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Orthopedics, or orthopedic surgery is a medical specialty concerned with the preservation and restoration of the function of the skeletal system and its structures including joints, bones, and muscles.

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During the Middle ages, orthopedic surgery was often treated with bandages soaked in horses; blood which eventually dried, forming a stiff, yet highly unsanitary splint. Many of the developments of orthopedic surgery have come as a result from experiences during wartime as doctors had to come up with new, more effective, and efficient ways to treat the wounded.

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A German-American surgeon named William Ludwig Detmold establishes a public clinic for the treatment of crippled children in New York City.

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A Dutch military surgeon named Antonius Mathijsen invents the plaster of Paris cast. This provided a good and efficient method of fixing bones by allowing them to heal properly.

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The hospital for the Raptured and Crippled in New York City, which is known as the oldest orthopedic hospital in the US is founded by James Knight.

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Hugh Owen Thomas, also known as the father of orthopaedic surgery invents the "Thomas splint", a common piece of orthopedic surgery equipment which continues to be used to this days in hospitals worldwide. Its purpose is to stabilize a fractured femur and prevent any infection

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The New York Orthopedic Dispensary is established

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The journal of Bone and Joint Surgery is established which helps provide orthopedic surgeons with a deeper insight on how to perform procedures.

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The British Orthopaedic Society is founded in the UK

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X rays are discovered by German physicist, Wilhelm Rontgen, and proved to be extremely beneficial and efficient, as it improved surgeons abilities to diagnose and manage orthopedic conditions ranging from fractures to avascular necrosis of the femoral head to osteoarthritis..

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The Hospital for Deformities and Joint Diseases is established in New York City.

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a german surgeon gerhard küntscher invents a method of healing bone fractures with the use of an internal fixation device to “maintain the position of the fracture fragments during healing.”

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Austin Moore performs the first metal hip arthroplasty at John Hopkins Hospital.

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Gavriil Abramovich Ilizarov invents the Ilizarovapparatus, which is still being used to lengthen or reshape limb bones today.

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British orthopaedic surgeon Sir John Charnley advances the field of joint replacement. Charnley pioneers the modern total hip replacement, an develops as an expert in tribology at Wrightington Hospital, England.

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The Brittle Bone Society is established. It is a charity dedicated to providing support to people affected by osteogenesis Imperfecta.

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The International Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva Association (IFOPA) is established. It supports medical research, education and communication for those afflicted by the rare genetic condition Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva

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Orthopaedic journals Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy is established.

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The ISAKOS - International Society of Arthroscopy, Knee Surgery and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine is formed in Hong Kong.

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Anaesthesia, Trauma and Critical Care (ATACC) is established as a non-profit charitable organization whose objective is to deliver teaching in trauma management and patient care

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The Spine Journal is the official journal of the North American Spine Society, it’s a peer-reviewed medical journal which means it’s been revised by many professionals.The journal was published in 2001 by Elsevier an information and analytics company based in Netherlands who specialize in scientific, technical, and medical things.

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The HSS Journal, a Musculoskeletal Journal of Hospital for Special Surgery is also a peer-reviewed medical journal published by Springer Science+Business Media.It covers musculoskeletal diseases,orthopedic surgery and it offers free continuing medical education articles.

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Three very important  things happened in 2006:
•Archives of Osteoporosis a peer-reviewed medical journal published by Springer Science+Business Media.
•The Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research,a peer-reviewed open access medical journal covering orthopedic surgery and the general study of the musculoskeletal system.

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Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders an international, multidisciplinary open-access, peer-reviewed, online-only medical journal addressing all spine conditions.It has all aspects of research on prevention, diagnosis, treatment, outcomes and cost-analyses of conservative and surgical management of all spinal deformities, disorders and conditions.

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Journal of Children's Orthopedics is a peer-reviewed medical journal, which was first published in March 2007. It is the official journal of the European Pediatric Orthopedic Society and is published in partnership with The British Editorial Society of Bone & Joint Surgery.Its also a gold open access journal.

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Two journals were punished in 2010 and those are
•Geriatric Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers six times a year in the field of Orthopedics.Its currently published by SAGE Publications and The deputy editor of the Journal is Simon Mears, MD, PhD, associate professor of orthopedic surgery at Johns Hopkins University.
•Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle is a peer-reviewed medical journal that covers research the changes in body composition, especially cachexia and sarcopenia, as well as chronic illnesses and the aging process.

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Bone & Joint Research is an orthopedic journal that covered the whole spectrum of the musculoskeletal sciences, published by The British Editorial Society of Bone & Joint Surgery.The journal is actually part of the Bone & Joint series of journals, which also includes Bone & Joint 360,The Bone & Joint Journal and The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery.

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E FORT Open Reviews a peer-reviewed medical journal published in January of 2016. It is  a fully open access online journal. It’s also   an authoritative resource for trainees and supports practicing orthopedic surgeons in keeping informed about the latest clinical and scientific advances.

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“Orthopedic Surgery.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 2 Oct. 2020, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery.

Jonathan Cluett, MD. “What Orthopedic Surgery Is All About.” Verywell Health, www.verywellhealth.com/orthopedics-4014679.

CORE, Banner. “A Brief History of Orthopedic Medicine.” Banner CORE Center, 9 Oct. 2018, www.bannercorecenter.com/blog/orthopedic/brief-history-orthopedic-medicine/.

“History of Orthopedics: Shady Grove Orthopaedics: Rockville and Germantown Locations: Montgomery County, MD.” Shady Grove Orthopaedics, 20 Apr. 2017, shadygroveortho.com/history-of-orthopaedics/.
https://shadygroveortho.com/history-of-orthopaedics/