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the term spoils system refers to the practice of victorious politicians rewarding their supporters with government jobs

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Corruption developed as people used their jobs for personal gain.

Jobs were often bought and sold, and people made large profits from government contracts.

Calls for reform began in the 1850s

Murder of Andrew Garfield set reform in motion.

The Pendleton Act puts most of the responsibility for running the day-to-day functions of executing and enforcing laws in the hands of people without close political ties to the government or department secretaries.

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Federal job openings have about 80 applicants.

The Office of Personnel Management is responsible for filling federal jobs.

Most secretarial and clerical jobs require the applicant to take a written examination.

Government jobs are attractive because of the many benefits they offer.

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All civil service workers have job security.

According to law, most executive branch employees of the federal government can join unions but may not be forced to do so.

Federal employees who report corruption or wrongdoing by the government are known as whistleblowers, because they call attention to misconduct.

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Congress passed the Hatch Act, which prevents federal workers from participating in election campaigns.

Opponents argue that the law violates freedom of speech for federal workers.

Supporters of the Hatch Act believe it is needed to keep the federal civil service politically neutral.

In 1993 Congress revised the Hatch Act to address criticisms. The amended law prohibits federal workers from engaging in political activities during work hours, including wearing a campaign button.

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Each cabinet department has liaison officers.

Liaison officers keep track of bills moving through Congress.

Often, the ideas for new laws come from within the bureaucracy.

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In the simplest terms, federal bureaucrats carry out the policies the Congress makes and the president signs.

The bureaucracy shapes what the law actually means.

The bureaucracy formulates many rules or regulations to carry out each law.

Rules made by federal agencies have the force and effect of law.

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Executive agencies seek input from private citizens and others who will be affected by potential rules and regulation called stakeholders.

When agencies draft new rules, they must publish drafts of those rules and allow the public to see and comment on them before they go into effect.

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Interest groups use various strategies to encourage their members to weigh in on rules that might affect them.

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When citizens are not satisfied they can take their case to court.

They may ask a federal court to issue an order that will stop an action or enforce a rule or regulation.

Lawmakers can pass laws to alter the rules or regulations a federal agency establishes.

They can hold agencies more accountable for what they do.

Lawmakers can use these reports to make sure the executive branch is carrying out laws as they were expected to do.

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Factors Contributing to Growth in the Bureaucracy

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Factors Contributing to Growth in the Bureaucracy

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Population Growth

Industrial and Technological Advances- Americans live in a much more urban, industrial, and technological society than we used to.

Growing Global Economy

Threats to National Security Bureaucracy expanded rapidly after World War II and throughout the Cold War.

Economic Crises During the Great Depression the number of federal workers nearly doubled.

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Efforts to Reduce Size of Bureaucracy and the Federal Workforce

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Efforts to Reduce Size of Bureaucracy and the Federal Workforce

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One way to reduce the size of government is to reduce the number of government employees.

Another is to cut or freeze their pay, or to require them to take unpaid days off, called furlough.