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4 Methods of Learning
1. Trial and Error

"If at first you don't succeed try again"

2. Operant Conditioning

behaviors have consequences

negative punishment: did bad, remove good

positive reinforcement: did good, add good

negative reinforcement: did good, take away the bad thing; good way to parent

positive punishment: did bad, add punishment

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3. Classical Conditioning

Associative learning

UCS: unconditioned stimulus

UCR: unconditioned response

CS: conditioned stimulus

CR: conditioned response

4. Observational Learning (Modeling)

monkey see, monkey do

A behavior I have that I want to fix: feeling the need to close my room door
A friend or sibling's behavior that I want to change: not responding to family help requests

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Thorndike and the Law of Effect
- Trial and Error method: repeated attempts which are continued until success or until the subject stops trying
- Puzzle Box
- Purpose of Study: effect of rewards, operant conditioning: learning from consequences, reinforced behaviors and defined connected behaviors
- Positive reinforcement: escaping box gave reward
- Law of Effect: rewarded responses will occur more than unrewarded responses
- Law of Exercise: as the response occurs more often, it will become easier to do
- Ethical study

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Skinner
- inspired by Thorndike
- operant learning: animal would be given reward for hitting the lever
- psychology and physiology
- skinner box/operant chamber
- after given reward, choice to respond again
- reinforcement: consequence to increase or decrease behavior, positive and negative
- unethical: shock therapy, abuse of the subjects
- fixed ratio/variable schedule
PR+<3 } increase behavior
NR-X   }
PP+X  } decrease behavior
NP-<3 } temporary

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I can understand the 5 schedules of reinforcement
Big Band Theory
1. What classical and operant conditioning can we identify?
- Classical:
- Operant: offering candy
2. What technique did Sheldon do that worked well?
- offering candy, that she liked
- positive reinforcement
3. What did Sheldon do that did not work well?
- offered candy for everything good

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Martin Seligman
- founder of positive psychology
Learned Helplessness
- learning to be depressed
- when subjects feel helpless from a sense of powerlessness possible due to previous traumatic experiences of persistent failure to succeed
Purpose of the Study
if failures occur often enough, the subject's perception lacks control of the situations, even when there might be control over the situation, causing depression.
Procedure
- escape, no escape, and no harness groups of dogs
- the escape group got faster at pressing the panel through the 64 trials
- the no escape group stopped panel pressing after 30 trials
- the no escape group had no incentive to attempt to escape

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Is it Ethical?
- harmed the dogs
- lasting effect on the dogs
Study's Relevance
- helps therapists understand depression better and create better treatments
____________________
Locus of control: location of control
External: Excuses
- I lost my Varsity position because the team didn't help me prepare
- I couldn't meet with my friend in the morning because the traffic was bad
- I had food poisoning because the food provider was bad
Internal: Take Responsibility
-  I lost my Varsity position because I didn't prepare hard enough
- I couldn't meet with my friend in the morning because I didn't prepare ahead of time

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Albert Bandura
The Bobo Doll study
Purpose
- if behavior can be shaped just by observing and imitating
- observational learning
Procedure
- Aggressive models would aggressively play with the bobo doll
- The Non-Aggressive models would play quietly with the Tinker Toys
Results
- girls were more verbal aggression and boys were more physical aggression
Is it Ethical?
- obtain adult consent
- not victims of harm
- individual results were confidential
- not debriefed
Study's relevance
- males are more violent
- adults can influence behavior
- observation influences behavior

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Positive Reinforcement
- the girl repeats the swear word because it made her dad laugh
-
Punishment
- honking when the mom does unlikable things
Negative Reinforcement
-
Social Learning
- the daughter learning to swear
- the daughter saying the word containing

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Acquisition: strengthening the response b/w CS and NS

Generalization: salivating to other classical conditioning theorists

Discrimination: not salivating to the other classical conditioning theorist names

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Garcia
- Conditioned taste aversion: a adaptive trait
- CS: sweet saccharin with lights
- UCS: illness inducing agent and shock
- Conditioned avoidance response
The Office
- giving the altoid every time the windows sound is played

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Watson and Little Albert
- believed in behaviorism
- we are conditioned to respond emotionally to certain stimuli in the environment
- little albert was taught to fear the furry objects
- emotional behavior can be conditioned through stimulus response techniques
- disproved Freudian thinking, which said that we are motivated by unconscious conflicts