# data[].attributes.body
Revolution in thought is caused by some abnormality of some kind in the evolution of human technology that causes a need or want for an innovation of some kind. This is demonstrated by the quote, "Another reason is that Islam is one of the few religions in human history in which scientific procedures are necessary for religious ritual, Dr. David King, a historian of science at Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt, pointed out in his book." (Overbye)." Essentially, this quote is stating how Muslim is one of the few religions where challenging astrology is actually encouraged.

# data[].attributes.body
Causes for Revolution:

The invasion of northern territories by the Song. The expansion of the Song dynasty in size.

War, threat of invasion.

Ms. Waller: Do you mean fear of invasion from the north?

Types of Innovations:

Military advancements such as gunpowder, steel, and iron, along with paper.

Sustainment of Revolution/End of Revolution:

A long period of peace, a need for change such as increasing population, conflict such as war, and support from a strong power backing the revolution all allow a revolution in thought to sustain. Invasion, rejection, and fear with no backing from a power can cause an end to a revolution in thought.

Ms. Waller: HOW was the Song Dynasty supportive? Did the revolution in thought end? If so, how?

# data[].attributes.body
In the Islamic Empire, a couple innovations were in medicine and astrology. The Islamic people had amazing innovations in medicine due to the fact that medicine did not interfere with their religion. Historians have figured out, "The Islamic people were surgically removing cataracts before modern medicine was even suggested." (Islam: Empire of Faith) Another demonstration of innovation is that the Islamic Empire figured out that the earth revolved around the sun. (Overbye)

# data[].attributes.body
Causes for Revolution:

The splitting of catholic with the protestant reformation, the enlightenment. The crusades.

Types of Innovations:

Philosophical and astronomical ideology, although it was rejected by The Catholic Church for a long time.

Sustainment of Revolution/End of Revolution:

A long period of peace, a need for change such as increasing population, conflict such as war, and support from a strong power backing the revolution all allow a revolution in thought to sustain. Invasion, rejection, and fear with no backing from a power can cause an end to a revolution in thought.

# data[].attributes.headline
Sustaining Revolutions in Thought - “Is there a way to prevent revolutions in thought from ending?”

# data[].attributes.subject
Sustaining Revolutions in Thought - “Is there a way to prevent revolutions in thought from ending?”

# data[].attributes.body
Based on the three societies we have viewed, there is a way to prevent revolutions in thought from ending. This occurs when there is conflict, but not too much conflict to the point where it's a devastating blow. This is shown through Europe. Europe had internal conflicts prior to the protestant reformation, which almost delayed their revolution in thought for some time, while the other two societies were devastated by nations from northern Asia, such as the Mongols for the Islamic Empire. Europe on the other hand, did not experience any large-scale invasions by any other nation, which combined with the internal conflicts created a point of equilibrium where there was a constant need for change, but there wasn't anything external suppressing it. In the case of the Islamic Empire though, Islam ended due to the Mongol invasion, as seen in this quote, "Among other things, the Islamic empire began to be whittled away in the 13th century by Crusaders from the West and Mongols from the East." (Overbye)

# data[].attributes.body
Causes for Revolution:

Scientific process developed, working in unison on various different things such as searching for ancient writings. War. Invasion. Geography; trade invasion.

Crusades, War, House of Wisdom

Ms. Waller: But HOW did conflict lead to revolutions in thought? What role did geography play?

Types of Innovations:

Paper, Philosophical research, surgery/medicine practice.

Sustainment of Revolution/End of Revolution:

A long period of peace, a need for change such as increasing population, conflict such as war, and support from a strong power backing the revolution all allow a revolution in thought to sustain. Invasion, rejection, and fear with no backing from a power can cause an end to a revolution in thought.

Ms. Waller: HOW was the authority supportive of innovation?

# data[].attributes.body
A successful revolution in thought is caused by conflict, is sustained by backing from a constant power by that power, and evidenced by innovations in medicine and astrology as seen in the Islamic Empire.

# data[].attributes.body
Similarities in Causes of Revolution:

All the civilizations involve a conflict whether it be invading other civilizations or being invaded (Islamic Empire).

Similarities in types of Revolutions:

All of the civilizations slowly start to innovate in similar ways around the same time. For example, China and the Islamic empire both discovered paper around the same time.

Similarities in the sustainment/ending of a revolution:

All the successful revolutions in thought were supported by a backing power. For example the Islamic Empire’s house of wisdom supported science rather than rejecting it. Both the Song Dynasty and the Islamic Empire were ended by an invasion.

# data[].attributes.body
Differences in Causes of Revolution:

The Islamic empire had a religion that supported scientific discoveries, whereas the Europeans did not.

Differences in Types of Revolutions:

Each of the different nations had to diverge down their own path. For example, the Islamic empire did not need iron or steel as they were a peaceful nation, along with gunpowder. As for the Song Dynasty, it was based around Conquering, along with being built on fear from invasion from the north, so they didn’t really have time to focus on medicine and astrology.

Differences in the sustainment/ending of a revolution:

The reason Europe kept going was because unlike the other nations, it was not invaded, rather, in the case of the Islamic Empire, they were the invaders.

# data[].attributes.body
All the societies have a cause based on conflict. In the Islamic Empire, while they were peaceful, had been invaded. For example, the Crusades was a cause in Revolution in thought for the Islamic Empire. The Crusades caused advancements such as actual sharing of Scientific knowledge between society. The conflict cause of the Song Dynasty was the invasion of northern territories. Once they had the territory they desired, out of fear of invasion from even farther northern territories, they developed weapons made from iron and steel. Finally, for Europe, the crusades allowed ideas to be shared between western Europe and the Islamic Empire.

# data[].attributes.body
Europe had Philosophical and Astronomical innovations, but they were rejected by religion for a while. This lack of a backing power caused the innovations to not be taken seriously until the protestant reformation, when slowly religion lost the ability to actually kill people based on their ideology. Whereas in the Song Dynasty and the Islamic Empire, there was a constant backing power during these innovations. For the Song, everyone was in complete agreement that out of fear of invasion from the north, they needed to develop better weapon materials, thus came Iron and Steel. Similar to the Song in the sense that a backing power actually supported the nation, the Islamic Empire had Philosophical and Astronomical advancements that did not interfere with religion, so the house of wisdom was in full support of the innovations.

# data[].attributes.body
Red- Islam

Yellow- Song

Green- Europe

Blue- Thesis

# data[].attributes.headline
Connections in the End of Revolutions in Thought

# data[].attributes.subject
Connections in the End of Revolutions in Thought

# data[].attributes.body
The end of all revolutions in thought really comes down to one thing. A powerful blow from another nation. In the case of Islam, this would be the combination of both the crusades and the Mongol invasion.