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Utopias created an ideal community that allowed spiritual freedom and a chance to live life differently. Although the movement died down, it promoted revolutionary ideas such as sexual equality and opposition to societal norms and classes.

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National Historic Landmark

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Housed inside gigantic serpentine edifices called "phalanstries" would be 1620 people, coming from various occupations and social classes.

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Named Shakers for their dance

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Communal movements that promoted celibacy / non-patriarchal leaderships / common-property ownership

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Economic downfall from the Panic of 1837 had made the socialist movement of the Fourierism attractive, serving towards a more Utopian society. The Shakers' disregard for male and female gender roles contributed towards a more equal society. Oneida's contributing towards this idea of an ideal society through an equal common ownership of property.

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Albert Brisbane (disciple of the founder of Fourierism) argued ~> socialism liberated workers from capitalist employers, like Republicanism.

Phalanxes: a working group / community

Everyone owned the property equally (divided it amongst the members of the community).

Fourierism attracted educated farmers and young men due to economic crippling after Panic of 1837.

Disbanded due to conflicts over work and social policies

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Founder and Leader: John Humphreys Noyes

1874: 270 members of the Oneida community

Noyes became involved with the abolitionist movement

1833: Noyes founded the New Haven Anti-Slavery Society and New Haven Free Church

Noyes preached radical belief (Perfection: the idea that it is possible for an individual to become free of sin in this life through religious conversion and will power.)

Perfectionists thought of themselves as married to the group, not a single partner (complex marriage) to stay away from women being “property” of men

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Mother Ann, founder of the Shakers, believed herself to be the Second Coming of Christ

Abstained from alcohol, tobacco, war / politics, and committed to celibacy

Embraced ownership of property and preferred a dominant church authority to warrant behavior and township

Men and women had equal participation in government / community politics (Elders and Eldresses)

Also known for being the 1st successful communal movement