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Video Spotlight: Radical Republicans 1860s

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Video Spotlight: Radical Republicans 1860s

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Predict the outcome if the Radical Reconstruction succeeded?

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Black codes were codes that limited the rights of Black Americans in the 1860s. These codes  were made before Jim Crow laws were passed but eventually lead to the Supreme Court ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson which was the birth of “separate but equal” establishments. Discrimination and segregation was legal in places such as schools, public transport, restaurants and other public spaces. This would last until the Civil Rights Act of 1964. A retaliation against Reconstruction was to heavily limit voting opportunities for black men by doing things such as creating the literacy test, which was applied by a white county clerk. The documents that black people had to read were far more difficult than the texts white people had to read. By 1940, only 3% of Black people were registered to vote, unlike before reconstruction, when their percentage was at 90%. Segregation became way more prominent, which led to the beginning of the Jim Crow Era.

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Content Summary: Sharecropping & Tenant Farming (1861-1865)

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Content Summary: Sharecropping & Tenant Farming (1861-1865)

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Sharecropping was an agricultural labor system that developed throughout the south during the reconstruction era after the Civil war (1861-1865). Laborers with no land of their own worked on farm plots owned by other landowners, and at the end of the season, the landowners would pay their workers a share of the crops. The contract labor system, administered by the freedmen’s bureau, was designed to create labor deals between white landowners and former enslaved people. Sharecropping developed as a system that benefited both parties; Landowners could have access to the large labor force necessary to grow cotton, but they didn’t need to pay their workers money. The workers were free to negotiate a place to work and could possibly save enough profit at the end of the year to buy their own land or their own equipment. Unlike sharecroppers, Tenant farmers frequently owned their equipment supplies, and  also received between two-thirds and three-quarters of the harvest. Tenanted farms ranged from more than 40 percent of the  counties located in the northeastern mountains of Georgia to less than 20 percent for the cotton belt of eastern Piedmont Georgia. Tenancy had always shown economic flexibility in the cotton belt, but after the Civil war, tenanted farms became the main principle of controlling labor. During and after reconstruction, tenancy rates increased in majority white areas. After the Civil war, tenancy farming became a dead end for both White and black Southerners.

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Late 1862, President Lincoln and congress began to consider how the union would be reunited if the North won the Civil War. In December, President Lincoln proposed a reconstruction program that would allow confederate states to establish new state governments after 10 percent of their male population took loyalty oaths. This was known as Lincoln’s 10 percent plan. Senator Benjamin F. Wade and Representative Henry Winter Davis proposed a more stringent law in February 1864. The Wade- Davis Reconstruction Bill would also have abolished slavery, but it required 50 percent of a state’s white male take a loyalty oath to the United States to be readmitted to the union. Congress passed the Wade-Davis bill, but president  Lincoln chose to sign it, killing the bill with a pocket veto. Lincoln continued to advocate tolerance and speed in plans for the reconstruction of the union in opposition congress. After Lincoln’s assassination, Congress imposed harsher reconstruction requirements first advocated in the Wade-Davis Bill.

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U.S. History | 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments

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Video Spotlight: Reconstruction Amendments (13, 14, 15) 1865

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Video Spotlight: Reconstruction Amendments (13, 14, 15) 1865

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U.S. History | 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments

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Content Summary: The Ku Klux Klan (1865)

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Content Summary: The Ku Klux Klan (1865)

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The Ku klux Klan was founded in 1865, shortly after the Civil War ended. This organization was a secret organization that used white disguises to commit hate crimes against African Americans in the night. This group heavily enforced white supremacy in Southern states by using intimidation and violence to scare African Americans. This was mainly to prevent black men from voting in the south, as they were firmly against reconstruction. Lynchings were common in this era, and the Klan targeted officeholders and their supporters as a fear tactic as well. In 1871, anti-Klan laws were passed which allowed the president (Ulysses S. Grant) to declare martial law. Although martial law was never fully implemented, state militias broke up Klan chapters. 9 counties in South Carolina were placed under martial law and some people were arrested. After Reconstruction ended in 1877, Jim Crow laws were put in place which caused black voters to be basically blocked from registering and voting. The Klan disbanded because of laws and because their goals had been met, but made a reappearance in the early 20th century, with new targets due to the influx of Catholic and Jewish immigrants from eastern Europe.

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What changes would make to revise the reconstruction amendments?

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Morehouse University was founded during reconstruction in 1867. It was originally called Augusta Institute and it’s founders are William J. White and Richard C. Coulter. This institution was given support from the American Baptist Home Mission Society, which was an organization that helped in the development of black colleges in the 19th century. During its beginning years, it had a tough financial situation even leading to multiple temporary closures. There was also trouble with the disapproving white people of Augusta as well. In 1871, the institute began to become stable and the school continued to collect fundraising which allowed it to relocate into Atlanta in 1879. That location was not ideal because of excessive noise from a neighboring railroad yard, so they relocated again in 1885 to Atlanta’s West End neighborhood. In 1897, the name as again changed to Atlanta Baptist College, and in this period the school had a boost of excellence and had the atmosphere of a true college. In 1906, John Hope became president and during his presidency, the college increased its course offerings, facilities, and earned a good reputation of academic excellence. In 1913, the school changed its name finally to Morehouse College to honor Henry L. Morehouse, the secretary of the American Baptist Home Mission Society. Finally, in 1929, Morehouse affiliated with Atlanta University and Spelman college, offering 2 undergraduate institutions and a graduate school for black students who were denied entrance to souther universities.

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Scalawags, Carpetbaggers, and Reconstruction: A Quantitative Look at Southern Congressional Politics, 1868-1872 on JSTOR

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Scholarly Article: Carpetbaggers and Scalawags (1868-1872)

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Scholarly Article: Carpetbaggers and Scalawags (1868-1872)

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Scalawags, Carpetbaggers, and Reconstruction: A Quantitative Look at Southern Congressional Politics, 1868-1872 on JSTOR

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Peter Kolchin, Scalawags, Carpetbaggers, and Reconstruction: A Quantitative Look at Southern Congressional Politics, 1868-1872, The Journal of Southern History, Vol. 45, No. 1 (Feb., 1979), pp. 63-76

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Content Summary: Legislator Hiram R. Revels 1870

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Content Summary: Legislator Hiram R. Revels 1870

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Hiram Rhodes Revels was a politician who became the first African American to serve in the U.S senate , representing Mississippi during Reconstruction and a member of the Republican Party. He was born from free parents and moved to Indiana and Illinois for education.  After the war, Revels settled in Mississippi to preach to a large congregation. He entered into politics and was appointed by the military governor as alderman and was later elected to the state senate. He supported legislation that would have stored the power to vote and to hold office to disenfranchised members of the former confederacy. In January 1870, he was elected to the U.S. Senate. During his term he advocated for desegregation in schools and on the railroads. While leaving the Senate in 1871, Revels became president of Alcorn agricultural and Mechanical college and opened the institution of higher education for African Americans. In 1857, He helped overturn the Republican government of Mississippi, defending his actions on the grounds that too many politicians in that party were corrupt.