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Saltwater Intrusion.

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4.5 (Global wind patterns) the Coriolis effect is apart of the system that 'churns' the wind around earth. This means that air pollution in one part of earth will inevitably move to another part of earth and have environmental impacts everywhere. 7.1 (intro to air pollution) as fossil fuels are combusted, nitrogen oxides (along with other things) released into the atmosphere. These are the same pollutants which can be 'churned' around the world due to the wind and Coriolis effect.

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The greenhouse effect states that as we increase our combustion of fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas, and coal, our earth will warm because we will be trapping these greenhouse gasses in our atmosphere. This creates a positive feedback loop as we continue to increase the quantity of fossil fuels that we burn.

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29: Briefly describe 2 of the biggest oil spills in recent history.

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29: Briefly describe 2 of the biggest oil spills in recent history.

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The Kuwaiti oil fires and spills in 1991 which were from Iraqi military forces setting fire to hundreds of oil wells and oil filled areas involving 42,000,000(thousands) gallons of oil and the Lakeview gusher that was a result of an eruption of hydro carbons from a pressurized oil well in California. It was the largest accidental oil spill in history involving 378,000(thousands) gallons of oil

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28: Describe sewage treatment methods in developed countries

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28: Describe sewage treatment methods in developed countries

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Very few undeveloped countries have a reliable system. It was estimated that 90% of all wastewater was released into the environment barely treated. The majority of domestic and industrial water are released with the basic primary treatment or most of the time, no treatment at all

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urban sprawling, higher water and air pollution, loss of agricultural capacity, increased run-off

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This is connected to the Ecosystems unit, in which it deals with producers, which convert light energy into chemical energy, which is then passed on to higher trophic levels.

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Sewage treatment begins with primary treatment, where solid objects are removed through screens and filters. This water is then settled, and solid waste is separated from the water. Then, bacteria breaks down the organic matter. Before discharge, water is exposed to a disinfectant such as UV light or chlorine.

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Describe at least 3 environmental impacts of mining.

Air pollution from the vehicles and machines used in the act of mining and transportation, water pollution from runoff, and habitat fragmentation from the roads created in the process of transportation.

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22. Describe two human impacts on wetlands 

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22. Describe two human impacts on wetlands 

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wetlands are the most productive biomes on the planet, provide several critical ecosystem services. Human impacts on wetlands include  activities such as construction of dams and pollution runoff from both urban and agricultural areas.

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23: Describe the a biogeochemical cycle of your choosing? (Nitrogen cycle)

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23: Describe the a biogeochemical cycle of your choosing? (Nitrogen cycle)

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The nitrogen cycle starts with nitrogen fixation, where certain soil bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be taken up by organisms. Then nitrification occurs, soil bacteria converts ammonia into nitrites (NO2-), and then to Nitrate (NO3-) a form that can be used by plants. Next assimilation occurs, plants absorb ammonium and nitrate ions through their roots, where organisms who consume plants obtain nitrogen. Then ammonification occurs, where decomposing bacteria convert dead organisms to ammonia or ammonium ions which can be reused by plants or released into the atmosphere. Finally denitrification occurs, this is where bacteria converts ammonia back into nitrites and nitrates, and then into nitrogen gas.

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Describe each of the 4 stages of demographic transition.
Slow population growth: Country is not developed and lacks the education and resources to necessitate a low death rate. Rapid population growth: Death rate decreases due to increased education and resources regarding human health and hygiene. Stable population growth: Birth rate decreases as the need for large families decreases; families are more financially stable and require less children to take care of them Decline Population growth

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It's measured through genetic, species and ecosystem diversity. It involves species richness and species evenness. Species richness is the number of species in an ecosystem, and species evenness is the distribution of the numbers of individuals in each species.

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They probably suffer from a lot of Nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxides and photochemical smog.

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Tundra is similar in which it is hard for vegetation to grow. Tropical rain forests are different in which there is vegetation almost everywhere, consisting of plants, trees etc.

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Topic 5.7 is about meat production. Cattle is an integral part of meat production, but they also produce lots of methane gas and cause many environmental problems such as habitat loss for farms.

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The Earth's atmosphere consists of five layers. From the closest to the ground, the order is Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and Exosphere. The Troposphere is half of the Earth's atmosphere and is where the weather occurs. The Stratosphere contains beneficial ozone which absorbs harmful UV rays from the sun. The mesosphere is around where meteors burn up before reaching earth. The Thermosphere is a layer with auroras and where space shuttles orbit.

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This is related to unit 6 specifically 6.5. The key concepts connected to this topic is fossil fuel, oil, non renewable resources, renewable resources, energy source.

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There are four types of irrigation methods: drip irrigation, flood irrigation, furrow irrigation, and spray irrigation. Drip irrigation is the most efficient type with very minimal water lost to evaporation as it is buried in the ground, but it is also the most expensive. Flood irrigation is the flooding of the whole agricultural area. It is less efficient with 20% of water lost to evaporation and run-off. This method also leads to waterlogging where plant roots are unable to absorb oxygen due to the raised water table of groundwater. Furrow irrigation uses furrows which is dug on either side of crops with water filled inside. This method loses 30% of water to evaporation and run-off, but is also the least expensive. Spray irrigation uses ground water pumped into nozzles that spray it across an agricultural field. Only 25% of water is lost to evaporation but it is more costly and requires energy to run.

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This is specific to 3.9 and the demographic transitions. These people are most likely in the first stage. Some differences between LDCs and MDCs is that MDCs have less offsprings because they don't need to depend on them for labor. Most kids in MDCs attend school while kids in LDCs work. Another difference is family size. LDCs have more offsprings because they don't have access to protection and women are see to produce children for labor work.

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1. Urbanization is causing deforestation because we need to clear land for space. It is also getting rid of many important ecosystems. Urbanization leads to increased warming of the earth due to more energy usage and replacing the soil with pavement which radiates heat after it absorbs the sun's radiation

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Explain if elephants are r or k select:

K select- high levels of parental care, long lifespans, big organism, few offspring, long maturity time.

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This is connected to the fourth unit, which is Earth Systems and Resources. The video refers to the specific topic of Plate Tectonics as it references the crust of the earth moving around as well as molten rock (magma) solidifying. This relates to how the crust and mantle are formed.

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Describe two ecosystem services provided by trees:

1. Provisioning services
-lumber
2. Supporting services
-cycling of nutrients
-release of oxygen

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there are 4 main ecosystem services: provisioning services, regulating services, cultural services, and support services. All of these benefit humans because we get food and fuel from provisioning. Our water and pollutants are filtered. We use grass for recreation like playing soccer. We also use the nutrients and water from the ecosystem.

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Let's celebrate how much you've learned this year!

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Let's celebrate how much you've learned this year!

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Q 19: Impacts of overfishing: There are factory ships that catch, process, and freeze all their catch at sea for long periods of time, which means that they can have a large amount of catch at once. Fishing ships may carry dragnets, trawling, and longlines. Bycatch and nontarget species may be caught. Could damage ocean floor or coral. Spotter planes and sonar systems have made it even easier to spot fish, leading to mass fishing on a given area, depleting it of a fish population

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Q 19: Impacts of overfishing: There are factory ships that catch, process, and freeze all their catch at sea for long periods of time, which means that they can have a large amount of catch at once. Fishing ships may carry dragnets, trawling, and longlines. Bycatch and nontarget species may be caught. Could damage ocean floor or coral. Spotter planes and sonar systems have made it even easier to spot fish, leading to mass fishing on a given area, depleting it of a fish population

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The loss of biodiversity makes the ecosystem less resilient and resistant, making them more susceptible to natural damage and harder to bounce back.