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Lo Ching Tak 11239450
Lee Sai Chuen
Fok Wing Yin 11207756
Lam Mei Yiu 11207794

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Rolly Mini Toothbrush: http://www.rollybrush.com/en/
Derringer J. (2011). Twist & Brush. Retrieved from https://design-milk.com/twist-brush/
牙刷的起源、發明與變化 @ 口腔護理專家的部落格 :: 痞客邦 ::. (2013, October 24). 口腔護理專家的部落格. https://etizm1020.pixnet.net/blog/post/9709720
周安邦（2017）：以圖文互證觀點探究牙刷在中國的演變，《興大人文學報》，58，129-172。
陈亚建. (2010). 小器大美——古代牙刷设计文化流变图考. Zhuang Shi, (9), 120-121.

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0:48 - 3:08

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1. Health problem
reduce the oral bacteria
2. (Social factor) self-impression --> looks ugly if the teeth are dirty
3. (Economic factor) social status --> high-class people could buy the prettier toothbrush
4. (Religious factor)--> decorating by the birds, fish, lion, etc.

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1. Constant improvement based on existing product
2. Get inspiration from daily observation
3. (Social) Eating more sugar --> teeth began decaying
4. (Economic) People sought for better way of cleaning teeth  --> business opportunity

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Muslim need to clean themselves before praying.
Brushing teeth is one of the steps of cleaning themselves.

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1. from simple to aesthetic (the holder part)
The design of the holder used the idea from religion (Birds, Fish, and Buddhas hand)
2. from simple to complicated (the bristle holes became more and more)

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1. Good outlook
2. Convenience: clean tooth anytime and anywhere
3. Best oral hygiene
4. Environmental protection

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made with recyclable and bamboo handles, to help reduce environmental impact.
**substitute

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Designed by Kawamura-Ganjavian
-push to fill up the toothpaste
**Combine toothbrush and toothpaste

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**Modify
**Eliminate the holder

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Toothbrushes in different shape and sizes

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Toothbrushes in different shape and sizes

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Toothbrush models include handles that are straight, angled, curved, and contoured with grips and soft rubber areas to make them easier to hold and use.

Toothbrush heads range from very small for young children, to larger sizes for older children and adults, and come in a variety of shapes such as rectangular, oblong, oval, and almost round.

**modify attributes (size) & change size
from rectangle to round shape

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- Three categories: royal family, bureaucrat family, citizen

- Royal family: 95-hole brushes for the emperor has a noble meaning, which is "九五之尊".

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1960s: Toothbrush evolution: The electric toothbrush

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1960s: Toothbrush evolution: The electric toothbrush

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In 1960, Squibb marketed the first American electrical toothbrush in the United States called the Broxodent.
General Electric introduced a rechargeable cordless toothbrush in 1961.

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1930s: Natural animal bristles were eventually replaced by synthetic fibers

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1930s: Natural animal bristles were eventually replaced by synthetic fibers

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In 1935, the fiber known as nylon was patented.
In 1938, The first nylon toothbrush was introduced

name: “Doctor West’s Miracle-Tuft Toothbrush”.
**substitute

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- Diversification of the outlook of brush holder

- The design and production of toothbrush transformed from simplicity and practicality to aesthetics of craftsmanship.

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- Horsetail 馬尾

- Improvement of making and brush head (Increasing the number of brush holes and bristles)

- The book 《夢粱錄》stated that "There is a Ling's toothbrushing shop at the entrance of Lion Alley, and a Fuguanren's toothbrushing shop at the entrance of Jinxiang Alley." (獅子巷口有凌家刷牙鋪，金子巷口有傅官人刷牙鋪。).

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- ox bone 牛骨
- bamboo
- bristle from pig 猪鬃

- Chinese people used to rinse their mouths after meals. As Buddhism was introduced from India to China, the idea of "wiping method" (揩齒法) was also introduced to China. They used tooth sticks to clean tooth.

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- Willow branches 楊柳枝

- People soaked willow branches in water and chew the willow branches repeatedly with teeth.

- The book《詩經．衛風．碩人》mentioned "the teeth of beautiful lady are neat and white as gourd" (齒如瓠犀).

- Li Shizhen (李時珍) mentioned that "Scraping as tooth sticks is good for brushing tooth"  (削為牙枝，滌齒甚妙) in Compendium of Materia Medica《本草綱目》.

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-For kids
-Time control
-Encourage kids to brush tooth with a suitable time
**Combine the Led and tooth brush
**Adapt the time controller

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Get the branches from Arak tree and make it as toothbrush called Miswak

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prophet Muhammad started to promote the use of toothbrush. Holding a flossing stick to bite the stick while flossing

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People used ashes, charcoal, salt solution, sand and branches to clean mouth

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-Portable
-Brush tooth anytime
**Modify
**Eliminate the holder
**Re-arrange

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While in prison, and observing the use of a broom to sweep the floor, he decided that the prevalent method used was ineffective and could be improved.

Use: a small animal bone left over from dinner
bristles from guard
sealed with glue

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Around 1780: William Addis invented the first more modern toothbrush in England.

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Around 1780: William Addis invented the first more modern toothbrush in England.

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The handles were carved out of the bone of cattle and the heads of the natural bristles were placed in the bored holes made in the bone and kept in place by thin wire.
**substitute