# data[].attributes.headline
Nuclear Arms Race, Cold War, McCarthyism, The Red Scare

# data[].attributes.subject
Nuclear Arms Race, Cold War, McCarthyism, The Red Scare

# data[].attributes.headline
Sherry, Bennet. “Arms Race, Space Race.”Khan Academy

# data[].attributes.subject
Sherry, Bennet. “Arms Race, Space Race.”Khan Academy

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/whp-origins/era-7-the-great-convergence-and-divergence-1880-ce-to-the-future/x23c41635548726c4:other-materials-origins-era-7/a/arms-race-space-race#:~:text=The%20resulting

%20arms%20race%20shaped,neither%20would%20risk%20an%20attack.

Bennet Sherry talks about how the two superpowers in the Cold War raced to build the most destructive nuclear weapons in history. He explains what great significance this had from WWII to the Cold War and how the Nuclear Arms race trailed into the Space Race. The United States were the ones who controlled every Nuclear Weapon in the world from 1945 to 1949, however that ended when the Soviet Union tested its first atomic bomb. Bennet Sherry holds a PhD in history from the University of Pittsburgh. He has taught world history, human rights, and the Middle East to undergraduate students at the University of Pittsburgh and the University of Maine at Augusta. He works as a research associate at the Pitt’s World History Center. Bennett writes about refugees and international organizations in the twentieth century.

"Red scare." Vocabulary.com Dictionary, Vocabulary.com, https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/red scare. Accessed 22 Jan. 2024.

https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/red%20scare#:~:text=The%20most%20well%2Dknown%20red,communists%20or%20labeled%20communists%20themselves.

The source says how to use the expression “red scare” and its definition. It mentions that the term "red scare" refers to a historical period when a group or government sparked widespread fear of communism, such as McCarthyism in the 1940s. This led to people being blacklisted or put on job lists, highlighting the historical connection between color and communism. Vocabulary.com is a website and Chrome app that aids children in enhancing their vocabulary skills through personalized quizzes that adjust over time. The website has many good ratings of students & teachers that have used it explaining how helpful the website is. It focuses on the process that involves identifying the words a student needs to learn and working on them through various questions until they achieve mastery.

“Einstein and the Nuclear Arms Race: AMNH.” American Museum of Natural History, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/einstein/peace-and-war/nuclear-arms-race#:~:text=Initially%2C%20only%20the%20United%20States,powerful%20weapon%3A%20the%20hydrogen%20bomb. Accessed 21 Jan. 2024.

https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/einstein/peace-and-war/nuclear-arms-race#:~:text=Initially%2C%20only%20the%20United%20States,powerful%20weapon%3A%20the%20hydrogen%20bomb.

In this article, the writers describe how with a focus on Eastern Europe, the Cold War broke out between the US and the Soviet Union following the end of World War II in 1945. Although the US had atomic weapons at first, an arms race began after the Soviet Union detonated an atomic bomb in 1949. In order to stop future wars, Einstein advocated for international collaboration and disarmament. Through a broad program of scientific research, education, and exhibition, the Museum has advanced its global goal to discover, interpret, and share information about human cultures, the natural world, and the universe since its founding in 1869.

History.com Editors. “Arms Race.” HISTORY, A&E Television Networks, October 14, 2009

https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/arms-race

The writers of the History.com website informs the definition of what an arms race means, context of the Cold War and the specific details of the arms race in the Cold War, the Nuclear Arms Race. It is discussed how after WWI many countries had taken an interest in arms control, which was then the Arms Control Efforts Failed. They also include information about how much concern the United States had when the theory of the Missile Gap exploded throughout the 1950’s. The US increased atomic weaponry to discourage Soviet communist expansion, but the Soviets’ 1949 atomic bomb test sparked the Cold War nuclear arms race. In order to create accurate and educational information, HISTORY.com works with a variety of authors and editors. Articles with “HISTORY.com Editors” bylines are frequently checked and updated by the team, including Amanda Onion, Missy Sullivan, Matt Mullen and Christian Zapata.

Schrecker, Ellen. “What is McCarthyism? And how did it happen? - Ellen Schrecker.” TED-ED, YouTube, March 14, 2017

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N35IugBYH04

Ellen Shrecker informs that a program to uncover suspected Communists led to the intensive investigation and questioning of thousands of people in front of government panels in the 1950’s. The McCarthyism phenomenon, so named for its most significant practitioner, wrecked lives and careers. Ellen Schrecker traces the history of McCarthyism, and thoroughly explains how the political repression takes off. American historian and writer Ellen Schrecker has written extensively on the subject of McCarthyism and higher education in the United States. After receiving her Ph.D. from Harvard, she taught at Princeton, NYU and Yeshiva University before joining the faculty at Yeshiva University, where she retired as a full professor.

Achter, Paul J.. "McCarthyism". Encyclopedia Britannica, 2 Jan. 2024,

https://www.britannica.com/event/McCarthyism.

Paul J. Achter describes all the main components of McCarthyism. He discusses the definition of McCarthyism and what exactly led to McCarthyism. He also talks about how it began, when and how McCarthyism ended and what the results of McCarthyism is. McCarthyism is the term used to describe the historical period in which the U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin conducted a number of hearings and investigations in the 1950s to uncover alleged communist infiltration of various branches of the American government. His accusations resulted in some people losing their jobs and others facing popular condemnation. Paul J. Achter was a chair of the Department of Rhetoric and Communication Studies. His contributions to Britannica were inspired by his work on SAGE Publications’ Encyclopedia of Political Communication (2008).

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Cold War". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Jan. 2024,

https://www.britannica.com/event/Cold-War

Britannica describes the events within the Cold War. They converse about its origins and the struggles on between two fighting sides. The Cold War was developed just after World War II as it was heavily carried out on political, economic, and propaganda fronts between the Soviet Union and the United States. The Soviets began to publicize their dominance around eastern Europe, the Americans and Great Britain fearing permanent dominance the war had solidified. The Cold War got its name by writer George Orwell when he predicted it would be a nuclear standoff in an article in 1945 between the two states. Britannica writes informational content from the latest to the earliest parts of history as they verify and edit from contributors.

National Archives “McCarthyism / The ‘Red Scare’, August 27. 1953,

https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/research/online

They show us both the meaning of McCarthyism and speeches given by Joseph McCarthy.

They speak about the meaning of McCarthyism also providing us information on who the word

was based off of, creating small and helpful background information. As we look more into the

site, They provided secondary sources that have speeches, articles, and newspapers from around

those times between the 1950-1960’s. National Archives are part of the government's executive

branch, giving readers information on history and government past records.

# data[].attributes.headline
Japanese internment camps, The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Robert Oppenheimer 

# data[].attributes.subject
Japanese internment camps, The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Robert Oppenheimer 

# data[].attributes.body
David Vergun “Army General and Physicist Helped Usher in the Atomic Age” U.S Department

of Defence news July 20, 2023 https://www.defense.gov/News/Feature-Stories/Story/Article/3464967/army-general-and-physicist-helped-usher-in-the-atomic-age/#:~:text=Both%20Groves%20and%20Oppenheimer%20had,successfully%20used%20later%20that%20year

This article contains information on how the world's first atomic bomb was created, through the top secret manhattan project in 1942. The article reveals how war general Leslie Groves, director of the manhattan project, recruits Robbert oppenheimer, future lead scientist of the manhattan project, as well as other scientists, to produce the atomic bomb. This source has high credibility since it comes from the U.S Department of Defense, an official U.S government website.

History.com Editors. “Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.” HISTORY, A&E Television

Networks, November 18, 2009, https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/bombing-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki

This source contains information about the Manhattan Project, the bombs “Little Boy” and “Fat Man”, and the results of the bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki. From this source, I used background information about both bombings, including the dates, and how many people ended up dying. I found out why the bombings occurred and why this project was called “The Manhattan Project”. I know that this source is credible because it has been around since 1995, and the same editors work on each writing piece: Amanda Onion, Missy Sullivan, Matt Mullen and Christian Zapata.

“Japanese Incarceration Camp Research Guide.” San Diego State University, SDSU               University Library, August 10 2023

It contains information about who started the camps, who was involved, why they started, and the time periods. It talks about the war and how these camps affected the people in them. Used information about who established the camps, why the camps were made, and when they were built and when they were shut down. I know this source is actually credible because they work with a variety of writers and editors to make their page accurate and credible. Their articles are regularly reviewed by their history.com team. They also list their sources of where they got their information from.

Salem, Linda.

https://libguides.sdsu.edu/JapaneseAmericanIncarceration.

History.com Editors. “Manhattan Project.” HISTORY, A&E Television Networks, July 26, 2017, https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/the-manhattan-project

This source contains background information about the Manhattan Project, how America declared war, information about Project Y, Robert Oppenheimer, and The Potsdam Conference. From this source, I used information about why the Manhattan Project started, as well as who initiated the project, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and his committee. I also learned about why the US decided to join WWII. I know that this source is credible because I’ve searched up research questions outside of this website, and I got the same answer/information that I found on this website. Also, this source was created only a couple of years ago in 2017, so I know it is not outdated.

Ushistory.org “The Manhattan Project'' U.S history online Textbook 2024

//www.ushistory.org/us/51f.asp

This source is all about how and why the Manhattan project started and goes into detail on what happened during the research, construction, and some of the aftermath. From this page

I learned that about 2 billion dollars went into the project when finally the trinity test, testing for the atomic bomb, was conducted in 1945 in Los Alamos. This particular website is owned by the Independence hall in Philadelphia, which was founded in 1942. Since its founding date goes very far back, they're information is most likely highly credible.

“J. Robert Oppenheimer: Life, Work, and Legacy” Institute for Advanced Study, 2024,

https://www.ias.edu/oppenheimer-legacy

“Japanese Internment Camps.” History.com, History.com Editors, October 29 2021

This article shows the significant and little events of Robert Oppenheimer's life from beginning to end. The most important event being his involvement in the manhattan project, the making of the first atomic bomb. This source showed me how Oppenhimer first became involved in the Manhattan Project and how it impacted society. The Institute for advanced study is a very distinguished center, having recorded many achievements among its scholars. They were founded in 1930 and have been recording historical data ever since then. Because of their high achieving and well respected background, they have shown to be very reliable sources.

History.com Editors.

https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/japanese-american-relocation.

“Japanese American Internment.” Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, January 5 2024,

It contains information about children's lives in camps and the different conditions that they were in. I used information about the trauma the children at the camps endured, loss of innocence, etc. I compared these childrens conditions in these camps to the conditions the boys in Lord of the Flies were in. Such as they had no way to escape, little food, isolation and more. I know this source is actually credible because they list primary and secondary sources. Linda Salem is the one who wrote the guide. This is written by San Diego State University and when something is written by a University it makes it more credible.

Tikkanen, Amy.

https://www.britannica.com/event/Japanese-American-internment.

It contains information about the things going on in the camps, pearl harbor, the government etc. I used information about Franklin D. Roosevelt and his part in the camps, the government’s part in sending people to these camps, civilians' viewpoints on this and more. I know this source is credible because it tells me the date it was published and the author. They have been around 250 years and 150 million plus students use the website.

# data[].attributes.headline
Sherry, Bennet. “Arms Race, Space Race.”Khan Academy

# data[].attributes.subject
Sherry, Bennet. “Arms Race, Space Race.”Khan Academy

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/whp-origins/era-7-the-great-convergence-and-divergence-1880-ce-to-the-future/x23c41635548726c4:other-materials-origins-era-7/a/arms-race-space-race#:~:text=The%20resulting

%20arms%20race%20shaped,neither%20would%20risk%20an%20attack.

Bennet Sherry talks about how the two superpowers in the Cold War raced to build the most destructive nuclear weapons in history. He explains what great significance this had from WWII to the Cold War and how the Nuclear Arms race trailed into the Space Race. The United States were the ones who controlled every Nuclear Weapon in the world from 1945 to 1949, however that ended when the Soviet Union tested its first atomic bomb. Bennet Sherry holds a PhD in history from the University of Pittsburgh. He has taught world history, human rights, and the Middle East to undergraduate students at the University of Pittsburgh and the University of Maine at Augusta. He works as a research associate at the Pitt’s World History Center. Bennett writes about refugees and international organizations in the twentieth century.

"Red scare." Vocabulary.com Dictionary, Vocabulary.com, https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/red scare. Accessed 22 Jan. 2024.

https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/red%20scare#:~:text=The%20most%20well%2Dknown%20red,communists%20or%20labeled%20communists%20themselves.

The source says how to use the expression “red scare” and its definition. It mentions that the term "red scare" refers to a historical period when a group or government sparked widespread fear of communism, such as McCarthyism in the 1940s. This led to people being blacklisted or put on job lists, highlighting the historical connection between color and communism. Vocabulary.com is a website and Chrome app that aids children in enhancing their vocabulary skills through personalized quizzes that adjust over time. The website has many good ratings of students & teachers that have used it explaining how helpful the website is. It focuses on the process that involves identifying the words a student needs to learn and working on them through various questions until they achieve mastery.

“Einstein and the Nuclear Arms Race: AMNH.” American Museum of Natural History, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/einstein/peace-and-war/nuclear-arms-race#:~:text=Initially%2C%20only%20the%20United%20States,powerful%20weapon%3A%20the%20hydrogen%20bomb. Accessed 21 Jan. 2024.

https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/einstein/peace-and-war/nuclear-arms-race#:~:text=Initially%2C%20only%20the%20United%20States,powerful%20weapon%3A%20the%20hydrogen%20bomb.

In this article, the writers describe how with a focus on Eastern Europe, the Cold War broke out between the US and the Soviet Union following the end of World War II in 1945. Although the US had atomic weapons at first, an arms race began after the Soviet Union detonated an atomic bomb in 1949. In order to stop future wars, Einstein advocated for international collaboration and disarmament. Through a broad program of scientific research, education, and exhibition, the Museum has advanced its global goal to discover, interpret, and share information about human cultures, the natural world, and the universe since its founding in 1869.

History.com Editors. “Arms Race.” HISTORY, A&E Television Networks, October 14, 2009

https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/arms-race

The writers of the History.com website informs the definition of what an arms race means, context of the Cold War and the specific details of the arms race in the Cold War, the Nuclear Arms Race. It is discussed how after WWI many countries had taken an interest in arms control, which was then the Arms Control Efforts Failed. They also include information about how much concern the United States had when the theory of the Missile Gap exploded throughout the 1950’s. The US increased atomic weaponry to discourage Soviet communist expansion, but the Soviets’ 1949 atomic bomb test sparked the Cold War nuclear arms race. In order to create accurate and educational information, HISTORY.com works with a variety of authors and editors. Articles with “HISTORY.com Editors” bylines are frequently checked and updated by the team, including Amanda Onion, Missy Sullivan, Matt Mullen and Christian Zapata.

Schrecker, Ellen. “What is McCarthyism? And how did it happen? - Ellen Schrecker.” TED-ED, YouTube, March 14, 2017

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N35IugBYH04

Ellen Shrecker informs that a program to uncover suspected Communists led to the intensive investigation and questioning of thousands of people in front of government panels in the 1950’s. The McCarthyism phenomenon, so named for its most significant practitioner, wrecked lives and careers. Ellen Schrecker traces the history of McCarthyism, and thoroughly explains how the political repression takes off. American historian and writer Ellen Schrecker has written extensively on the subject of McCarthyism and higher education in the United States. After receiving her Ph.D. from Harvard, she taught at Princeton, NYU and Yeshiva University before joining the faculty at Yeshiva University, where she retired as a full professor.

Achter, Paul J.. "McCarthyism". Encyclopedia Britannica, 2 Jan. 2024,

https://www.britannica.com/event/McCarthyism.

Paul J. Achter describes all the main components of McCarthyism. He discusses the definition of McCarthyism and what exactly led to McCarthyism. He also talks about how it began, when and how McCarthyism ended and what the results of McCarthyism is. McCarthyism is the term used to describe the historical period in which the U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin conducted a number of hearings and investigations in the 1950s to uncover alleged communist infiltration of various branches of the American government. His accusations resulted in some people losing their jobs and others facing popular condemnation. Paul J. Achter was a chair of the Department of Rhetoric and Communication Studies. His contributions to Britannica were inspired by his work on SAGE Publications’ Encyclopedia of Political Communication (2008).

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Cold War". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Jan. 2024,

https://www.britannica.com/event/Cold-War

Britannica describes the events within the Cold War. They converse about its origins and the struggles on between two fighting sides. The Cold War was developed just after World War II as it was heavily carried out on political, economic, and propaganda fronts between the Soviet Union and the United States. The Soviets began to publicize their dominance around eastern Europe, the Americans and Great Britain fearing permanent dominance the war had solidified. The Cold War got its name by writer George Orwell when he predicted it would be a nuclear standoff in an article in 1945 between the two states. Britannica writes informational content from the latest to the earliest parts of history as they verify and edit from contributors.

National Archives “McCarthyism / The ‘Red Scare’, August 27. 1953,

https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/research/online

They show us both the meaning of McCarthyism and speeches given by Joseph McCarthy.

They speak about the meaning of McCarthyism also providing us information on who the word

was based off of, creating small and helpful background information. As we look more into the

site, They provided secondary sources that have speeches, articles, and newspapers from around

those times between the 1950-1960’s. National Archives are part of the government's executive

branch, giving readers information on history and government past records.

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THe Stanford Prison Experiment, Herd Mentality, and Other/otherness

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THe Stanford Prison Experiment, Herd Mentality, and Other/otherness

# data[].attributes.body
1. Staszak, Jean-Francois. “Other/Otherness - University de Genéve” Unig.ch international Encyclopedia of Human Geography, 2008, https://www.unige.ch/sciences-societe/geo/files/3214/4464/7634/OtherOtherness.pdf

This article contains different aspects of the term other from a social standpoint. It talks about the definition, the origin, geographical use, ect. Most of my work was found from the definition portion and the historical portion of the article. I wanted to know what it meant and how it came to be what it is today. This source was made in 2008 which makes it 15 years old, it was made by a student at University de Genéve, A collagen in France. They received their information from other universities like Duke and Yale.

2. Brodwin, Erin. “A Stanford Psychology Experiment That Went Very Wrong Hints at Something Really Disturbing about Humans at Their Core.” Business Insider, Business Insider, 19 July 2015, https://www.businessinsider.com/psychology-of-the-stanford-prison-experiment-2015-7

This source contains most of what you need to know about the Stanford prison experiment. It talks about the time it started, when and why it ended. It tells us who created the idea to start an experiment like this one. This source helped me tell the abusive side of what happened, how the soldiers were treated, and how they acted in response. This source was made in 2015, which is roughly around 9 years ago. They show pictures and use quotes from real artifacts that are shown in the articles.

3. Mcleod, Saul. “Stanford Prison Experiment: Zimbardo’s Famous Study.” Simply Psychology, 17 Nov. 2023, https://www.simplypsychology.org/zimbardo.html#:~:text=Zimbardo%20(1973)

This source contains the “legal” part of the Stanford Experiment. It talks about the questions the prisoners were asked, and the procedures they had in place in case there was an escapee or a fire, ect. This source was used to find background for the Experiment. The day it started, when it ended, why it ended, who created it, ect. This source was last updated on November 17, 2023

4. Ohwovoriole, Toketemu. “How Herd Mentality Explains Our Behavior .” Verywell Mind, Verywell Mind, 4 May 2023, https://www.verywellmind.com/how-herd-mentality-explains-our-behavior-7487018

This source contains what Herd Mentality is and how it has to do with lots and lots of peoples lives, You might even see some of these things in yourself or others. It tells us how you can see Herd Mentality in others like if they copy trends, beliefs, behaviors, attitudes and more just to  follow a specific group even if they dont 100% agree with them, people do this so they don't feel left out and lonely.

Zevallos, Dr Zuleyka. “Indigenous Sovereignty and Responses to COVID-19.” The Other Sociologist, 22 May 2021, https://othersociologist.com/

This source talks about other/otherness in the modern world, primarily during the pandemic. She uses other/otherness to separate people in many ways. I used this to show how people can be separated in more than one way, and show how people can be Us and Other all at once, that it isnot and assigned role but just a heading.

5. Association, American  Psychological. “Demonstrating the Power of Social Situations via a Simulated Prison Experiment.” American Psychological Association, American Psychological Association, 8 June 2004, www.apa.org/topics/forensics-law-public-safety/prison#:~:text=The%20Stanford%20Prison%20Experiment%20has,reactions%20%2D%20traceable%20to%20situational%20forces.

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Sigmund Freud's Theory of the Id, Ego, Superego; Darwinism; Survival of the Fittest; Masculinity and Violence

# data[].attributes.subject
Sigmund Freud's Theory of the Id, Ego, Superego; Darwinism; Survival of the Fittest; Masculinity and Violence

# data[].attributes.body
Names: Brianna Juanacio, Mya Lalvay, Fernanda Baltazar

Teacher: Ms. Hessler

Class: 3B

22 January 2024

Website:

CommonLit Staff “Freud’s Theory of the Id, Ego, and Superego by CommonLit Staff.” CommonLit, CommonLit Staff, 2015

www.commonlit.org/en/texts/freud-s-theory-of-the-id-ego-and-superego.

Freud’s Theory of the Id, Ego, and Superego by CommonLit Staff, provides information about Freud’s Theory and the 3 different parts it's separated into and what those parts mean and represent. I used the information about what these 3 parts the unconscious mind was divided into and what they meant, and how it made your unconscious decisions. I know this source is credible because this website is used for schools and only has credible information for students.

Video:

Williams, Stacy. “Id, Ego, & Superego in Lord of the Flies by William Golding.” Study.com, Judith Dunkerly-Bean, 11/21/2023.

https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-id-ego-superego-in-lord-of-the-flies.html#:~:text=Piggy%20and%20son%20 represent%20the,resorting%20to%20violence%20and%20murder.

This video made by Stacy Williams, provides information about how Freud’s theory takes place in the book “The Lord Of The Flies”. I used this information and took it into consideration and how which characters showed Freud’s theory true and taking place. I know this source is credible because there are students and teachers that are verified and sya how this website and information has helped them. That means this source is credible for students to use.

--

Image 1 : https://melmagazine.com/en-us/story/why-world-war-ii-still-defines-american-masculinity-for-joe-scarborough-and-other-baby-boomers

Image 2:

https://historyguild.org/north-africa-in-ww2-total-war-with-honour/

Image 3:

https://historyguild.org/north-africa-in-ww2-total-war-with-honour/

Website:

“Home.” The National WWII Museum | New Orleans, www.nationalww2museum.org.

Home by The National WWII Museum is a trustworthy source because the source is located in a museum in New Orleans. The reason why this makes the source trustworthy is because this means that this is a primary source, since there are artifacts from WWII. The museum takes place at 945 Magazine St, New Orleans, LA 70130.

Website:

Violence and Masculinity In Hollywood Films during World War II.

2012, www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/thesescanada/vol2/002/MR84504.PDF.

Violence and Masculinity In Hollywood Films during World War II is a trustworthy source because it talks about how Hollywood Films were impacted by WW2. This is trustworthy because this site has statistics and actual data about when and why they were affected. This source is trustworthy because it’s from Lakehead University Faculty of Arts and Sciences.

--

Image 1:

https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.licdn.com%2Fdms%2Fimage%2FC4E12AQH667xY_HZb0g%2Farticle-cover_image-shrink_600_2000%2F0%2F1584635413554%3Fe%3D2147483647%26v%3Dbeta%26t%3DV2U4mM865aNSovcyCE_IFGSIV0DsGV9_G1e9qUyCGYs&tbnid=2K2f98aM44RjUM&vet=12ahUKEwiIr52Jp_GDAxW6HGIAHfI8A98QMygEegQIARAy..i&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linkedin.com%2Fpulse%2Fcovid-19-survival-fittest-charles-darwin-indubala-kachhawa&docid=qgzb4DnUWNYR7M&w=500&h=375&q=darwinism%20the%20survival%20of%20the%20fittest&hl=en&safe=active&ved=2ahUKEwiIr52Jp_GDAxW6HGIAHfI8A98QMygEegQIARAy

Image 2:

https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fimageio.forbes.com%2Fb-i-forbesimg%2Fthumbnails%2Fblog_2330%2Fpt_2330_1809_o.jpg%3Fformat%3Djpg%26height%3D600%26width%3D1200%26fit%3Dbounds&tbnid=-e0703HBsUkDtM&vet=12ahUKEwiIr52Jp_GDAxW6HGIAHfI8A98QMygMegQIARBD..i&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fsebastianbailey%2F2013%2F10%2F17%2Fsurvival-of-the-fittest-at-work-be-ambitous-and-emotionally-stable%2F&docid=gG4JhcJsrDPmtM&w=300&h=407&q=darwinism%20the%20survival%20of%20the%20fittest&hl=en&safe=active&ved=2ahUKEwiIr52Jp_GDAxW6HGIAHfI8A98QMygMegQIARBD

Website:

Cunningham, Conor. “Survival of the Fittest

https://www.britannica.com/science/survival-of-the-fittest

Conor Cunningham provides information about how the Survival of Fitness works and how it’s portrayed and when it became relevant. Also about how the information is tied into evolution and economics. I got and used this source when it became relevant, which was from the fifth edition that was published in 1869. I know this source is credible because Conor is an Associate Professor in Theology and Philosophy, Faculty of Arts, University of Nottingham and Nottingham, United Kingdom.

Website:

Fields, Stanley, and Mark Johnston. “The Law of Evolution Darwin Wallace, the Survival of the Fittest

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559908/.

Fields, Stanley and Mark Johnston provide information about how the evolution of the Survival of the fittest evolved in evolution and how people most fit will survive in this environment. The information I got from this source was what it is and how people would adapt and live. It also comes from a book and part of it talks about evolution and the Survival of the fittest. I know that this source is credible because it comes from Massachusetts Institute of Technology which is a private research university.

Website:

University of Cambridge, Darwin Correspondence Project, “Survival of the Fittest.”

https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/commentary/survival-fittest.

The University of Cambridge provides information about how natural selection ties into who is the fittest to survive. The information I got from this is that during the time Darwin was alive he had an evolutionary theory which was to construct a similar system for the living world. His theory of evolution by natural selection had three important elements which were variation, reproduction and heritability. I know this source is trustworthy because it comes from the University of Cambridge which is one of the top private universities in Cambridge, United States.

Website:

Cherry, Kendra. “Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theories in Psychology.” https://www.verywellmind.com/freudian-theory-2795845.

Kendra Cherry provides information about how Sigmund Freud’s beliefs and behaviors are caused by thoughts, memories and other things. The information I used from this source was how it ties into the Darwinism Survival of Fitness theory of how if people act a certain way or are a certain way they will fit in and be more likely to survive. I know this source is credible because Kendra Cherry is a MS, a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and wrote the book "Everything Psychology Book."

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Josef Mengele; Nuremberg Trials, Nuremberg Code.

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Josef Mengele; Nuremberg Trials, Nuremberg Code.

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History.com Editors. “Nuremberg Trials.” History.com, January 29, 2010

https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/nuremberg-trials

The article describes the main points of the Nuremberg Trials and its purpose. Some information used was how long the trials lasted (November 20th, 1945 - October 1st, 1946), Nazi officers being charged for war crimes, and bringing justice to the people affected by the Nazi Party. Their crimes were targeted mainly towards German-Jews and were later charged with crimes against peace and humanity. This article has gone through different editors to ensure its accuracy.

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, “The Nazi Party.” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, June 25, 2010

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-nazi-party-1

This article goes through the history of the Nazi party and its influence on Europe. It describes the political parties’ violent hate to individuals who don’t fit into their vision of “superior”. Information used from this source is Nazi’s reputation of being racist, anti-semetic, and ruthless. One of their reasons for being anti-semetic is groups of Nazi’s blaming Germany's loss in WW1 on Jews. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum has articles solely on the events relating to WW2, including context. It mentions different events on the Nazi party and its origin.

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC,“German Jews During The Holocaust.” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/german-jews-during-the-holocaust

The source explains the hardships German-Jews experienced when Nazi started controlling the government. It describes how they slowly started taking away opportunities like jobs and certain cities in Germany. They restricted them from being out at night by using curfews. Jewish households started to lack basic needs like food. Nazi’s eventually sent them off to ghettos in concentration camps and were later killed. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Website contains articles that focus on Jews during WW2 and edit their articles after some time to ensure that all the information is accurate to the life events.

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington,“Joseph Mengele”, United states Holocaust memorial museum, David G. Marwell, 2020

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/josef-mengele

This source explains how Josef Mengele is one of the most infamous figures in the holocaust.      He was a highly trained doctor. Josef was known because of the experiments he would do on prisoners. His nickname was “angel of death’ he was called that because of the deadly experiments he would do. He would pick any from the Auschwitz camp to be killed from the gas chambers. Josef would be at the Auschwitz camp. The experiments he would test on would be from the Nazi concentration camp. He would be a medical professional. He would be in tv shows, articles, etc.

B. Ghooi Ravindra, “The Nuremberg Code-A critique”, National Library of Medicine, Perspect Clin Res, 2011 April-June

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3121268/

This source explains how the Nuremberg code was created after the camp experiments and subsequent trials to address abuse committed by medical professionals during holocaust. The Nuremberg code has been drafted at the end of the doctor's trial. Examinations were made and it shows that this code was for human experimentation of 1931.

“The Nuremberg Trials.” The National WWII Museum | New Orleans, www.nationalww2museum.org/war/topics/nuremberg-trials#:~:text=Between%20 November%2020%2C%201945%20to.

This resource explains about the Nuremberg Trials n when it started and how things were and ended. It states how the Nuremberg Trials were made of many different parts on charges against those who were part of th Nazi party that made their prisoners suffer. These trials were for justice to those prisoners and sent many of the defendants to death. Talks about one of the first trials held in court and those that came after that included many horrible charges against the defendants. It continued through to when there were more trials that came after the Nuremberg trials ended and to when it ended. I use the information on the beginning of the trials and along the way to in between and what exactly the trials were about. I know this source is credible because the organization who created this information is a museum of world history. It has been filled with history information and includes the history of the Nuremberg trials.

Ghooi, B. Ravindra. “The Nuremberg Code–A critique.” National Library of Medicine, Perspect Clin Res, 2011 Apr-Jun,

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3121268/#:~:text=The%

This resource explains more in depth with the Nuremberg Code. It explains when it was first put down in the Nuremberg Trials which was where it originally started. It talks about how the Doctor's Trial in December 9, 1946 till August 20, 1947 contained 23 defendants, 20 were doctors, while 3 were administrators. Those who were convicted were charged in relation to Human experiments and cruelty against humans since the defendants were those of the Nazi party testing on the Jewish prisoners. There was another code that was drafted called the 1932 Guidelines to which it wasn't very much different from the Nuremberg Code. We used the information on when it was first put down and what it was about. We used the information on the Doctor’s Trial and the code that came after. We know this source is credible because the author works at a clinic research facility and the organization the information is one is an organization of medicine since the Doctors Trial was on Human experimentation.

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CIA.gov. “Government Type - the World Factbook.” Www.cia.gov, www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/government-type/.

This website explains the different types of government (each one) and what they do/mean.

“Power in Lord of the Flies - Themes - Edexcel - GCSE English Literature Revision - Edexcel - BBC Bitesize.” Www.bbc.co.uk, www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z37nk7h/revision/3.

This website explains what Lord of the Flies is really about and what the quotes mean and “how it is to be human” so going more in depth about the book and the powerful messages that are within and what it shows about the story’s characters.

National Geographic Society. “Democracy (Ancient Greece) | National Geographic Society.” Education.nationalgeographic.org, National Geographic, 19 Oct. 2023, education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/democracy-ancient-greece/. https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/democracy-ancient-greece/

This website is describing the affects of Democracy in Ancient Greece society and how it influenced the U.S. to make that their government formation/system.

Manifest Destiny and U.S Westward Expansion. Smithsonian American Art Museum. https://americanexperience.si.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Manifest-Destiny-and-U.S-Westward-Expansion__.pdf

This website explains how the term “manifest destiny” which came from the nineteenth century, is about the first european immigrants coming into America with the belief that America is a special place amoung the rest of the world.

Dahl, Robert A, et al. “Democracy | History, Development, Systems, Theory, & Challenges.” Encyclopædia Britannica, britannica, 8 Feb. 2019, www.britannica.com/topic/democracy.

Democracy is a type of government in which people have a say in what the government rules and how the government rules. They can hold elections and votes to do these and they are either carried on  by the people or the government. The website talks about the different events Democracy has effected them.

Britannica. “Dictatorship | Definition, Characteristics, Countries, & Facts.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 8 Mar. 2019, www.britannica.com/topic/dictatorship.

Dictatorship is a form of government in which a small group of people or one person holds all the power. This power is used to rule the people and make all the rules without any input, opinion or say from the people they rule.

Volle, Adam. “American Exceptionalism | Meaning, Definition, Examples, & Manifest Destiny | Britannica.” Www.britannica.com, 6 Feb. 2023, www.britannica.com/topic/American-exceptionalism.

American Exceptionalism is the political belief that the United States of America is superior and unique than all other countries. The website brings up events that American Exceptionalism has taken place in.

Ball, Terence, and Richard Dagger. “Communism.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 11 Jan. 2019, www.britannica.com/topic/communism.

Communism is a type of government thats economic in which everyone shares the same wealth and profit. The community is very together in everyone requiring to share what they have.

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Hobbes and the State of Nature, Locke's natural laws, Rousseau's social contract theory

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Hobbes and the State of Nature, Locke's natural laws, Rousseau's social contract theory

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Hobbes and The State of Nature | Thomas Hobbes and Leviathan

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JYBGHWbcVuQ

Thomas Hobbes’ theory of human nature apparently has no government or society impact. And which in human’s are fairly equal. “The difference between people is not so considerable as that one man can claim to himself any benefit that another may also claim.” Hobbe’s believes that people are also equal and also less diverse in the state of nature. PhilisophyToons, the source for this info graduated with a bachelor’s degree and is currently

https://www.britannica.com/

https://tabsearch.net/search/?x1=28&q=when%20was%20lockes%20theory%20on%20human%20rights%20relevna

https://www.crf-usa.org

John locke believed in the 3 natural rights where life liberty and property  and how these right where universal and that they where god given and could not be taken away and that the people had the right to make sure it was safe

The social contract theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Social_Contract#:~:text=The%20Social%20Contract%20argued%20against,themselves%20and%20hence%20be%20free.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau