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Paraphrasing is a technique in academic writing and research that involves rephrasing an idea or information in one's own words, enhancing understanding, providing clarity, and preventing plagiarism.

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To show an advanced level of skill to demonstrate an understanding of the text. Also, use other ideas to express in your way.

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In a citation, it is the author and year that is required (NB direct quotes also require a page number).

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In a citation, it is the author and year that is required (NB direct quotes also require a page number).

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If included as part of the sentence, then: Author (year of publication).

At the end of the sentence that summarises the text taken, it's inside parentheses: (Author, year of publication).

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Paraphrasing involves rewording original text, but it's crucial to acknowledge the source and avoid plagiarism. Paraphrasers must handle borrowed ideas with respect and integrity, ensuring proper citation and reference.

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1. To identify the key information and purpose.

2. Rearrange the words and thoughts in the sentence

3. If necessary, replace words with synonyms

4. Organise the sentence in grammatical form.

5. If need to add a detail about where the information came from.

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Don’t paraphrase without really reading and understanding the source. You can’t paraphrase an idea that you don’t fully understand

Don’t change the meaning of ideas or take them out of context

Don’t change only a few words in a sentence

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Original Sentence: "According to recent studies, climate change has led to an increase in the frequency and intensity of natural disasters."
Paraphrase: "Recent research indicates that the occurrence and severity of natural calamities have risen due to climate change" (Smith, 2018).

Original Sentence: "In conclusion, our company strategy emphasizes customer satisfaction above all, leading to sustainable growth in the long run."
Paraphrase: "To sum up, our business approach prioritizes meeting customer needs, driving continuous expansion in the foreseeable future" (Brown, 2020).

Original Sentence: "According to Johnson (2020), effective leadership is essential in facilitating organizational success. Leaders who possess excellent communication skills and the ability to motivate employees tend to achieve higher levels of productivity and job satisfaction among their teams."

Paraphrase: Johnson (2020) emphasizes that effective leadership plays a pivotal role in driving organizational success. Leaders who exhibit superior communication abilities and possess motivational skills are likely to witness increased levels of productivity and job satisfaction within their workgroups.

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:Idea-focused: non-integral citations

Place the author(s) and date(s) in parentheses at an appropriate place.

Holland (2018) discusses mood stabilising medications …

OR

A patient's mood can be supported with medications (Holland, 2018).

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In-text Example

Holland (2018) discusses mood stabilising medications …

OR

In her recent guide, Holland (2018) explored the pharmacokinetics of mood stabilising medications …

OR

A patient's mood can be supported with medications (Holland, 2018).

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Stein and Hollen (2020) has produced an excellent guide to developing your clinical skills knowledge.

OR

Understanding the process is an essential component in developing nursing skills (Stein and Hollen, 2020).

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The first time the citation is used, all three authors need to be identified, then subsequently list only the first author and use the abbreviation ‘et al.’ meaning ‘and others’. Please ensure you include the full stop after ‘et al.’

1st time of use:

Lister, Hofland and Grafton (2020) explore a wide range of clinical nursing procedures.

OR

A wide range of clinical nursing procedures is explored (Lister, Hofland and Grafton, 2020).

2nd and subsequent uses:

Lister et al. (2020) explore a wide range of clinical nursing procedures.

OR

A wide range of clinical nursing procedures is explored (Lister et al., 2020).

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Where-ever the citation is used (including the first time), use the ‘et al.’

1st and subsequent uses:

Drover et al. (2019) discusses the risk of chest infections in wind instrument musicians.

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If there is no author identified, you can use the abbreviation 'Anon' to mean anonymous.

An update on immunization recommendations states that all children should be offered the triple MMR vaccine (Anon., 1998).

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Multiple works in the same year by the same author

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Multiple works in the same year by the same author

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Add the letters a,b,c etc to distinguish between the different sources in both the citation and the corresponding reference in the reference list.

Petty (2021a) reports on the contributions from neonatal nurses of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. A mixed-methods approach was taken to explore the contribution of arts-based digital storytelling to understanding parental experiences of neonatal care (Petty, 2021b).

Compare the use of a,b,c in this citation example, with how the reference list would look.

This can be found in the “Journals … Multiple publications by the same authors in the same year” page.

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Multiple citations to support the same information

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Multiple citations to support the same information

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These need to be placed in date order with the most recent first. Separate each citation using a semicolon, eg …

A number of research studies identify… (Smith et al., 2021; Jones, 2020; Dodds and Curry, 2008).

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Short quotations are those under 20 words and need to be written as part of the text in the paragraph, but surrounded by quotation marks.

Longer quotations are more than 20-25 words. These need to be written separately in their own paragraph and indented. Quotations marks may or may not be needed - check with your local school (SHS requires quotation marks).

Direct quote citation

Where a direct quote is given, the origin of the quote should be acknowledged including the page number of the document at the end of the citation.

(Author, year of publication, page no.)

The first priority is to "Treat people as individuals and uphold their dignity" (NMC, 2015, p6).

e-book quotations

If the e-book has page numbers, then use these as if it was a paper copy. If there are no page numbers, then you need to indicate how far through the book the quote is. There are a couple of ways you could do this:

Percentages: (Smith, 2020, 50%) eg 50% would be exactly halfway.

Chapters: (Smith, 2020, ch 2) the quote would be from chapter 2.