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Yeast form is responsible for causing penicilliosis in immunocompromised individuals, appears as small, round to oval cells of distinctive red-brown color. 

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Penicillium marneffei mold is characterized by whitish or cream-colored septate hyphae forming a mycelium. It reproduces asexually through conidiogenesis.

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Found as budding yeast and is cultured at 37°C or in host tissue. On a macroscopic level, it produces smooth, cream- or tan-colored colonies. 

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Appear as single flowers or as clusters. Pathogenic strains produce spherical or triangular pigmented conidia with thick, black cell walls.

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This is the saprophytic phase of Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis, which is commonly seen in nature such as  rich soil in organic matter. In addition in mold phase, it forms filamentous hyphae that can generate conidia (asexual spores). Also the response of this fungi depends with the environmental conditions, particularly with temperature; It allows the fungus to thrive in diverse ecological niches unlike other fungi that only thrive in certain places other environmental factors that may affect its growth and stability. 

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Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis (MOLD PHASE) 

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Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis (MOLD PHASE) 

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This is the parasitic phase of Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis that occurs specifically in the host tissues after infection, (paracoccidioidomycosis) in humans and other mammals. Its appearance is a yeast-like cells, usually round or oval in shape and with a double-contoured cell wall. These yeast cells proliferate by budding looking like a sunflower shape. This fungi infects the lungs though it can spread to other organs. This fungus can thrive without forming unique characteristics to live inside and outside an infected body its unique form can live as it is to infect its susceptible host.

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  Coccidioides immitis is a causative agents of coccidioidomycosis.The mold form of Coccidioides immitis is characterized by the production of arthroconidia that appear alternate staining because each cell is separated by an empty space. When mature, each arthroconidium is swollen centrally, giving a barrel-shaped appearance and these are dimorphic ascomycetes that grow as filamentous molds.

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Coccidioides immitis does not produce a yeast form in laboratory culture and a dimorphic fungus, manifests wide morphologic variation in its mycelial as well as its parasitic form. It is identified in stained tissue sections by the production of varying sized spherules, ranging from 10 µm to over 100 µm in diameter. The larger, more mature spherules contain spherical endospores ranging from 2-4 µm in diameter.

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Sporothrix schenckii in its yeast form presents as oval to elongated budding, or "cigar-shaped" yeast cells, typically arranged in a chain-like fashion. These yeast cells are approximately 2-6 µm in diameter and reproduce by budding, forming characteristic chains. When observed under microscopic examination, they appear as clusters or chains of budding yeast cells. This yeast form is particularly significant in the context of sporotrichosis, a subcutaneous fungal infection. Diagnostic procedures for identifying Sporothrix schenckii yeast cells involve direct microscopic examination of clinical specimens, such as skin scrapings or tissue biopsies, where the presence of budding yeast cells can be observed. Culturing the organism on appropriate fungal media such as the Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) agar at 35-37°C wherein its conversion to the yeast form can be observed and aid in diagnosis. Additionally, molecular techniques such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assays targeting specific fungal DNA sequences can also aid in accurate identification of Sporothrix schenckii.

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Blastomyces dermatitidis (YEAST) Tapado, Ralph Joseph 

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Blastomyces dermatitidis (YEAST) Tapado, Ralph Joseph 

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Blastomyces dermatitidis (MOLD) Tapado, Ralph Joseph 

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Blastomyces dermatitidis (MOLD) Tapado, Ralph Joseph 

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Paracoccidioides brasiliensis exhibits distinct appearances depending on its phase: in the mycelial phase, it appears as septate hyphae (branching filamentous structure), while in the yeast phase, it may display multiple budding, giving it a "pilot wheel" appearance under microscopic examination. The mode of transmission primarily involves the inhalation of airborne fungal spores from soil contaminated with bat or bird droppings, though transmission through other means is possible. Symptoms typically include lung lesions, oral and throat lesions in adults, and swollen lymph nodes and skin lesions in children. Diagnosis involves a combination of symptoms assessment, laboratory tests like chest X-rays and biopsies for microscopic examination or fungal culture, and blood tests. Treatment options include antifungal medications such as itraconazole and amphotericin B.

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Coccidioides immitis in mold that grows into a mycelium that generates structures called arthroconidia. Coccidioides immitis grows quickly during the mold phase and has a macroscopic morphology that ranges from white to tan to dark gray. When soil is disturbed, airborne spores known as arthroconidia are released into the air, which can lead to respiratory ailments in humans. The yeast Coccidioides immitis resembles large, densely packed structures called spherules that contain endospores  and measuring between 30 and 60 um in the yeast phase. This pathogenic phase is characterized by the fungus that causes coccidioidomycosis in the host.

Valley fever is an infection caused by the fungus Coccidioides. Valley fever, found in soil in the southwest US, Mexico, and parts of Central and South America, spreads through tiny fungal spores in the air. Those at high risk for severe cases should minimize dust inhalation in affected areas. Valley fever symptoms can take 1-3 weeks to show up after breathing in the fungal spores. Most people feel better within a few weeks or months, but some people have symptoms that linger, especially if it gets worse.The most common way that healthcare providers test for Valley fever is by taking a blood sample and sending it to a laboratory to look for Coccidioides antibodies or antigens.The treatment is usually 3 to 6 months of fluconazole or another type of antifungal medication.

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In its mold form, Sporothrix schenckii displays characteristic filamentous hyphae that are septate and branching at acute angles. These hyphae typically produce conidiophores bearing conidia in a distinctive arrangement, with conidia being produced along the length of the conidiophores in a sympodial fashion. The conidia are typically pyriform or oval-shaped and can be single-celled or multicellular, ranging from 2-6 µm in size. Diagnostic procedures for identifying the mold form involve microscopic examinations such as Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA), Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), and Mycosel Agar can be employed in order to identify the characteristic morphological features such as its septate hyphae and conidia arrangement. These culture media are incubated at temperatures ranging from 25-30°C as this temperature range is conducive to the growth of filamentous fungi like Sporothrix schenckii. Additionally, molecular techniques such as PCR assays targeting specific fungal DNA sequences can aid in accurate identification of Sporothrix schenckii in its mold form.

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MOLD FORM: The only dimorphic fungus in the Penicillium genus is P. marneffei. At 25°C, it is present as a mycelial form also young colonies grown on Sabouraud glucose agar. With hyaline septated hyphae and fruiting structures made up of branching metulae and phialides that produce spherical conidia in chains, the mold form appears microscopic to be similar to other Penicillium species. The fungus is typically cultured from blood, skin biopsies, bone marrow, or lymph nodes to provide an accurate diagnosis.

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Sporothrix schenckii mold form is a geophilic, dimorphic fungus, growing in culture at 37° C but as a filamentous fungus at 30° C The mycelial form has fine, septate, branching hyphae that carry perpendicular ovoid roseate conidia. In its saprophytic stage or when cultured at 25°C, it assumes a filamentous form, composed of hyaline, septate hyphae 1 to 2 μm wide, with conidiogenous cells arising from undifferentiated hyphae forming conidia in groups on small, clustered denticles. The diagnosis is best made by culture of exudate from ulcerated lesions or by culture and histopathological examination of tissue biopsies.  

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Black Minimalist Quotes Phone Wallpaper (1)

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 It is a globose, oval, or “cigar-shaped” yeast, 2–6 μm in diameter, but occasionally up to 10 μm. Rarely, hyphae may be seen in the epidermis or in solid lesions from disseminated sporotrichosis.The yeast form is budding cells, sometimes called cigar-shaped bodies.  It begins as a skin lesion typically on the extremity with development of nodules that track up the lymphatics and are associated with chronic infection. The diagnosis is best made by culture of exudate from ulcerated lesions or by culture and histopathological examination of tissue biopsies. Rarely, S. schenckii has been grown from blood. 

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Grows at Sabouraud’s dextrose agar at 25°C. The size is usually 8 to 15 μm in diameter with thick, double-contoured walls and display broad-based budding.  They produce colonies that are variable in both morphology and rate of growth. They may grow rapidly, producing a fluffy white mycelium, or slowly as smooth, colored, non-sporulating colonies. Diagnosis is based on culture and direct visualization of round, multinucleated yeast forms that produce daughter cells from a single broad-based bud.

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This type of dermatitis has a macroscopic morphology characterized by slow to moderate growth and a white to dark tan tint. Colonies that are younger and more vigorous are glabrous to hairy. Oval, pyriform, to globose smooth conidia with short, lateral conidiophores resembling hyphae are the microscopic morphology. The most reliable method for diagnosing blastomycosis is culture.

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    These yeasts are spherical, small (2-5 um in diameter), intensely violet-colored, and surrounded by a halo. They are narrow-based budding yeast cells, typically found intracellularly (within macrophages, histiocytes, etc.), and do not produce any filaments. The potential diagnoses to consider include Leishmania species, which are similar in size but have one kinetoplast, Candida primarily glabrata, and Cryptococcus yeast cells, which are mainly extracellular and stain strongly with MGG. MGG stands for May-Grünwald Giemsa stain. It is a type of staining technique used in microbiology and hematology to visualize cellular components, including microorganisms like yeast cells. MGG stain is particularly useful for highlighting different structures within cells, aiding in the identification and diagnosis of various pathogens and abnormalities.

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[YEAST FORM] Histoplasma capsularum var. capsulatum

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[YEAST FORM] Histoplasma capsularum var. capsulatum

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YEAST FORM: Penicillium marneffei, an unusual pathogenic fungus, has the ability to cause a potentially lethal systemic mycosis in immunocompromised hosts, especially in individuals with AIDS. This pathogen originates in Southeast Asia. Yeast cells of Penicillium marneffei cultured under a microscope in material extracted with a small needle from deep-seated lymph nodes in a patient. The Grocott methenamine silver staining (A) and Papanicoloau staining (B) methods can be used to see the characteristic transverse septum of the yeast cell.

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   The mold form of Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum looks like thin-walled tubes with small oval structures called microconidia and larger ones called macroconidia. This can beachieved using enriched media suchas BHI or blood agar plates incubated at 35-37°C in a COz-enriched atmosphere. It grows as a mold, often white or brown in color, and at 37 °C it grows as a yeast with small, heaped and pasty colonies. However, H. capsulatum does not convert easily depending on many parameters as nutriments and temperature conditions, which can explain that this experiment is increasingly abandoned. Blood or urine tests can also help detect antibodies against the fungus.

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[MOLD FORM] Histoplasma capsular var. capsulatum 

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[MOLD FORM] Histoplasma capsular var. capsulatum 

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Coccidioides immitis switches in tissue to form spherules, rather than yeasts. Usually, it does not produce a yeast form in laboratory culture; rather, is identified in stained tissue sections by the production of varying sized spherules, ranging from 10 µm to over 100 µm in diameter.

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The yeast form of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the morphological state observed within the host during the parasitic phase of its life cycle. It is round to oval in shape, ranging in size from 10 to 30 micrometers in diameter. The cells have a "pilot wheel"  arrangement when dividing by binary fission, resulting in daughter cells interconnected by narrow constricted areas. Reproduction occurs primarily through budding, with daughter cells emerging as smaller buds from the parent cell, gradually increasing in size until they separate to become independent yeast cells. The yeast form of P. brasiliensis thrives at higher temperatures, typically around 37°C, which mimics the conditions found within the mammalian host where the fungus causes infection. Diagnostic procedure for identifying the P. brasiliensis is the direct microscopic examination of clinical specimens, such as tissue biopsy samples or body fluids ( sputum), can reveal the presence of P. brasiliensis yeast cells. Also in staining techniques such as potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation, Gram stain, or fungal-specific stains like periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain are commonly used to visualize fungal elements

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Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, a plant, has a mold form that is found in the environment and during the saprophytic phase of its life cycle. Its mold form consists of woolly or cottony colonies, which can vary in texture depending on the growth medium used. Under the microscope, the hyphae, which are septate and filamentous, appear filamentous with a diameter of 2-5 micrometers. Conidiophores, specialized structures that bear conidia, are also present in the mold form. P. brasiliensis grows optimally at lower temperatures, typically around 25°C to 30°C, and is found in soil rich in organic matter as a saprophyte identification and diagnosis of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infections depend on these morphological features, but this morphology is Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) or other fungal culture media are commonly used.

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In the yeast phase, Blastomyces dermatitidis is an 8–12 um thick-walled yeast that often attaches to a daughter cell that is almost as big as the parent cell. It has a single broad-based bud. The cell wall is usually double-contoured and thick. The organism is shielded by this cell wall from the host's immune system. thrive in warm, humid conditions, such as those found in soils rich in organic matter, particularly in areas that are acidic. Yeast cells can enter their yeast phase once they are inhaled into the lungs, multiply, and cause respiratory issues.

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Blastomyces dermatitidis manifests as filamentous hyphae during the mold phase. The environment is ideal for mold growth, especially in wet, acidic soils that are high in organic matter. The fungus is frequently discovered close to bodies of water, including rivers, lakes, and streams. The mold phase is essential to the organism's ability to persist in its environment and spread. demonstrates dimorphism, which is the ability to change its growth form in response to external factors. It exists as a mold in the natural environment or in a culture at room temperature. However, it can change into its yeast phase and cause infection if inhaled by a vulnerable host. The environment is ideal for mold growth, especially in wet, acidic soils that are high in organic matter. The fungus is frequently discovered close to bodies of water, including rivers, lakes, and streams. It is essential to the organism's ability to persist in its environment and spread.

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Histoplasma capsulatum var. Capsulatum is a fungal infection in humans caused by the dimorphic fungus capsulatum. Capsulatum means the shape it assumes in the tissues of the host when it is infectious, with a diameter of 2-4 μm, the yeast cells have an oval shape and are small and by budding, these yeast cells, which are usually single-celled will multiply. Their pattern of budding may be narrowly based. Particularly in soil tainted with bat or bird droppings, where they proliferate as mold, yeast cells flourish in warm, humid conditions. When airborne microconidia or mycelial fragments are inhaled, a human infection is first caused and differentiate themselves from other dimorphic fungi, like Blastomyces dermatitidis, by having thin cell walls as opposed to thicker ones during the yeast phase.

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Histoplasma capsulatum var. Capsulatum (Yeast)

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Histoplasma capsulatum var. Capsulatum (Yeast)

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Histoplasma capsulatum variabile. Particularly in regions with suitable climate conditions, capsulatum molds can survive in the environment for long periods of time. Histoplasmosis remains a threat in areas where the fungus is endemic due to its capacity to persist as a mold. In addition, it is dimorphic, which means that, in response to environmental factors, it can change its growth form. It is present as a mold in the natural world or in culture at room temperature. Nonetheless, it can change into its yeast phase and cause infection if inhaled by a vulnerable host. It develops as a mold, frequently white or brown, below 35 °C, and as yeast, with small, pasty colonies, at 37 °C. A mold colony will grow in one or two weeks under ideal circumstances, and conidia will soon follow. On the other hand, it can occasionally take 8–12 weeks for clinical specimen cultures to show any growth at all. Upon prolonged cultivation, primary isolates, which are typically brown in color, become white.

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Histoplasma capsulatum var. Capsulatum (Mold)

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Histoplasma capsulatum var. Capsulatum (Mold)

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A variety of the yeast known as Blastomyces can be passed on through the inhalation of fungal spores that are present in the environment. The avoidance of exposure to regions with high fungal spore concentrations, the use of proper respiratory protection, and the maintenance of excellent hygiene habits are all preventative strategies. Common symptoms of blastomyces infection encompass fever, cough, chest pain, weariness, myalgia, and cutaneous lesions. Seeking guidance from a healthcare professional is crucial in order to obtain an accurate diagnosis and receive suitable therapy.

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The mold form of Blastomyces dermatitidis is not commonly transmitted by direct person-to-person contact. Typically, it is present in soil and decomposing organic material. Preventive methods encompass refraining from engaging in activities that entail disrupting soil in regions where the fungus is prevalent, such as excavating or horticulture without adequate protective equipment. It is crucial to keep proper hygiene measures, including properly washing hands after engaging in outdoor activities.  The symptoms caused by the mold form of Blastomyces dermatitidis can be comparable to those caused by the yeast form. Fever, cough, chest discomfort, lethargy, muscular aches, and skin lesions are common symptoms. Seek the advice of a medical expert for a proper diagnosis and course of treatment if you notice any of these signs and symptoms. 

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Penicillium marneffei is a fungus found in Southeast Asia that predominantly affects immunocompromised individuals, causing symptoms like fever, weight loss, respiratory issues, skin lesions, and enlarged lymph nodes. Diagnosis involves examining tissue samples under a microscope, culturing on specific media, and using molecular techniques for identification. Early detection and treatment are critical for managing infections.- Clinical manifestations:  - Fever  - Weight loss  - Respiratory symptoms  - Skin lesions  - Hepatosplenomegaly  - Lymphadenopathy- Laboratory diagnosis:  - Microscopic examination of tissue samples  - Culture on Sabouraud dextrose agar  - Molecular techniques like PCR for species identification- Other explanations:  - Endemic in Southeast Asia  - Commonly affects immunocompromised individuals, especially those with HIV/AIDS  - Early diagnosis and appropriate antifungal therapy are essential for management

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GROUP 6: PENICILLIUM MARNEFFEI (MOLD FORM)

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GROUP 6: PENICILLIUM MARNEFFEI (MOLD FORM)