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inˈtranzədiv vərb

a verb that cannot receive an object (e.g. They chatted with each other.  She smiled.)

Definition from:  Traffis, Catherine.  "Transitive and Intransitive Verbs--What's the Difference?"  Grammarly, https://www.grammarly.com/blog/transitive-and-intransitive-verbs/.   Accessed 6 Dec. 2018.

English students should be aware of which verbs are intransitive so that they know when not to include an object.  It is also important for them to know which verbs can be both so that they are not confused by the variation of English phrases.

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tranzədiv vərb

a verb that needs an object (e.g. I called her.  He likes ice cream.)

Definition from:  Traffis, Catherine.  "Transitive and Intransitive Verbs--What's the Difference?"  Grammarly, https://www.grammarly.com/blog/transitive-and-intransitive-verbs/.   Accessed 6 Dec. 2018.

English students (ELLs and non-ELLs) should be aware of which verbs are transitive so that they do not create incomplete verb phrases.  In other languages, the same translations can be intransitive, so it is important to signify which verbs in English do require an object.

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the principles, ideals, or practice of producing fantastic or incongruous imagery or effects in art, literature, film, or theater by means of unnatural or irrational juxtapositions and combinations.

\sə-ˈrē-ə-ˌli-zəm\

"Surrealism." Merriam-Webster. www.merriam-webster.com. Accessed 30 November 2018.

It is important that students understand the meaning of surrealism so that they can apply the knowledge that they have of history to the significance of the artists works. By having the ability to identify the surrealistic qualities of a painting, students will be able to identify artists such as Frida Kahlo and other Latin American artists.

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a style of art that stresses abstract structure at the expense of other pictorial elements especially by displaying several aspects of the same object simultaneously and by fragmenting the form of depicted objects

\ˈkyü-ˌbi-zəm\

"Cubism." Merriam-Webster. merriam-webster.com. Accessed 30 November 2018.

It is important that students understand what Cubism is so that students can have a greater appreciation for Latin American art. If students know the history of where the style came from, it can be very helpful for them to identify pieces of art with specific artists such as Diego Rivera

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Pronounced: ˈpən

: the usually humorous use of a word in such a way as to suggest two or more of its meanings or the meaning of another word similar in sound

"Pun." Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2018.

Once homophones and words with multiple meanings stop confusing us we can have fun with them.

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Pronounced: ˈī-rə-nē

Definition of irony

1a: the use of words to express something other than and especially the opposite of the literal meaning

b: a usually humorous or sardonic literary style or form characterized by irony

c: an ironic expression or utterance

2a(1): incongruity between the actual result of a sequence of events and the normal or expected result

(2): an event or result marked by such incongruity

b: incongruity between a situation developed in a drama and the accompanying words or actions that is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play— called also dramatic irony, tragic irony

"Irony." Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2018.

Irony is fun, but can also be tricky to identify and define. Even the definition above uses the word to define itself. Ironic statements, like the one below, contradict themselves by bringing attention to the gap between literal and figurative meanings.

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ri-sor-gi-men-to
noun

Risorgimento was the 19th century movement in Italy for total political, economic, and social unification. This movement was specific in that it aroused a native consciousness in 'Italians' that was perhaps not present before. This word can also refer to a 'revival' as the italian peoples collectevized and unified against foreign political rule, especially after the Napoleonic wars.

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in-dus-trial * ca-pac-i-ty
noun

The amount of resources necessary for economic development available in a nation. Larger nations, by geography and population, have a higher industrial capacity than smaller nations. Guatemala, which is roughly the size of US state of Tennessee , does not have the capacity to industrialize due to its minimal access to resources.

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thē-səs

A statement that entails the author's point of view resulting from experiences and research

Definition from:  "Thesis."  Merriam-Webster.  https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/thesis.  Accessed 29 Nov. 2018.

English and ESOL students should be taught how to write a good thesis, as it is the cornerstone for a good essay.

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dā-ˌnü-ˈmäⁿ

The final part, the resolution, of a book or play

Definition from:  "Denouement."  Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/denouement.  Accessed 29 Nov. 2018.

It is important for students to understand discipline-specific words such as denouement so that they can understand the elements of plot and have the appropriate vocabulary to address them in an academic setting.

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/ˈradək(ə)l/

affecting or changing the fundamental nature of something, politically this is considered "left"

It is important to have students be aware of "left" vs "right", and often the term radical pops up in these discussions. For a person or organization to be radical they are willing to change all of the society's norms and rules. A prime example of this is Fidel Castro's revolutionary movement in Cuba. Just look at the new constitution created after Fidel gained power.

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/dəˈpreSH(ə)n/

a period of economic decline, characterized by  declining business, high unemployment, and falling prices

This is an important term used throughout histories of states and nations. It plagues our world now that most nations are connected on a global scale through their economies . This term maybe confusing at first because it may be confused with a feeling or state of mind.

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2. the basic monetary unit of Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Phlippines, and Uruguay

\ˈpā-(ˌ)sō\

"Peso." Merriam-Webster. merriam-webster.com. Accessed: 27 November 2018.

It is important that students understand what a peso so that they understand the differences in currency depending on the country. We use the dollar system, but not every country does so by understand their form of currency, students can have a more well-rounded understanding of the similarities and differences of different countries.

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Originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native

/inˈdijənəs/

"Indigenous." google.com. Accessed: 27 November 2018.

It is important that students understand the word indigenous because a world language classroom largely focuses on the studies of the indigenous people of Latin America and Spain. By having a clear understand of what the word indigenous means, students will have a better opportunity to appreciate the customs and traditions of the indigenous people.

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popular music of Latin American origin that has absorbed characteristics of rhythm and blues, jazz, and rock

/ˈsȯl-sə/

"Salsa." Merriam-Webster. merriam-webster.com. Accessed: 21 November 2018.

It is important that students recognize the characteristics of salsa music because it is an important part of Latin American heritage. Salsa music not only connects people through music but also through dance.

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popular music of Puerto Rican origin that combines rap with Caribbean rhythms

re-gā-ˈtōn

"Reggaeton." Merriam-Webster. merriam-webster.com. Accessed 21 November 2018.

It is important for students to understand the different forms and origins of traditional Latin American music because music has the ability to connect people, regardless of the language barrier.

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A Spanish or Latin American pastry turnover filled with a variety of savoury ingredients and baked or fried

/ˌɛmpəˈnɑːdə/

"Empanada." English Oxford Living Dictionary. en.oxforddictionaries.com

It is important for students to understand the origins of traditional Latin American foods so that they have better understanding of the countries that they are studying. By providing students with an explanation of certain foods, they can make connections to American cuisine.

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a saffron-flavored dish containing rice, meat, seafood, and vegetables

\pä-ˈā-yə

"Paella." Merriam-Webster. merriam-webster.com. Accessed: 15 November 2018.

It is very important for students to understand traditional foods in Spanish speaking countries so that they have a more well-rounded idea. As a world language educator, students should have the opportunity to experience all aspects of a culture, which includes food.

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muhl-tee-kuhl-cher-uh-liz-uhm
Noun

The preservation and demonstration of different cultures and cultural identities into a unified political state or society. America is considered multicultural in that most of its inhabitants come from ancestors of different cultures than were originally here. This is why America is called the 'melting pot'.

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syn-cre-tism
Noun

The merging of different political, religious, and cultural schools of thought into one solidified belief. Syncretic politics is politics that is neither right or left on the political spectrum, but takes up a neutral or 'third party' designation.

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Fal-ang-ism

Falangism was the political ideology of Francoist Spain from 1937-1977. Falangism emphasized the link between authoritarian, conservative, Catholic, and capitalist ideology while being vehemently against democracy, liberalism, and communism. Franco and his government party, Falange Española de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista (FE de las JONS), declare themselves a syncretic third position, in that they attack both the right and the left; but scholars place this ideology on the political right.

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Guer-ril-la - Noun

A person who engages in non-traditional warfare. Typically a part of an independent political unit.

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Pronounced: sīt

Definition of cite

transitive verb

1: to call upon officially or authoritatively to appear (as before a court)

2: to quote by way of example, authority, or proof cites several noteworthy authors

3a: to refer to especially : to mention formally in commendation or praiseShe was cited for bravery.

b: to name in a citation: cited by the trustees for his work in public health

4: to bring forward or call to another's attention especially as an example, proof, or precedent: cited the weather as a reason for canceling the picnic, cited several studies that support his theory

"Cite." Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2018.

Because we make arguments and interpretations based on evidence within the texts we read it is important for us to back up our opinions with the snippets of the text that show where, within the text, our ideas come from. Using textual evidence like quotations or paraphrasing is important to interacting with the text and engaging in discourse. In the English Language Arts discipline we use MLA conventions to standardize the way this engagement with the texts looks. Here is an example below that illustrates how textual evidence is presented in the body of a paper, and authors are given credit in the works cited page. One of the most practical reasons to always cite your sources is to avoid accusations of plagiarism.

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Pronounced: ˈdis-ˌkȯrs

1: verbal interchange of ideas especially : CONVERSATION

2a: formal and orderly and usually extended expression of thought on a subject

b: connected speech or writing

c: a linguistic unit (such as a conversation or a story) larger than a sentence

3: a mode of organizing knowledge, ideas, or experience that is rooted in language and its concrete contexts (such as history or institutions)critical discourse

"Discourse." Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2018.

Discourse in the academic setting is a way to express and build upon our understanding of a subject by transferring our thoughts and ideas into words while listening and responding to the ideas of others. This approach to learning emphasizes communication and respect of others' points of view as well as fostering critical thinking and analytical skills. In the classroom discourse students build upon and present alternatives to each others' interpretations, generating a deeper understanding of the subject than they could acquire through their individual perspectives. For our purposes, the difference between discourse and discussion is that a discourse uses accountable talk as a key component of communication. A discourse can take place over a great deal of time or space. We want to introduce students to the discourses of our content areas to show them that professionals take part in the same analysis and reevaluation of ideas, with the same academic language, that we model and enact in our classroom discourses.

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ˈpɑli ˈkrɑnɪk

a way of viewing time in which events are loosely scheduled, and a person can be doing many things at once

Definition from:  Magrath, Douglas.  "How cultural differences can affect learning."  Multibriefs, 18 Feb. 2015, http://exclusive.multibriefs.com/content/how-cultural-differences-can-affect-learning/education.

It can be easy for teachers of diverse students to become frustrated when they consistently show up to class late or turn in assignments after the due date.  However, different cultures have different expectations of scheduling a perceptions of time, so if a teacher addresses this in the classroom it will decrease the chance of misunderstandings among students and teachers.

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ˈtiʧər ˈtɔkɪŋ taɪm

the amount of time a teacher spends talking in the classroom, which can limit student talking time (STT)

Definition from:  "Pros and cons of teacher talking time."  TeachingEnglish, Sept. 2004, https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/article/teacher-talking-time.

Teachers, especially of ELLs, should deliberately be aware of and limit the amount of time they spend talking in class because student talking time is necessary for language acquisition.  If a teacher spends the majority of a lesson talking, then students will have fewer opportunities to develop their language skills and collaborate with each other.

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a graph that uses circles to help present relationships (such as intersection and inclusion) between two or more terms or themes

/ˈven ˌdīəˌɡram/

Venn diagrams are a great way to understand relationships throughout history. By comparing and contrasting through an image, instead of just through text, some students may retain information better. Besides this, the information becomes much clearer after it is organized differently.

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expressing a text using different wording, in a way that makes sense to the individual reader

/ˈperəˌfrāz/
Paraphrasing can be used as a tool when analyzing historical documents. Many of these documents are difficult to read because of the type of English used or because they are translated. By having students paraphrase sentence by sentence or paragraph by paragraph, it then becomes easier to understand the theme of the document.

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the act of adjusting or adapting to a dominant culture of a group or nation

/əˌsimiˈlāSH(ə)n

This term is important to understand, especially in the U.S.A. context, when trying to understand the experiences of a minority group or individual. This often has negative connotation but it attempts to describe how someone may adapt a dominant culture to "fit in", voluntarily or by force. This is often taught in school in the units addressing indigenous peoples, non-white groups, and/or rural populations.

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an issue or person's identity that is made up of multiple  social categories

\ˌin-tər-ˈsek-shnəl,

When discussing women's suffrage or civil rights movements, often teachers forget to discuss how often some identities are alienated  from these movements. For example, during the U.S. women's suffrage a lot of black women were alienated from the movement because white women did not want these women to be part of their movement or did not feel that black Americans should have voting rights. In this case, among others, it is important to note that the intersection of identified (being a woman and black) often forces some people to "pick a side" or to be left out altogether.

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a journey made by a group of people with a particular purpose, typically of war or exploration

[ek-spi-dish-uh n]

The word expedition is important to not because it may often get confused with 'voyage' or 'travel'. Expeditions have a purpose that is more often regarding exploring a land for its resources or to gather information on it or the people that live on it.

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those areas of America whose official languages are Spanish and Portuguese, derived from Latin: South America, Central America, Mexico, and certain islands in the Caribbean.

/ˈlætɪn əˈmɛrɪkə/

"Latin America." www.collinsdictionary.com. Collins English Dictionary. 2010. Web. Accessed 8 November 2018.

It is important for students to understand what Latin America is and how it differs from Central and South America so that they have a solid understanding of what is being discussed in the classroom. Latin America has general similarities but each specific country has its own culture and traditions. By having a better understanding of terms such as Latin America, students will have a better understanding of the geography of the world.

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a person or group of people that have been given or granted the power to control or direct others

/əˈTHôrədē /

Authority is often granted or taken by someone, it is important that students know this. In order to lead others, you need to have authority first.

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The region where North America joins South America that includes Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama.

/sen.trəl əˈmer.ɪ.kə/

Definition from: "Central America." Cambridge, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/central-america. Accessed 8 November 2018.

It is important that students understand the countries in Central America to further increase their cultural awareness. By understanding where each country is located, students can have an opportunity to connect environmental factors with the cultures, traditions, and economic factors of the countries in Central America.

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Noun - Surf

A person, during Medieval times, placed within a condition of agricultural servitude to a nobleman or lord.

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ad-ju-di-ca-tion

The legal process by which a judge reviews evidence and testimony of two parties to determine a formal legal decision or judgement.

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gra-ˌfēm

The smallest meaningful unit in a writing system

Definition from:  "Grapheme." Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/grapheme.  Accessed 8 Nov. 2018.

Teachers should understand that students who have different first languages might use graphemes differently (e.g.  their writing systems do not use one-consonant/syllable graphemes like English does but perhaps syllable graphemes, or graphemes that demonstrate the meaning of the entire word).  Graphemes in English also do not consistently represent the same phoneme, which teachers should be aware of and point out when teaching literacy skills.

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mȯr-ˌfēm

The smallest meaningful unit in a word

Definition from:  "Morpheme."  Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/morpheme.  Accessed 8 Nov. 2018.

When students are aware of the meanings of several morphemes, they are able to do affix and root word activities that will help them deduce the definition of words.

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an agreement between sovereign nations

\ˈtrē-tē

In history, a treaty could be called different things (a pact, convention, protocol...). Treaties are important because they are international law and is a tenet of globalization.

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a long journey made to a sacred place as an act of religious devotion

[pil-gruh-mij]

Often people forget that there are so many religions across the world and they are often practiced differently depending on the region. Regardless, when students are learning about different religions they should keep an open mind. With identifying pilgrimage in this way, I hope students understand that religion, in general, is special for many people and there's a difference between identifying with a religion and being devout.

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a humorous poem made up of 5 lines following the aabba rhyme scheme.
/ˈlim(ə)rik/

When learning poetry, students will learn about different forms of poetry. It is important students know what a limerick is so they are able to identify this form. Students also tend to enjoy writing limericks because they are funny and rhyme. Reading and writing limericks can bring a fun aspect into poetry lessons as they are humorous.

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A type of poetry where the first syllable of a line is unstressed and the second syllable is stressed up to the 10th syllable.
Definition source: https://literarydevices.net/iambic-pentameter/

Pronunciation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OImgS8E6QP0

Students need to know how to identify iambic pentameter when learning about poetry. Students should be provided with examples of poems that follow iambic pentameter in order to learn what it sounds like. Many poems are written this way, which is why it is crucial students are able to identify them.

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Pronounced: səb-ˌtekst

Definition of subtext

: the implicit or metaphorical meaning (as of a literary text)

A literary text often has more than one meaning: the literal meaning of the words on the page, and their hidden meaning, what exists "between the lines"—the subtext. Arthur Miller's play The Crucible, for example, is about the Salem witchcraft trials of the 17th century, but its subtext is the comparison of those trials with the "witch hunts" of the 1950s, when many people were unfairly accused of being communists. Even a social conversation between a man and a woman may have a subtext, but you may have to listen very closely to figure out what it is. Don't confuse subtext with subplot, a less important plot that moves along in parallel with the main plot.

"Subtext." Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 1 Nov. 2018.

Reading between the lines is a valuable 21st century skill. Looking at the context in which a text was created, looking critically at the author's intentions adds depth to our interpretation of a text.

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Pronounced: ˈprä-sə-dē
Definition of prosody

1: the study of versification especially : the systematic study of metrical structure

2: a particular system, theory, or style of versification

3: the rhythmic and intonational aspect of language
"Prosody." Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 1 Nov. 2018.

This is an important concept to make students aware of because the way we read, aloud or to ourselves, affects the meaning that we derive from a text. Each text has a voice and knowing how to articulate that voice while reading makes a great deal of difference to our ability to comprehend the significance of what is written. We don't want to read in a monotone voice, certain words deserve special emphasis for us to fully appreciate the author's intended effect.

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agen-sea

The ability for a person to enact change in the world around them.

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Sov-er-eign

One holding or possessing political power. Also an acknowledged leader.

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toʊ.t̬əl ˌfɪz.ɪ.kəl rɪˈspɑːns

a method of teaching where students kinesthetically follow commands in the target language

Definition from:  "Total physical response."  Cambridge Dictionary, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/total-physical-response.  Accessed 1 Nov., 2018.

Total physical response is a good method of teaching for students who are kinesthetic learners, low-level ELLs, or reluctant to speak.  TPR activities, as helpful as they are for these three categories, do not need to be limited to them or thought of as childish activities.  Below is an example of a high school AP English teacher using TPR strategies to teach his class new vocabulary:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8yVYARYjl9o

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sər-kᵊm-lō-ˈkyü-shən

"the use of an unnecessarily large number of words to express an idea"

Definition from:  "Circumlocution."  Merrium-Webster.com, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/circumlocution.  Accessed 1 Nov., 2018.

This is a word I used from my Spanish teacher that, by its definition, seems to have a negative connotation, but it can be used productively in language classes to remind students of their several options to describe a word they do not remember, rather than giving up or resorting immediately to translation.  There are also fun circumlocution games that students can play to build their vocabulary skills, such as taboo.

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/ˈsinəˌnim/

A word or phrase that has the same or similar meaning to another word or phrase
https://www.dictionary.com/browse/synonym

Students need to know what words are synonymous when writing papers and picking out proper vocabulary. Students can find synonyms in a thesaurus and should be taught how to use one. It is important to remind students that although words may have a similar meaning, the context matters when convey that meaning and some words may be more appropriate than others.

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/ˈan(t)əˌnim/

A word with the opposite meaning of another
https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/antonym

Students need to able to differentiate opposites between words. They need to know when some words are appropriate to use and when others are not. Students also need to be able to identify the differences between words by their definitions.

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1. having or expressed in two languages
2. using or able to use two languages especially with equal fluency

\(ˌ)bī-ˈliŋ-gwəl\

"Bilingual" Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 24 October 2018.

Understanding what it means to be bilingual or being bilingual is very important in a foreign language classroom because it allows for opportunities to have better communication. If a student has the ability to speak fluently in more than one language, then they are provided with tons of opportunities to collaborate with others and help share new ideas to make the world a better place.

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dealing with or offering comparison between two or more different cultures or cultural areas
\ˈkrȯs-ˈkəlch-rəl\

"Cross-cultural" Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 24 October 2018.

Cross-cultural awareness is extremely important in the classroom because students need to be able to understand the differences between different cultures and have the ability to learn and accept them. Also, depending on the culture certain actions or comments may be offensive so is beneficial for students to understand and compare different cultures.

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How cross-cultural understanding can help us to see each other | Simone Buijzen | TEDxSittardGeleen

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seen as the father of 3 major religions of the modern world : Christianity, Judaism, and Islam
Knowing who Abraham is very important to 3 of the largest religions in the modern world today without the knowledge of Abraham we wouldn't know where some key religions came from

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[ep-ik]
An epic is a narrative poem that tells a hero's deeds.

Students are going to be reading a variety of epics throughout their school career. They need to understand how to differentiate these poems from other poetry they will encounter.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwju_OTH8P7dAhXFmeAKHV-AC-EQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwhosyoureditor.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F12%2Fday-five-of-poetry-week-epic-poems.html&psig=AOvVaw1VtGRFCnfMnHQIxN7AkF6L&ust=1539364166875785

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dispersion of the jews from Israel
During history many terrible things have happened to the jewish people and because of that a term has been coined onto their removal from certain places . Because of their constant removal this is a word that will often show up in a world history
class.

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information that is used to promote a cause, usually seen animates or posters

/,ˌpräpəˈɡandə/

Propaganda is important because students (and adults) need to be aware that there are different forms of media that are used to persuade. Important images that we know of, like Uncle Sam and Rosie the Riveter, are all forms of propaganda that were used during war times to increase military and civilian participation. If people do not understand the purpose of propaganda, then they don't understand the political, social, and economic atmosphere that they are trying to study.

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Pronounced: ə-ˌli-tə-ˈrā-shən

Definition of alliteration

: the repetition of usually initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words or syllables (such as wild and woolly, threatening throngs)— called also head rhyme, initial rhyme

"Alliteration." Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 10 Oct. 2018.

It's fun to see and use alliteration. Unlike assonance, alliteration is usually apparent when reading, especially when reading aloud. It's important to know this word so that you can refer to this literary technique like an expert.

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Pronounced: ˈa-sə-nən(t)s
Definition of assonance

1a: relatively close juxtaposition of similar sounds especially of vowels (as in "rise high in the bright sky")

b: repetition of vowels without repetition of consonants (as in stony and holy) used as an alternative to rhyme in verse

2: resemblance of sound in words or syllables

"Assonance." Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 10 Oct. 2018.

This is one of the ways that we can use language creatively. Using assonance creates a sense of artistic unity like rhyming or alliteration, but is more difficult to detect.

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Pronounced:

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to convey knowledge of or information about; make known

\ kə-ˈmyü-nə-ˌkāt \

Definition from: "Communicate" Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Accessed: 6 October 2018.

It is essential that students are able to communicate in both the target language and their native language to ensure that all information is being comprehended. However, students do not always have to communicate verbally, they are also invited to communicate through written language, because both are important in and outside of the classroom.

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1. a) an inherited, established, or customary pattern of thought, action, or behavior (such as a religious practice or a social custom)
b) a belief or story or a body of beliefs or stories relating to the past that are commonly accepted as historical though not verifiable
2. the handing down of information, beliefs, and customs by word of mouth or by example from one generation to another without written instruction
3. cultural continuity in social attitudes, customs, and institutions

\ trə-ˈdi-shən\

Definition: "Tradition." Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. Accessed: 6 October 2018

Traditions are commonly discussed in foreign language classrooms because they are so important to preserving the culture of the country. If students are educated about traditions that may differ from what they already know, there is a possibility that it could spark more interest in learning about foreign countries, therefore making the class feel less like a requirement. Also, different traditions can highlight the similarities and differences of different cultures and allow students to have more personal connections to the content. One of the most prominent Hispanic traditions is Día de los Muertos, or Day of the Dead, where they give thanks to their ancestors.

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Secedea term used primarily in the Civil War when the southern states seceded from the Union which began Civil WarThis term is thrown around a lot when we go over the Civil War in any class, and its very important to know its definition as to how much it is used in class

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Secedea term used primarily in the Civil War when the southern states seceded from the Union which began Civil WarThis term is thrown around a lot when we go over the Civil War in any class, and its very important to know its definition as to how much it is used in class

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https://www.bing.com/th?id=OIP.PaPnWIdfwh3j9D2AV49DpwHaEc&w=300&h=178&c=7&o=5&pid=1.7

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a fighting force for an army consisting of fighting men on horseback
This term is useful because in the earlier times before modernized warfare. Every Pre-modern war usually involved cavalry fighting, and it was very important to some sides in their victory .
https://www.bing.com/th?id=OIP.nKhD_bYc6O-kaRKRf24aJAHaFj&w=261&h=196&c=7&o=5&pid=1.7

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Pronounced: sə-fiks
Definition of suffix

: an affix occurring at the end of a word, base, or phrase — compare PREFIX

"Suffix." Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 4 Oct. 2018.

These affixes come at the end of a word to convey specific information, like tense and number, about the word they are affixed to. Using the correct suffix is a grammatical imperative.

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Pronounced: prē-ˌfiks

prefix noun

1: an affix attached to the beginning of a word, base, or phrase and serving to produce a derivative word or an inflectional form — compare SUFFIX

"Prefix." Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 4 Oct. 2018.

When we use morphic analysis to get at the meaning of a word, one of the components (morphemes) we must consider is the prefix. Prefixes change the meaning of the root word. To use the word itself as an example: the prefix "pre" indicates that it precedes something. We are looking at the noun form of this word, it can also be used as a verb.

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kō-ˈȯrd-nət

A clause that has an equal rank with other main clauses in a sentence, connected with a coordinating conjunction

Definition from:  "Coordinate."  Merriam-Webster.com, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coordinate.  Accessed 4 October, 2018.
Coordinate clauses are important for students to recognize and be able to use so that 1) they know how to construct them (use coordinating conjunctions, connect them to another independent clause) and 2) they can create a variety of sentence types.

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sə-ˈbȯr-də-nət

A clause that "functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb"

Definition from:  "Subordinate."  Merriam-Webster.com, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/subordinate. Accessed 4 October, 2018.Subordinate clauses are important for students to recognize and be able to use so that 1) they can avoid using them as complete sentences and 2) they can create a variety of sentence types.

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the right to vote in government elections

/ˈsəfrij/

Suffrage is typically used in the classroom to describe women gaining the ability to vote, "Women's Suffrage". However, not many students realize that "suffrage" could be applied to any group that was disenfranchized in the past but gained the ability to vote through some form of legislation and/or amendment.

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stage of development where a large group of people has reached high stages of social development and organization

\ ˌsi-və-lə-ˈzā-shən

When civilizations are discussed, they are talked about in a shallow way. A lot of students see the Maya and Mesopotamian civilizations, for example, as the beginning stages for our modern world because teachers are telling them that but they still have preconceived notions about these civilizations. Many people still consider them backward and savages but for many reasons but I think its important that teachers let students know that these groups were the most advanced of their time and much of their technology and organization continue to be used today.

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the words, their pronunciation, and the methods of combining them used and understood by a community

\ˈlaŋ-gwij\

Definition from: "Language." Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Accessed: 3 October 2018

How can we expect our students to learn another language if they don't know what it is that they are learning? Teaching what language is could be very beneficial in a foreign language class. Then it may feel less like a class and more like an opportunity. Why do we have language? Why is language important? If our students can be literate in what language actually is, teaching a foreign language could actually be enjoyable for everyone.

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Lera Boroditsky: How language shapes the way we think

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There are about 7,000 languages spoken around the world -- and they all have different sounds, vocabularies and structures. But do they shape the way we think? Cognitive scientist Lera Boroditsky shares examples of language -- from an Aboriginal community in Australia that uses cardinal directions instead of left and right to the multiple words for blue in Russian -- that suggest the answer is a resounding yes.

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1a. the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group
also : the characteristic features of everyday existence (such as diversions or a way of life) shared by people in a place or time
b. the set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution or organization

\ˈkəl-chər\

Definition from: "Culture." Merriam-webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Accessed: 3 October 2018.

In any foreign language classroom, it is important that students are aware of what a "culture" is before they begin to discuss the cultural differences between the U.S. and Spain. One of the biggest mistakes that teachers make in the classroom is discussing different cultures without actually defining the word. Cultural awareness, for example, is a huge part of the foreign language department because it's the action of being made aware of beliefs and traditions that are different from our own; it doesn't make them wrong, it simply makes them different.

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Everything you always wanted to know about culture | Saba Safdar | TEDxGuelphU

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krə-ˈtēk

To judge the quality of something (usually along the lines of a book, film, article, or piece of art)

Definition from:  "Critique."  Merriam-Webster.com, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/critique.  Accessed 27 Sept. 2018.
English students should recognize this key essay direction in order to know how and for what purpose to structure the argument in their essays.  A critical essay is not necessarily one that criticizes, or makes negative comments about, a work, and it must include more than just the writer's opinion on the piece (opinions should be supported!).  Critical evaluations can help students look at a work with a deeper understanding and sense of its value.  It can even be used in appropriate settings for students to critique each others' work and grow collectively.

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sin(t)-thə-ˌsīz

To gather information from several sources to create a coherent whole

Definition from:  "Synthesize."  Merriam-Webster.com, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/synthesize.  Accessed 27 Sept. 2018.

English students should recognize this key essay direction in order to understand how their arguments should be made in a certain setting.  Sometimes, students who do not understand what it means to "synthesize" will not use multiple sources in their writing, or they will list information from a number of sources but never connect it.

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/ˈhäməˌfōn,ˈhōməˌfōn/

Words that sound the same but have different meaning and spelling.

Homophones are another group of words that can confuse students. Students need to be able to differentiate between these words for better understanding. There are many homophones in the English language, making it difficult for new readers and writers. This group of words goes along with phonics as well.
https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/I-ATE-EIGHT-Pieces-of-Cake-A-Homophones-Unit-1547922

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/ˈhäməˌnim,ˈhōməˌnim/

Words that have the same spelling, but different meanings.

It is important students know what a homonym is because they need to be able to differentiate between these words. This is a part of phonics which helps students when learning how to read and speak. These words can cause confusion, therefore it is important to teach students the similarities and differences between them and what context they may be used in.
https://www.k5learning.com/free-preschool-kindergarten-worksheets/multiple-meaning-words/homonyms

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Pronounced: ˈär-ki-ˌtīp
Definition of Archetype

The original pattern or model of which all things of the same type are representations or copies, a perfect example.

Archetype derives via Latin from the Greek adjective archetypos ("archetypal"), formed from the verb "archein" ("to begin" or "to rule") and the noun "typos" ("type").

"Archetype." Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 26 Sept. 2018.

Archetypical characters, struggles, and symbols come from cultural or universal reference points. They are the original ideas that inform countless iterations and variations of themselves. Archetypes provide structure and relevance for almost all of literature. Seeing literature through the archetypical perspective allows for a more substantial understanding of the story relates to other stories as well as the human experience.

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Pronounced: 'trōp
Definition of Trope

1a: a word or expression used in a figurative sense :FIGURE OF SPEECH

b: a common or overused theme or device : CLICHÉ the usual horror movie tropes

"Trope." Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 26 Sept. 2018.

Tropes are both figurative language and familiar features of storytelling. It's important to distinguish whether trope refers to figurative language or common (cliche) elements of plot. Trope comes from the Greek word tropos for turn. In figurative language words take on new meaning and allow for more expression, in this sense they turn from their original purpose as the author applies them to a new use. In the thematic sense we can understand that the plot twists, or turns when a trope is introduced. If it is a predictable turn of evens that has been done to death it is a trope. The image below identifies tropes as elements of plot and character.

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To give the different forms of (a verb in an inflected language) as they vary according to voice, mood, tense, number, and person.

/ˈkänjəˌɡāt/

Defined from: "Conjugate" Google Dictionary. https://www.google.com/search?safe=active&ei=MqurW7yDDaiJ5wLe14LYAg&q=conjugate+definition&oq=conjugate+def&gs_l=psy-ab.3.0.0i131i20i263j0i20i263j0l8.2138.8020..9619...0.0..0.284.739.8j0j1......0....1..gws-wiz.......0i71j0i131i67j0i7i30j0i67j0i131j0i20i263i264.iZga6sQEpBo Accessed: 26 September 2018

The term conjugate is important in the classroom because it suggests a certain expectation in the classroom. Conjugations are not used in the English language but are essential in languages such as French and Spanish. Once students understand how to conjugate, they will have the ability to speak in first, second, or third person by changing the ending of the verb. They can also conjugate the verb to change the tense. This will provide students with an opportunity to begin writing and telling narratives in a more complex way.

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The basic form of a verb, usually following "to" or another verb.

/ɪnˈfɪn·ə·t̬ɪv/

Definition from: "Infinitive." Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/infinitive. Accessed 26 September 2018.

The term infinitive is extremely important in a foreign language classroom because it is used to define a very common form of the verb, especially in the beginner level classes. If a student does not understand that the term "infinitive" refers to, he or she will likely struggle in the classroom. By understanding what an infinitive verb is, students will have the ability to begin creating more complex sentences in the target language.

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making a change to an institution to improve it

/rəˈfôrm/

All nations go through periods of reforms. Reforms could be a set of laws or practices that are implemented to improve a nation or group of people in a nation. Although reforms are the changes, reformations are the processes.

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a system where one person or company has possession over a commodity in the market that many people need

/məˈnäpəlē/

This term is used across history and economy classes. it describes parts of the economies for much of the colonial periods in the Americas and in Africa, controlled by European and US powers. It is important for students to recognize the exchange of power through crops and commodities in history.

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mɪnəməl pɛr

"two linguistic units that differ in a single distinctive feature or constituent (such as voice in the initial consonants of bat and pat)"

Definition from:  "Minimal Pair."  Merriam-Webster.com, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/minimal%20pair.  Accessed 20 Sept. 2018.

Minimal pairs function as a helpful phonics activity for students who have trouble distinguishing between certain phonemes.  For example, some people have trouble distinguishing between the /r/ and /l/ in American English, so asking them to read or to transcribe words such as "right" and "light" would help them to hear the difference.

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re-tə-rik

"the art of speaking or writing effectively," often used to persuade

Definition from:  "Rhetoric."  Merriam-Webster.com, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rhetoric.  Accessed 20 Sept. 2018.

English students must understand how to use rhetoric in persuasive speeches and papers as well as how to detect rhetoric in others' language.  This will allow them to create effective arguments while also being aware of how they might be persuaded by others or give into their bias.

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ˈīrənē
an expression used that means the opposite of what it says

Students should be able to differentiate between literal meanings of phrases and irony. There can be 3 types of irony presented in literature. Students should know how each are used and portrayed in order to get meaning out of a story. If students take ironic expressions seriously, they may get very confused.

https://www.thoughtco.com/irony-and-metaphor-are-good-for-you-1691836

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ˈimij(ə)rē

Descriptive language that creates a picture in your mind and appeals to the senses.

Imagery allows students to imagine in their head what is going on in a story. When writing, it also helps students be more descriptive and remember they want people to be able to see in their head what they are reading on paper. https://literaryterms.net/imagery/

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Pronounced: sin-ˌtaks
Definition of Syntax

1a: the way in which linguistic elements (such as words) are put together to form constituents (such as phrases or clauses)

b: the part of grammar dealing with this

"Syntax." Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 19 Sept. 2018.

A small change in syntax could mean a big change in meaning. Syntax could be present even when meaning is not (e.g. Colorless green ideas sleep furiously). When we listen to Yoda or read Shakespeare we encounter unfamiliar syntactical structures that still make sense. Those two have been known to invert the typical sentence arrangement of Subject, Verb, Object.

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Pronounced: ˈkre-də-bəl

Definition of Credible

1: offering reasonable grounds for being believed.
e.g.
a credible account of the accident
a credible witnesses

"Credible." Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 19 Sept. 2018.

It is important to know where your information comes from-- especially in this digital age where anyone with an opinion and internet access can mislead a researcher who is not careful.

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fɔrˈʃædoʊɪŋ

leaving details in a text which suggest a possible future event in the story

Definition from:  "Foreshadow."  Merriam-Webster.com, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/foreshadow.  Accessed 13 Sept. 2018.Understanding foreshadowing allows students to interact with fictional texts on a deeper level by making predictions and inferences about details and the plot sequence.

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Thinking about thinking

/ˌmedəˌkäɡˈniSH(ə)n/

The idea of metacognition is important in the classroom because it promotes deep thinking. For example, by posing the question, "why is language important" students can begin to think about and understand why they are encouraged to take a foreign language in a deeper and more mature manner.

Video Citation: Center for Academic Success, LSU. "Think About Thinking - It's Metacognition!" YouTube. YouTube. 26 March 2013. Web. 13 September 2018.

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Think About Thinking - It's Metacognition!

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an arrangement of events in the order they occurred

/krəˈnäləjē/

In history, we focus a lot on the order of chronological events because we stress cause and effect. For example, Archduke Frank Ferdinand's assassination was caused by a member of the Black Hand. The effect of this was that it lead to World War I.

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a system where people in a society are divided between different social or economic status

/klas/

The word "class" has different meanings in english. It could mean a classroom, a room or location where you learn, or it could mean the definition above. For english-language learners this term may be difficult to understand because there are multiple definitions. Besides this, "class", with he definition above, is an important concept in learning history because many conflicts and social movements are based on social and economic groups.

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The ability to fully understand a concept.

/ˌkämprəˈhen(t)SH(ə)n/

Comprehension is essential in the classroom because ensures that students understand the information being shared. When students understand the information being shared evidence is  provided showing that the students are learning, especially in a foreign language classroom where much of the vocabulary is unfamiliar to students. Comprehension in a foreign language can be shown through listening, speaking, reading, or writing.
Video Citation: Rockets, Reading. "Comprehension: Helping ELLs Grasp the Whole Picture." YouTube. YouTube. 24 April 2014. Web. 13 Sept 2018.

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Comprehension: Helping ELLs Grasp the Full Picture

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when a government is ruled by a single person and that person has full control over the country and does not relinquish rule until death
.Dictatorships were very common throughout world history and often was the main choice when states needed a governing "body". Democracy has been the choice for most for a long time but some dictators still remain today.

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a period of time during the 1980's that lasted until 1991, that the United States and the Soviet Union competed in an arms race. Tensions rose high but no fighting ever occurred

The Cold War was an important issue in American history as it was the fight against communism and it propelled us possibly to where out military might is today.

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sɪˈnɛkdəkɪ

a literary device where the part represents the whole (e.g. wheels=a car) or the whole represents the part (e.g. America=the United States)

Definition from:  "Synechdoche."  Merriam-Webster.com, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/synecdoche.  Accessed 12 Sept. 2018.English students will need to understand concepts like "synecdoche" to understand figurative language in literature and everyday speech.  ELLs might have particular trouble with synecdoche, not understanding at first that, for example, "breadwinner" would be someone who earns the money for the family (which can also buy bread).

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Con * Text

Noun. The condition, environment, and setting in which, for our purposes, historical events occur.

Understanding and unpacking the environment and condition in which events like war, cultural movements, or technological advancements are made is crucial to understanding the event itself. Without knowing the context in which an event occurs or resource is created,, one will not be able to completely understand the event or resource in its entirety.

Used in a sentence: Gee wiz, Sally! Really wish I had known that Pink Floyd was a psychedelic rock band before I had told that cute girl in the music shop that I loved alternative rock while pointing to her Pink Floyd T-Shirt. I'm such an idiot. Knowing the context of Rock and Roll music in the 60's and 70's really would have helped me impress her. Hopefully I won't die alone for that mistake.