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It involves all-encompassing questions about the meaning and purpose of life and one’s place in the world,

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stigmatisation of the topic in the society 

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stigmatisation of the topic in the society 

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awareness of inevitability of death

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Contrasting the Effects of Mortality Salience and Future Time Limitation on Goal Prioritization in Older and Younger Adults

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Contrasting the Effects of Mortality Salience and Future Time Limitation on Goal Prioritization in Older and Younger Adults

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Results showed that older adults allocated significantly more resources to emotionally close recipients who supported their cultural worldviews in conditions involving future time limitation and death reflection. They also allocated less resources to emotionally not close recipients who did not support their cultural worldviews in conditions involving future time limitation. Younger adults did not show these differences. Nor did mortality salience have any effect.

Discussion

These results suggest that future time perspective and death reflection shift age-related goals more than mortality salience.

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The influence of religion on death anxiety and death acceptance

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The influence of religion on death anxiety and death acceptance

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Belief in God’s existence (r = −0.27), and belief in the afterlife (r = −0.25) were both negatively correlated with death anxiety (p < 0.01), and positively correlated with death acceptance (respectively, r = 0.21 and r = 0.22, p < 0.05).

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Parishioners ( n = 130) of an Episcopal church in New York City participated in a survey to explore the relationship between the religiosity, death acceptance, and death anxiety. Among the four different types of religiosity measured by the Rohrbaugh and Jessor scale, theological religiosity was the only one to have a significant effect on death acceptance and death anxiety. Belief in God's existence ( r = −0.27), and belief in the afterlife ( r = −0.25) were both negatively correlated with death anxiety ( p < 0.01), and positively correlated with death acceptance (respectively, r = 0.21 and r = 0.22, p < 0.05). The effects remained significant even after controlling for a number of demographic variables using multiple regression procedures. Being a woman was the only demographic variable that was significantly correlated with greater anxiety about death. On average, women displayed significantly higher levels of death anxiety ( M = 8.1, SD = 2.8) than men ( M = 6.2, SD  = 2.9).

Acknowledgements

The authors are deeply grateful to the Parishioners of the Episcopal Church of the Epiphany, New York City, for their support and for their participation in this project. We also thank the Reverend Canon Andrew J. W. Mullins, Rector of the Church of the Epiphany, and The HealthCare Chaplaincy's President and CEO, Reverend Dr Walter J. Smith, for the initiative and support that led to this collaboration between The Chaplaincy and the Church of the Epiphany. Finally, we wish to thank the Fannie E. Rippel Foundation for its continuing generous support of The HealthCare Chaplaincy.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The influence of religion on death anxiety and death acceptance

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Parishioners ( n = 130) of an Episcopal church in New York City participated in a survey to explore the relationship between the religiosity, death acceptance, and death anxiety. Among the four different types of religiosity measured by the Rohrbaugh and Jessor scale, theological religiosity was the only one to have a significant effect on death acceptance and death anxiety.

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Failure Causes Fear: The Effect of Self-Esteem Threat on Death-Anxiety

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Failure Causes Fear: The Effect of Self-Esteem Threat on Death-Anxiety

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A self-esteem threat increased death-anxiety relative to a self-esteem boost and non-self threat control condition.

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The religious correlates of death anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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The religious correlates of death anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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Likewise, the supposition that death anxiety motivates religious belief, which in turn mitigates death anxiety, predicts that religiosity increases with death anxiety among non-believers, and that death anxiety decreases as religiosity increases among believers

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In particular, Terror Management Theory’s worldview defence hypothesis predicts that death anxiety is lowest among very religious and irreligious individuals, and highest among uncertain individuals

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Critical self-attacks lead to greater anxiety, which, in turn, leads to greater reliance on self-nourishing behaviors in a vicious cycle.

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true intimacy with a romantic partner is also disruptive to the psychological defense system because it makes one vulnerable to interpersonal pain in that one might be rejected or frustrated and makes one vulnerable to death anxiety because following times of sexual or emotional bonding separation is bittersweet in that one becomes acutely aware of the impermanence of all things in existence.

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This identification gives rise to self-punishing fantasy processes in which the child attempts to pre-empt parental anger through an internal thought process of self-criticism.

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The individual guards against interpersonal pain by adopting the stance that it is best not to get to close to others because they will just let you down and it is best not to feel too strongly for another because relationships do not last. Similarly, the individual guards against existential anxiety by adopting the stance that it is best not to experience life fully or to care passionately about things because life itself will not last.

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The author attempts to integrate Terror Management Theory (TMT) and R. W. Firestone's Separation Theory ( ). Both theories emphasize defense against death anxiety as a key human motive. Whereas TMT focuses extensively on self-esteem and cultural worldview, Firestone posited additional defenses such as gene survival, self-nourishing behaviors, addictive couple bonds, and adopting an anti-sexual approach to life. TMT offers a strong base of experimentally validated ideas and the experimental paradigms to test the broad array of defenses enumerated in Firestone's Separation Theory. Therefore, an integration of the two theories would be beneficial to a fuller understanding of psychological defenses against death anxiety.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Psychological Defenses Against Death Anxiety: Integrating Terror Management Theory and Firestone's Separation Theory

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The author attempts to integrate Terror Management Theory (TMT) and R. W. Firestone's Separation Theory ( ). Both theories emphasize defense against death anxiety as a key human motive. Whereas TMT focuses extensively on self-esteem and cultural worldview, Firestone posited additional defenses such as gene survival, self-nourishing behaviors, addictive couple bonds, and adopting an anti-sexual approach to life.

# data[].attributes.body
mortality salience increased willingness to initiate social interaction (Taubman Ben-Ari, Findler, & Mikulincer, 2002)

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increased desire for symbolic immortality by making some meaningful connection to the world.

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increased desire for symbolic immortality by making some meaningful connection to the world.

# data[].attributes.body
solution the person finds in personal success still ignoring the need to face existential question an mortality silence results in worldview defense if exposed to mortality reminders

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in fact, it has repeatedly been demonstrated that the mortality salience induction does not make participants’ mood more negative (Arndt, Allen, & Greenberg, 2001) link

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Experimental support for distal defenses (worldview defense)

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Experimental support for distal defenses (worldview defense)

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reminders of death increased self-esteem strivings as evidenced by more self-serving biases in attributing failure to external causes and success to internal causes (Mikulincer & Florian, 2002), greater identification with one's body among those for whom appearance was relevant to self-esteem
faster driving speed on a driving simulator among men for whom driving skill was relevant to self-esteem (Taubman Ben-Ari, Florian, & Mikulincer, 1999),

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have been shown to connect to difficulties with accepting other opinions

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have been shown to connect to difficulties with accepting other opinions

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i ncrease participants' estimates of consensus for their opinions (Pyszczynski et al., 1996); (b) increase liking for similar others and derogation of dissimilar others (Greenberg et al., 1990); (c) result in harsher penalties for those who violate social norms (Florian & Mikulincer, 1997); (d) result in greater rewards for heroes who uphold valued tenets of one's cultural worldview (Rosenblatt, Greenberg, Solomon, Pyszczynski, & Lyon, 1989); (e) produce aggression against those who express contradictory worldviews (McGregor et al., 1998),

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immediately increased intentions to exercise (Arndt, Schimel, & Goldenberg, 2003), decreased intentions to engage in risky behaviors among those with an internal locus of control (Miller & Mulligan, 2002), greater immediate preference for high SPF sunscreen products (Routledge, Arndt, & Goldenberg, 2004),

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consumerism advanced in the conventional American worldview, in which what makes life meaningful is amassing material wealth, and still feel unprotected against existential anxiety because one's neighbors have bigger houses, nicer cars, and higher paying jobs.

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terror managment theory literal and symbolic immortality (symbolic victory over death)

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terror managment theory literal and symbolic immortality (symbolic victory over death)

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Literal immortality beliefs provide hope that life will continue after physical death, as exemplified by afterlife concepts such as heaven, reincarnation, or joining with ancestral spirits. Symbolic immortality comes from contributing to something greater than oneself that will continue long after one has died, such as a family, nation, or the memories of others. people manage the potential for anxiety inherent in awareness of the inevitability of death by maintaining faith in their cultural worldviews, self-esteem, and close relationships; these anxiety-buffering systems mitigate existential terror by imparting a sense that one is a person of value living in a meaningful world. link

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personal success and genuine interpersonal intimacy may actually increase death concerns. Consequently, people engage in self-limiting and self-destructive behaviors involving shrinking back from intimacy in favor of comfortable illusions of connection. (it lacks the same empirical rigor as TMT)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The author attempts to integrate Terror Management Theory (TMT) and R. W. Firestone's Separation Theory ( ). Both theories emphasize defense against death anxiety as a key human motive. Whereas TMT focuses extensively on self-esteem and cultural worldview, Firestone posited additional defenses such as gene survival, self-nourishing behaviors, addictive couple bonds, and adopting an anti-sexual approach to life. TMT offers a strong base of experimentally validated ideas and the experimental paradigms to test the broad array of defenses enumerated in Firestone's Separation Theory. Therefore, an integration of the two theories would be beneficial to a fuller understanding of psychological defenses against death anxiety.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Psychological Defenses Against Death Anxiety: Integrating Terror Management Theory and Firestone's Separation Theory

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The author attempts to integrate Terror Management Theory (TMT) and R. W. Firestone's Separation Theory ( ). Both theories emphasize defense against death anxiety as a key human motive. Whereas TMT focuses extensively on self-esteem and cultural worldview, Firestone posited additional defenses such as gene survival, self-nourishing behaviors, addictive couple bonds, and adopting an anti-sexual approach to life.

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From the perspective of TMT, it motivate attempts to bolster self-esteem and to seek out close relationships.

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antidepressant treatments

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death anxiety

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Psychological Defenses Against Death Anxiety

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Psychological Defenses Against Death Anxiety

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Terror Management Theory (cultural worldview and self-esteem as psychological buffers against death anxiety).
and Firestone's Separation Theory
Mikulincer, Florian, and Hirschberger (2003) postulated that the formation and maintenance of close personal relationships

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“I recommend anti-depressants.” A study in the social denial of death

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“I recommend anti-depressants.” A study in the social denial of death

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increased death anxiety among 20-year-olds.

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increased death anxiety among 20-year-olds.

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As cognitive capacities develop with age, children become aware of their parents' mortality and limitations. At this point, death anxiety becomes the primary source of anxiety

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Two studies examined death anxiety across the adult years. In the first study, 304 men and women between 18 and 87 years completed the Collett-Lester Fear of Death scale. Death anxiety peaked in both men and women during their 20s and declined significantly thereafter. However, women displayed a secondary spike during their 50s not seen in men. In the second study, 113 women between 18 and 85 years completed the Templer Death Anxiety Scale. Death anxiety displayed the same bimodal distribution and significant decline with age seen in Study 1. The results suggest that more emphasis should be placed on the cause of increased death anxiety among 20-year-olds and on why women, but not men, experience a second anxiety spike during their 50s.

We thank Dan Richard for his invaluable statistical advice.

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Death Anxiety across the Adult Years: An Examination of Age and Gender Effects

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Two studies examined death anxiety across the adult years. In the first study, 304 men and women between 18 and 87 years completed the Collett-Lester Fear of Death scale. Death anxiety peaked in both men and women during their 20s and declined significantly thereafter.

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lack of space or occasion where the person could question the meaning of life and their future

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lack of space or occasion where the person could question the meaning of life and their future

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reminders of mortality increase the death anxiety for individuals who lack meaning in life

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reminders of mortality increase the death anxiety for individuals who lack meaning in life

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subtle reminders of mortality increase strivings for meaning.

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Mortality salience and the desire for offspring

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Mortality salience and the desire for offspring

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anticipated or actual offspring is discussed as a buffer against existential anxiety.

Recently, research additionally showed that MS increased self-reports of the number of children desired in Dutch men but not in Dutch women. We conducted three studies to further investigate the role of desire for offspring in terror management. In Study 1, we conceptually replicated previous findings for Germany and found increased desire for offspring following MS in both men and women

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reliance on symbolic immortality as a way to buffer the existential threat conveyed in notions of mortality link