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https://youtu.be/ne-FgP2wifU?si=HgY_MPG_AGq_9PGr

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Often a noun phrase is just a noun or a pronoun:

Premodifiers

But noun phrases can also include:

These parts of the noun phrase are called premodifiers because they go before the noun.

We use premodifiers in this order:

For example:

Postmodifiers

Other parts of a noun phrase go after the noun. These are called postmodifiers.

Postmodifiers can be:

the man we met yesterday
the housethat Jack built
the womanwho discovered radium
an eight-year-old boywho attempted to rob a sweet shop

He's still very fit, in spite of the fact that he's over eighty.
She gotthe idea that people didn't like her.
There was a suggestion that the children should be sent home.

These are very common after indefinite pronouns and adverbs:

There may be more than one postmodifier:

an eight-year old boy with a gun who tried to rob a sweet shop
that girlover there in a green dress drinking a Coke

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Often a noun phrase is just a noun or a pronoun: But noun phrases can also include: These parts of the noun phrase are called premodifiers because they go before the noun. We use premodifiers in this order: For example: Other parts of a noun phrase go after the noun.

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https://youtu.be/3g3PGpKeMfQ?si=68lDN4MmGEZTdlHU

https://www.grammarly.com/blog/adjective-phrase/

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Adjective phrases - English Grammar Today - a reference to written and spoken English grammar and usage - Cambridge Dictionary

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https://youtu.be/Db4-KM_3AM0?si=hAHNzForaTvZj9zj

https://www.scribbr.com/sentence-structure/adverbials/

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Adverb phrases - English Grammar Today - a reference to written and spoken English grammar and usage - Cambridge Dictionary

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https://youtu.be/7dOBMUESkqk?si=m1AcXwbFXnTbD3S2

https://youtu.be/JvagXaFQGXM?si=Bgn_DfpK2ZhGPDxQ

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What Is a Prepositional Phrase and How to Use It? | Grammarly

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A prepositional phrase is a group of words consisting of a preposition, its object, and any words that modify the object. Most of the time, a prepositional phrase modifies a verb or a noun. These two kinds of prepositional phrases are called adverbial phrases and adjectival phrases, respectively.

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At a minimum, a prepositional phrase consists of one preposition and the object it governs. The object can be a noun, a gerund (a verb form ending in "-ing" that acts as a noun), or a clause.

To these two basic elements, modifiers can be freely added.

Some of the most common prepositions that begin prepositional phrases are to, of, about, at, before, after, by, behind, during, for, from, in, over, under, and with.

Prepositional Phrases That Modify Nouns

When a prepositional phrase acts upon a noun, we say it is behaving adjectivally because adjectives modify nouns. A prepositional phrase that behaves adjectivally is called, quite logically, an adjectival phrase.

In the first of these sentences, in the middle answers the question of which cat the writer thinks is the cutest. Similarly, on Main Street gives us information about which store the writer is describing, and by the lake tells us what kind of cabin the writer's mother is dreaming about. All of these adjectival phrases provide specificity to a noun in order to enhance our understanding.

Prepositional Phrases That Modify Verbs

When a prepositional phrase acts upon a verb, we say it is behaving adverbially because adverbs modify verbs. A prepositional phrase that behaves adverbially is called an adverbial phrase.

In the first sentence, behind you answers the question "Look where?" In the second, with fervor answers the question "Drank how?"

Prepositional Phrases Acting as Nouns

Less frequently, prepositional phrases can function like nouns in a sentence.

How to Avoid Excessive Prepositional Phrases

It is tempting to overuse prepositions and prepositional phrases. If you see more than one preposition for every ten or fifteen words in your writing, you should edit some of them out. You may be surprised at how much more elegant and economical your writing is when you make the effort to do this.

There is nothing grammatically incorrect about this sentence, but it has two "with" phrases, an "of" phrase, and an "in" phrase, which is a sure sign that it could be written more efficiently.

Here, it was possible to replace one of the prepositional phrases, with caution with the correlating adverb cautiously. Of Magneto was simply a possessive that can be easily converted into Magneto's. Four prepositional phrases have been reduced to two.

Another way to reduce prepositional phrases is to switch from a passive voice to an active voice. There is a famous example to illustrate this concept.

Clearly, the passive voice makes this sentence fussy and the prepositional phrase by the chicken seems a bit silly. It would be better written in an active voice, with the chicken in the driver's seat where it belongs.

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A prepositional phrase is a group of words consisting of a preposition, its object, and any words that modify the object. Most of the time, a prepositional phrase modifies a verb or a noun. These two kinds of prepositional phrases are called adverbial phrases and adjectival phrases, respectively.

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https://youtu.be/nai1r5vlAko?si=5Q7nTbV8GFvL3CmW

https://youtu.be/exmDE3cMU24?si=uF3lsYuspjNXBg1n

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To learn infinitive clauses, first of all, you should know the elements in a cause and the definition of an infinitive. In this lesson, we will learn them.

What Are Infinitive Clauses?

Infinitive clauses are subordinate clauses that are formed using an infinitive to indicate the purpose, result, or condition of the action in the main clause. Infinitive clauses can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs in a sentence.

Infinitive Clauses: Types

There are two types of infinitive clauses:

To-infinitives

Bare infinitives

'To-infinitives' can be divided into the following categories:

Basic

Perfect

Perfect continuous (progressive)

Passive

Any subordinate clause whose verb is in ' to-infinitive' form is a to-infinitive clause. Let's see some examples:

If you want to make me happy, buy me flowers.

To play, the children need a room.

To make a perfect form with infinitives we can use the following structure:
[to + have + past participle]
This structure is used to indicate that an action was completed before a certain time. For example:

The boy was lucky to have passed these tests before.

To form perfect continuous we can use this structure:
[To + have + been + verb + -ing]
We use this structure to emphasize duration. For example:

She was too skinny to have been eating all these foods.

If a passive finite verb clause is followed by an infinitive, the infinitive clause will also be in the passive voice.

I expect that all the rooms will be cleaned before the guests arrive.

I expect all the rooms to be cleaned before the guests arrive.

Infinitives normally include the particle 'to', but it is not always necessary. When an infinitive is used without the particle 'to', it is called a bare infinitive. Pay attention to the examples:

Infinitive Clauses: Functions

An infinitive clause often serves as the subject or object or complement of the main clause.

Infinitive Clauses as Subjects

An infinitive clause can function as the subject of a sentence. The verb ' be' or other state verbs typically follow the infinitive clause. For example:

The above sentences might sound too formal. It is more common to express these sentences using 'it' or a participle clause. For example:

Swimming after a meal is wrong.

It is wrong to swim after a meal.

Infinitive Clauses as Objects

using an infinitive clause in a sentence

An infinitive clause can serve as the object of a sentence. Many verbs can be followed by an infinitive clause as the direct object.

I have decided to go to Iran for the holidays.

Remember to take your lunchbox to school.

Try to control your anger.

Infinitive Clauses as Object Complements

An infinitive or infinitive clause can function as an object complement by describing the action intended or desired for the direct object. For example:

Infinitive Clauses as Subject Complements

An infinitive clause can serve as a subject complement after the verb 'be' or other linking verbs.

My advice is to consult a lawyer at once.

Her decision was to quit her job in three months.

The Infinitive of Purpose

We can use a nounor pronoun followed by an infinitive clause to express the purpose of that noun. In this pattern, the to-infinitive follows the noun or pronoun.

Do you have a credit card to pay for all this?

Infinitive clauses can also be used to explain the reason or purpose for doing something. In this case, 'to' has the same meaning as ' in order to' or ' so as to'.

Infinitive Clauses with Question Words

Verbs such as 'ask, decide, explain, forget, know, show, tell, and understand' can be followed by question words like where, how, what, who, and when followed by the infinitive clause. Take a look at the examples:

He's forgotten where to look for his suitcase.

Infinitive Clauses with Adjectives

Sometimes, an infinitive clause immediately follows an adjective. Normally, the structure of the sentence would be as follows:

subject + to be + adjective + (for/of someone) + infinitive clause + (rest of sentence)

It is important for the doctor to explain the procedure to the patient.

Infinitive Clauses with Adverbs

Infinitive clauses can also be used with the adverbs ' too' and ' enough' in order to indicate the reason behind an action. In these cases, we can easily remove the infinitive and the sentence would still be grammatically correct. The structure is as follows:

'enough' + the adjective, adverb, or noun + the infinitive

the adjective, adverb, or noun + 'enough' + the infinitive

There is too much salt to put in this soup.

She's old enough to date whomever she deems suitable.

The prepositional phrase that comes before an infinitive clause is not the subject, it is the complement of a prepositional phrase. Take a look at some examples:

For them to host a party is entertaining.

For me to speak three languages would be amazing.

Infinitive clauses are made of an infinitive. Infinitives can be bare infinirtive or to-infinitive. Infinitive clauses are used as:

Object

object complement

subject complement

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"Infinitive Clauses" in the English Grammar

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To learn infinitive clauses, first of all, you should know the elements in a cause and the definition of an infinitive. In this lesson, we will learn them.

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1)Present Participle

2)Past Participle

https://youtu.be/eWvkSp16VFY?si=mJDkPBCnrx3GLKaM

https://youtu.be/dLzeXq_D-Os?si=Jg8K7hpdktg2J4lc

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Look at these examples to see how participle clauses are used.

Looked after carefully, these boots will last for many years.
Not wanting to hurt his feelings, I avoided the question.
Having lived through difficult times together, they were very close friends.

Try this exercise to test your grammar.

Read the explanation to learn more.

Grammar explanation

Participle clauses enable us to say information in a more economical way. They are formed using present participles ( going, reading, seeing, walking, etc.), past participles ( gone, read, seen, walked, etc.) or perfect participles ( having gone, having read, having seen, having walked, etc.).

We can use participle clauses when the participle and the verb in the main clause have the same subject. For example,

Waiting for Ellie, I made some tea. ( While I was waiting for Ellie, I made some tea.)

Participle clauses do not have a specific tense. The tense is indicated by the verb in the main clause.

Participle clauses are mainly used in written texts, particularly in a literary, academic or journalistic style.

Present participle clauses

Here are some common ways we use present participle clauses. Note that present participles have a similar meaning to active verbs.

Past participle clauses

Here are some common ways that we use past participle clauses. Note that past participles normally have a passive meaning.

With a similar meaning to an if condition
Used in this way, participles can make your writing more concise. (If you use participles in this way, ... )

Perfect participle clauses

Perfect participle clauses show that the action they describe was finished before the action in the main clause. Perfect participles can be structured to make an active or passive meaning.

Having got dressed, he slowly went downstairs.
Having finished their training, they will be fully qualified doctors.
Having been made redundant, she started looking for a new job.

Participle clauses after conjunctions and prepositions

It is also common for participle clauses, especially with -ing, to follow conjunctions and prepositions such as before, after, instead of, on, since, when, while and in spite of.

Before cooking, you should wash your hands.
Instead of complaining about it, they should try doing something positive.
On arriving at the hotel, he went to get changed.
While packing her things, she thought about the last two years.
In spite of having read the instructions twice, I still couldn't understand how to use it.

Do this exercise to test your grammar again.

Language level

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Do you know how to use participle clauses to say information in a more economical way? Test what you know with interactive exercises and read the explanation to help you.