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From the beginning to the end of October 1848, 1.(Symbolic actions/Dramatic events)Vienna switched between revolution and counterrevolution, with one element or another gaining influence over the others. 2.(Role of Force)the Habsburgs and their government became so concerned about how matters were going that they fled Vienna. The emperor created a new constitution for the legislature, but when the legislature met in June it rejected this constitution in favor of one that promised to be more democratic. As the legislature debated various issues over the summer and Fall, the Habsburgs and their supporters regrouped both their confidence and their strength, and on October 31 3. (Dual Sovereignty)the army retook Vienna and executed a number of the city’s leaders. By this time the legislature had removed itself to Kremsier in the province of Moravia, where it continued to work on a constitution. 4. (Moderate Attain power)It finished its work there, issued its document, and was promptly overruled and dismissed by the emperor.

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Britannica.com.¨Austria-Hungary revolution¨
Karl A. Roider, Reinhold F. Wagnleitner.

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Austria - Constitutional Reform, 1860-67

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Austria - Constitutional Reform, 1860-67: Internally, the defeats in Italy convinced Francis Joseph that neoabsolutism had failed. Clamour for economic, political, and even military rejuvenation became irresistible. In March 1860 Francis Joseph ordered that the Reichsrat, an empirewide, purely advisory council of state, be enlarged by the addition of 38 members proposed by the provincial diets and selected by the crown. Its main task was to advise the emperor on the composition of a new constitution. The body divided into two groups rather quickly. One, made up mostly of German-speaking delegates, wished to create a strong central parliament and to continue to restrict the power

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.an urge for more freedoms and participation in government, rising nationalism, social problems(1.Class antagonism) brought on by the Industrial Revolution, and increasing hunger caused by harvest failures in the mid-1840s, (2. Economically weak)which the government couldn´t support after their debt, all contributed to growing unrest, which the Habsburg monarchy did not escape. Citizens did not enjoy the new situation caused by the government and many nobles left the country(Intellectuals desert old regime)

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Ohio University,October 6th 2023,https://www.ohio.edu

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Table of Contributors Table of Contents Return to Encyclopedia Home Page

October Revolution in Vienna

October Revolution in Vienna On October 6, in Vienna, after the revolutionary fighting and unrest in Frankfurt/Main and other towns in central and south Germany, began the biggest popular uprising in the German Confederation during the autumn phase of the revolution of 1848. The rebellion began when Austrian soldiers refused to fight against the revolutionary Hungary. Within a few hours a revolutionary movement arose in that long politically heated town among, in particular among workers, craftsmen, and students. The rage of the people focused especially on the government quarters and on the counterrevolutionary troops which people feared would advance on progressive forces in the capitol following the defeat of the revolution in Italy and the move into Hungary. Thus, on October 6, the seat of government in the ministry of war was stormed. As a result of this assault the Minister Theodor Baillet von Latour was killed. The government (with the exception of the Minister of Finance Philipp von Krauss) and the emperor fled to Olmütz. These events brought about a risky confrontation. In Vienna the city council took power and drew on revolutionary workers, citizens and students for support. The Viennese revolutionaries of Vienna declared their solidarity with the Hungarian people, but underestimated the importance of the Slavs' struggle of liberation. The Reichstag meeting in Vienna, was indecisive between the revolution and old regime, but its majority increasingly sided with the government.

The government camp rallied around the military and the aristocracy those forces interested in tough measures against the revolution and in the full restoration of the Hapsburg power in the Reich. On October 17, Field Marshall Alfred Candid von Windischgrätz received the order to put down the insurrection. Under his command were also the troops deployed in Hungary under the Croatian army leader Joseph Jellachich de Buzim. On October 23, a force of 70,000 imperial soldiers completed the siege of Vienna. The defenders of the capitol were able to muster an armed force of 30,000 to 40,0 00 men (mobile guard, academic legion, revolutionary corps) under the command of Cesar Wenzel Messenhauser, but many of the fighters were poorly armed or untrained. The insurgents'only chance would have been reinforcements from outside or military relief from Hungary. But the only deputation arriving in Vienna was a group of four deputies from the Frankfurt national assembly led by Robert Blum, whose arrival in Vienna was only moral support for the insurgents. On October 26, the suburbs were under fire. After a three-day struggle, the besiegers stood on the fortifications of the inner city. The defenders put up courageous resistance in their almost hopeless struggle, especially when their hopes were aroused by the approach of the Hungarian army. But with the Hungarians' defeat at Schwechat on October 30, the Viennese insurgents' last hope vanished. The number of army casualties included some 200 dead; around two thousand revolutionaries lost their lives. There was looting and ransacking . The leaders of the uprising were court martialed, nineteen of them sentenced to death. Robert Blum, the leader of the left in the Frankfurt national assembly, died first.

The October uprising was the Viennese workers and students' last revolutionary act during the revolution of 1848/49. The defeat cleared the way for re-establishment of Hapsburg power and its renewal.
Günther Hildebrandt
Bibliography

Helmuth Grössing, Der Kampf um Wien im Oktober 1848 "Militärhistorische Schriftenreihe" 23 Vienna, 1973.

Wolfgang Häusler, Von der Massenarmut zur Arbeiterbewegung: Demokratie un Soziale Frage in der Wiener Revolution von 1848 Vienna/Munich 1979.

Maren Seliger and Karl Ucakar, Wien. Politische Geschichte 1740-1934 I (1740-1895), Vienna/Munich 1985.

Table of Contributors Table of Contents Return to Encyclopedia Home Page

JGC revised this file ( http://www.ohiou.edu/~chastain/rz/octrevnv.htm) on October 27, 2004

Please E-mail comments or suggestions to chastain@www.ohiou.edu

© 1999, 2004 James Chastain.

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Table of Contributors Table of Contents Return to Encyclopedia Home Page October Revolution in Vienna On October 6, in Vienna, after the revolutionary fighting and unrest in Frankfurt/Main and other towns in central and south Germany, began the biggest popular uprising in the German Confederation during the autumn phase of the revolution of 1848.

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Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (n.d.). Revolution and counterrevolution, 1848–59. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Austria/Revolution-and-counterrevolution-1848-59

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1. During the tumultuous Austrian Revolution crisis stage, a radical transformation unfolded as a small but fervent group of dedicated radicals orchestrated a coup d'état, seizing control of the reins of power.

2. With discipline and determination, these radicals ushered in an era marked by their governance, introducing sweeping changes that reverberated across the nation. The revolution was not confined to ideological shifts; it also manifested in the form of both civil and foreign conflicts, thrusting Austria into the throes of war.

3. In the midst of this chaos, the centralization of power became evident as a Revolutionary Council, dominated by a strongman figure, emerged as the epicenter of decision-making.

4. The consolidation of authority in the hands of a select few intensified, leading to a coercive atmosphere where forced conformity prevailed. Those who resisted the ideological currents faced punishment, exemplifying the radical measures employed to mold the nation according to the vision of the newly empowered regime.

The Austrian Revolution crisis stage was definded by radical take over and centralized power and the measures for nonconformity left a mark on the nation's history.

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1. In the aftermath of the Austrian Revolution's tumultuous crisis stage, the nation embarked on a phase of recovery marked by a slow and uneven return to quieter times. This period, akin to a convalescence from the fever of revolution, witnessed the gradual restoration of stability and the re-establishment of societal order.

2. As the pendulum swung away from radical governance, moderates once again ascended to power, steering the country towards a new equilibrium. This era was characterized by the establishment of fresh norms, fostering a delicate balance between divergent factions that had emerged during the revolutionary fervor.

3. Amid this post-crisis landscape, a palpable sense of aggressive nationalism permeated the air, as the nation sought to redefine its identity and assert its autonomy on the international stage.

4. The resolution of the revolution unfolded as the moderates, now at the helm, sought to implement the intended changes that had fueled the revolutionary fervor.

In summary, the paragraph covers the slow and uneven return to calm after the revolution, the re-emergence of moderate rule, the establishment of new norms between factions, the presence of aggressive nationalism, and the resolution phase involving the implementation of intended changes.