launch, and Firing Room 1 in the Launch Control Center at Kennedy Space Center on July 16, 2019, and reminisced about the mission with Center Director Bob Cabana.

"The Apollo 11 mission to the Moon had many important milestones along the way," Collins said. "More than anything else, it was the attention to detail our workers and administrator gave to putting the equipment together on the ground, and then testing it in as close to flight conditions as they could."

Those efforts paid off as an estimated 650 million people watched Armstrong's image and heard his voice describe the event as he took "....one small step for (a) man, one giant leap for mankind." The second astronaut to step foot on the Moon, Aldrin, is the image we see in many photographs. Armstrong and Aldrin planted an American flag on the Moon. Although it was a significant first for the American space program, all three Apollo 11 astronauts journeyed to the Moon for all mankind.

The Apollo 11 mission began when the three crewmembers launched in their Apollo command/service module atop the powerful Saturn V rocket on July 16, 1969, at 9:32 a.m. from Pad 39A at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.

The first stage's five F1 engines ignited, creating 7.5 million pounds of thrust to propel the rocket upward. After burning out, the first stage separated and the second stage's five J-2 engines ignited to further propel Apollo into an initial Earth-orbit. The second stage separated and fell away as the third stage's single J-2 engine ignited to push Apollo out of Earth orbit. It reignited for a second burn of about five minutes, which placed Apollo 11 into a translunar orbit. The CSM separated from the third stage, which included the spacecraft-lunar module adapter (SLA), containing the lunar module (LM). The SLA panels jettisoned on the third stage, and Collins maneuvered the CSM back and around to dock with the LM.

The world viewed the first color television transmission to Earth from Apollo 11 during the translunar coast of the CSM and LM. On July 18, Armstrong and Aldrin climbed through the docking tunnel from Columbia to Eagle to check out the lunar module and make the second television transmission.

The first lunar orbit insertion maneuver occurred on July 19, after Apollo 11 flew behind the Moon and out of contact with Earth. Nearly 76 hours into the flight, a retrograde firing of the propulsion system placed the spacecraft into an initial, elliptical lunar orbit. A second burn of the propulsion system placed the docked vehicles into lunar orbit about 70 miles above the surface.

On July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin entered the LM and made a final check. At about 100 hours into the flight, the astronauts undocked the "Eagle" and separated from "Columbia" for visual inspection. About an hour later, the LM descent engine fired for 30 seconds to provide retrograde thrust and commence descent orbit insertion. The flight trajectory was nearly identical to that flown by Apollo 10. Another firing of the LM descent engine occurred for several minutes until the LM was about 26,000 feet above
the lunar surface.

As mission controllers were holding their breath, along with the rest of the world, Armstrong manually piloted the lunar module past a very rocky crater and landed in the Sea of Tranquility, about four miles downrange from the predicted touchdown point, and almost 1.5 minutes earlier than predicted. At about 109 hours, 42 minutes after launch, Armstrong stepped on the Moon. About 20 minutes later, Aldrin followed him.

During an interview on Sept. 19, 2001, Armstrong said: "I was certainly aware that this was a culmination of the work of 300,000 or 400,000 people over a decade and that the nation's hopes and outward appearance largely rested on how the results came out. It seemed the most important thing to do was focus on our job as best we were able to and try to allow nothing to distract us from doing the very best job we could."

The Apollo 11 moonwalkers spent 21 hours and 36 minutes on the Moon. They explored the surface, took extensive photographs of the lunar terrain and each other, and collected lunar surface samples. They deployed a television camera to transmit signals to Earth, a solar wind composition experiment, a seismic experiment package and a Laser Ranging Retroreflector.

"We learned a lot from Armstrong's surface samples; it's a gift that keeps on giving," said Harrison Schmitt, Apollo 17 astronaut and first geologist to walk on the Moon. He joined Apollo-era launch team members JoAnn Morgan and Bob Sieck for an "Apollo Heroes" panel discussion July 16, 2019, at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex. Often referred to as a trailblazer, Morgan was the only female engineer in the firing room during Apollo 11 launch countdown activities. Sieck was a test team project engineer for Apollo and former space shuttle launch director.

The two moonwalkers left behind commemorative medallions bearing the names of the three Apollo 1 astronauts who lost their lives in a launch pad fire, and two cosmonauts who also died in accidents, on the lunar surface. A one-and-a-half inch silicon disk, containing micro miniaturized goodwill messages from 73 countries, and the names of congressional and NASA leaders, also were left on the Moon's surface. Attached to the descent stage was a commemorative plaque signed by President Richard M. Nixon and the three astronauts.

After resting for about seven hours, Armstrong and Aldrin fired the LM ascent stage to reach an initial orbit of 55 miles above the Moon on July 21, 13 miles below and slightly behind the CSM. Subsequent firings of the reaction control system helped the LM to reach an orbit of 72 miles above the Moon. The LM docked with the CSM on the CSM's 27th revolution. Armstrong and Aldrin returned to the CSM with Collins for the trip back to Earth. The LM was jettisoned four hours later and remained in lunar orbit, until it crashed on the Moon.

The Apollo 11 crew initiated re-entry procedures on July 24, 44 hours after leaving lunar orbit. The service module separated from the crew module. Collins re-oriented the crew module to a heat-shield-forward position for the descent to Earth. Apollo 11 splashed down in the Pacific Ocean, 13 miles from the recovery ship USS Hornet, and was retrieved. Apollo 11 was NASA's first mission to send astronauts to step on the Moon and return them safely to Earth. Five more Moon landings would follow before the Apollo Program ended in 1972.

Now, NASA is planning to establish a foundation for sustainable human presence on and around the Moon with commercial and international partners. Through the Artemis program, the agency will land American astronauts, including the first woman and the next man, on the Moon by 2024. Then the agency will use what it learns on the Moon and take the next giant leap - sending astronauts to Mars.

"I think it's a noble goal. It's much more extensive than Apollo. It's part of a bigger picture," Sieck said.

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50 Years Ago: Apollo Astronauts Land, Take First Steps on Moon - NASA

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"Tranquility base here. The Eagle has landed." Most everyone knows these iconic words spoken by Apollo 11 Commander Neil A. Armstrong after he and fellow

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Areas affected - Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnian had declared its independence from Yugoslavia, creating a nation. Bosnian Serbs wished to remove the Muslim population to their new territory and the military later on to that action.

Source - https://www.britannica.com/event/Bosnian-War

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The area affected - South Africa

The ending of Apartheid meant that the people in South Africa didn’t have to be separated from each other based on their race.

Source - https://www.britannica.com/question/What-is-apartheid

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The areas affected - All around the world 

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The World Trade Organization is founded (1995)

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The World Trade Organization is founded (1995)

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The World Trade is extremely important to our economy. It allowed America to spread its products to the rest of the world.

Source - https://www.britannica.com/topic/World-Trade-Organization

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Table of Contents

Read a brief summary of this topic

World Trade Organization (WTO), international organization established to supervise and liberalize world trade. The WTO is the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which was created in 1947 in the expectation that it would soon be replaced by a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) to be called the International Trade Organization (ITO). Although the ITO never materialized, the GATT proved remarkably successful in liberalizing world trade over the next five decades. By the late 1980s there were calls for a stronger multilateral organization to monitor trade and resolve trade disputes. Following the completion of the Uruguay Round (1986-94) of multilateral trade negotiations, the WTO began operations on January 1, 1995.

Origins

The ITO was initially envisaged, along with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, as one of the key pillars of post- World War II reconstruction and economic development. In Havana in 1948, the UN Conference on Trade and Employment concluded a draft charter for the ITO, known as the Havana Charter, which would have created extensive rules governing trade, investment, services, and business and employment practices. However, the United States failed to ratify the agreement. Meanwhile, an agreement to phase out the use of import quotas and to reduce tariffs on merchandise trade, negotiated by 23 countries in Geneva in 1947, came into force as the GATT on January 1, 1948.

Although the GATT was expected to be provisional, it was the only major agreement governing international trade until the creation of the WTO. The GATT system evolved over 47 years to become a de facto global trade organization that eventually involved approximately 130 countries. Through various negotiating rounds, the GATT was extended or modified by numerous supplementary codes and arrangements, interpretations, waivers, reports by dispute-settlement panels, and decisions of its council.

During negotiations ending in 1994, the original GATT and all changes to it introduced prior to the Uruguay Round were renamed GATT 1947. This set of agreements was distinguished from GATT 1994, which comprises the modifications and clarifications negotiated during the Uruguay Round (referred to as "Understandings") plus a dozen other multilateral agreements on merchandise trade. GATT 1994 became an integral part of the agreement that established the WTO. Other core components include the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), which attempted to supervise and liberalize trade; the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), which sought to improve protection of intellectual property across borders; the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes, which established rules for resolving conflicts between members; the Trade Policy Review Mechanism, which documented national trade policies and assessed their conformity with WTO rules; and four plurilateral agreements, signed by only a subset of the WTO membership, on civil aircraft, government procurement, dairy products, and bovine meat (though the latter two were terminated at the end of 1997 with the creation of related WTO committees). These agreements were signed in Marrakech, Morocco, in April 1994, and, following their ratification, the contracting parties to the GATT treaty became charter members of the WTO. By the 2020s the WTO had more than 160 members.

Objectives and operation

The WTO has six key objectives: (1) to set and enforce rules for international trade, (2) to provide a forum for negotiating and monitoring further trade liberalization, (3) to resolve trade disputes, (4) to increase the transparency of decision-making processes, (5) to cooperate with other major international economic institutions involved in global economic management, and (6) to help developing countries benefit fully from the global trading system. Although shared by the GATT, in practice these goals have been pursued more comprehensively by the WTO. For example, whereas the GATT focused almost exclusively on goods-though much of agriculture and textiles were excluded-the WTO encompasses all goods, services, and intellectual property, as well as some investment policies. In addition, the permanent WTO Secretariat, which replaced the interim GATT Secretariat, has strengthened and formalized mechanisms for reviewing trade policies and settling disputes. Because many more products are covered under the WTO than under the GATT and because the number of member countries and the extent of their participation has grown steadily-the combined share of international trade of WTO members now exceeds 90 percent of the global total-open access to markets has increased substantially.

The rules embodied in both the GATT and the WTO serve at least three purposes. First, they attempt to protect the interests of small and weak countries against discriminatory trade practices of large and powerful countries. The WTO's most-favoured-nation and national-treatment articles stipulate that each WTO member must grant equal market access to all other members and that both domestic and foreign suppliers must be treated equally. Second, the rules require members to limit trade only through tariffs and to provide market access not less favourable than that specified in their schedules (i.e., the commitments that they agreed to when they were granted WTO membership or subsequently). Third, the rules are designed to help governments resist lobbying efforts by domestic interest groups seeking special favours. Although some exceptions to the rules have been made, their presence and replication in the core WTO agreements were intended to ensure that the worst excesses would be avoided. By thus bringing greater certainty and predictability to international markets, it was thought, the WTO would enhance economic welfare and reduce political tensions.

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World Trade Organization (WTO) | History & Facts

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World Trade Organization (WTO), international organization established to supervise and liberalize world trade. The WTO is the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which was created in 1947 in the expectation that it would soon be replaced by a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) to be called the International Trade Organization (ITO).

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It gave people around the world to be able to connect and converse with each other and a way to share culture and ideas with them allowing creativity to flow.

Source - https://www.britannica.com/topic/Facebook

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Areas affected - Syria

While the people of Syria were protesting against their government, the people found out a minor was killed and they’ve had enough and they start demanding reforms and they’re still fighting this war.

Source - https://www.britannica.com/event/Syrian-Civil-War/Uprising-in-Syria-2011

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Cambridge Analytica goes bankrupt (2018)

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Cambridge Analytica goes bankrupt (2018)

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It had gotten out Cambridge Analytica buy data from Facebook, and it helped bring attention to people on how they have to be careful when agreeing to things online

Source - https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/05/02/607782799/cambridge-analytica-is-shutting-down-after-facebook-data-controversy