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Source

Document K -"The Cotton Mill", John Jones, 1821

Now see the Cotton from the town convey'd

To Manchester, that glorious mart of trade:

Hail splendid scene! The Nurse of every art,

That glads the widow's and the orphan's heart!

Thy mills, like gorgeous palaces, arise,

And lift their useful turrets to the skies!

See Kennedy's stupendous structure join'd

To thine M'Connell--friends of human kind!

Whose ready doors for ever wide expand

To give employment to a numerous band,

Murray's behold! That well deserves a name,--

And Lee's and Houldsworth's our attention claim,--

And numerous others, scattered up and down,

The sole supporters of this ample town.

Historical Background

This document was maybe written after the initial triggers of jobs increase in the Industrial Revolution.

One sentence in the document has the word ‘stupendous structures’, which may refer to the newly formed huge factories which accommodated all of the equipment for making clothes.

The names of people after ‘stupendous structures’ may suggest that the people are working for the mill, and the surroundings around them is portrayed in a positive manner.

Audience

This document may be intended for the general public for an insight of people's job in the factory (newspaper).

As this document was written around the starting of the revolution, a large majority of the people were not aware of the activities happening inside factories.

Point of View

The document may be written by a manager of a cotton mill, but the biline suggests another possibility, as the title is followed by a name, and the rest of the document is a poem. This may also indicate that a poet for personal interest wrote this poem.

Purpose

This document might have been created to encourage other people to come and join factories.

This also might have been for the general public to be aware of activities in factories.

The ‘Y’ of the Document

The new machines which were present in the factories did require a less amount of people but did need a new group of people which were being recruited and this document is quite central on that.

Today this is one of only maybe some documents which actually explained the activities in the Industrial Revolution, defining itself as a significant document.

This document may not seem as a credible one as this may be written by a biased person who supported the factory and slave system. There are also many documents which are the complete opposite in attitude and emotion in the topic of factories.

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U (Understanding): About a week after I became a mill boy, I was seized with a strong, heavy sickness, that few escape on first becoming factory workers.  The cause of this sickness which is known by the name of 'mill fever', is the pestiferous atmosphere produced by so many breathing in a confined place, together with the heat and exhalations of grease and oil.  All these causes are aggravated in the winter time by the immense destruction of pure air by the gas that is needed to light the establishment.  This fever does not often lay the patient up.  It is slow, dull, and painfully wearisome in its operation.  It produces a sallow and debilitated look, destroys rosy cheeks, and unless the constitution be very strong, leaves its pale impress for life.

N (Name): Jonathan Love

H (Background): The document focuses on the life of a boy who went to work on a mill during the industrial revolution. The boy goes into great detail about a sickness with remained nameless. However, the cause of it is known as "mill fever", which is apparently quite common among these types of mills. The sickness comes as a result of the "pestiferous atmosphere produced by so many breathing in a confined place, together with the heat and exhalations of grease and oil". The mood/feelings would be sadness, and possibly slight anger.

A (Audience): The document appears to have been written to raise awareness about the conditions in these mills, and/or share his experiences to the world. The fact that the author is talking about the conditions points towards this idea.

P (Point of View): The document starts with "About a week after I became a mill boy", which suggests that the document was written by the person who experienced the things in this document. Since they work in a mill during the industrial revolution, it is safe to assume that they're lower class, or at very least the very bottom of middle class.

P (Purpose): The document's purpose isn't directly stated. However, it appears to be trying to get out the idea that conditions in the mill are horrible, and that they have to change. The format of the document doesn't really shape its purpose, since it's an autobiography. But, it does make it more credible.

Y (Importance): The document was written by the person who experienced these hardships, therefore it is a primary source which holds lots of meaning, and is most likely credible. It represents the working class at this time, and gives the reader good insight to what went on at the start of the industrial revolution. As for continuity, it doesn't really give much.  However, nowadays, child labor isn't allowed, so that could count.

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Historical Context:

Written in 1835

Child labor was legal

Child labor was allowed and strongly encouraged

Child labor was considered good exercise and gentle work for children

Industrial revolution

Factory System

Idea: Child labor is beneficial

Audience:

Factory owners

Parents

Supporters and non supporters of child labor

Farmers looking for employee

Poor families

“They thrive better when employed”

Written by Andrew Ure

Point of View:

Good exercise and gentle work for children “light play of their muscles”

Better conditions at work rather than at home “They thrive better when employed in our modern factories than if left at home in apartments too often ill-aired, damp, and cold.”

Children enjoy working “always cheerful and alert, taking pleasure”

Positive effects on their life “exhilarating [...] same alacrity as boys issuing from a school [...] they thrive better when employed”

Purpose

Encourage poor families to offer up their children for work

Convince people that child labor is beneficial

Glamorize work life “They thrive better when employed in our modern factories than if left at home in apartments too often ill-aired, damp, and cold.”

Encourage factory workers that hiring children is beneficial for the factory

Children have important skills adults don’t have “nimbleness with which they pieced the broken ends.”

‘Y’ is The Document Significant?

Glamorizes the life of children who work hours on end “always cheerful and alert, taking pleasure”

It shows how factory owners display a fake reality to get more workers “They thrive better when employed in our modern factories than if left at home in apartments too often ill-aired, damp, and cold.”

Doesn’t show the daily injuries sustained from work

Showed the positive side of child labor “light play of their muscles”

Reflects change because child labor is now banned in England and the USA, where it was most common in the mid 1800’s

This document is not credible because there is no direct evidence other than the time period, that the author is connected to child labor (factory worker, farmer, etc.)

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H - 1847

Main idea: Industrial Revolution; Factories are bad, workers suffering

Attitude: Suffering

Evidence: “And the heavy, choking air, Strength's repining, labour's groaning, And the throttling of despair”

A

Factory owners/workers boss(es)

Or, common townsfolk who are unaware of factory conditions

Evidence: Doc. is about workers’ suffering; the audience is the people who are the reason for this suffering: the factory owners (to maybe influence them to change system). Or, doc. is talking about a suffering that common townsfolk are unaware of (factory work), and the doc. is to tell them about it.

P

A factory worker’s POV

Evidence:

“Women, children, men were toiling”

“Give us, God, to save our nation, Less of cotton, more of wheat.”

“I see nothing but the machines!”

Ernest Jones - author of poem

P

Expresses factory’s bad conditions and how it affects the town and people (specifically workers)

Evidence:

“Locked in dungeons close and black”

“Mingled groups of death and life: Fellow-workmen, flesh and iron, Side by side in deadly strife”

“Stood the half-naked infants shivering, With heart-frost amid the heat”

Y

Doc. reinforces arguments saying that factories are terrible for people & workers and the surrounding environment.

Limitations: Doc. is credible; from the time of factories, it’s a reliable source.

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Document F   Nassau Senior,  Letters on the Factory Act , 1830

"The factory work-people in the country districts are the plumpest, best clothed, and healthiest looking persons of the labouring class that I have ever seen.  The girls, especially, are far more good-looking (and good looks are fair evidence of health and spirits) than the daughters of agricultural labourers. The wages earned per family are more than double those of the south….Parliament got up a frightful and an utterly unfounded picture of the ill-treatment of the children."

Historical Context:

Factory system became important and ideas about child labour in factories became more common. They talk about wealth mainly, but also there is a little bit of a defensive mood. This is because he is defending the factory system and denying the fact that they factories are unsafe.

Audience:

This is a letter written by a man named “Nassau Senior”, most likely to a close relative, family member, or wife, based on the more relaxed diction. “The girls, especially, are far more good-looking (and good looks are fair evidence of health and spirits) than the daughters of agricultural labourers.”

Point of View:

Written by a male, because his name ends in “Senior.” Mostly an onlooker or bystander watching these events take place, because he never says “we” but “they.” Someone in support of the new system because he says “Parliament got up a frightful and utterly unfounded picture of the ill-treatment of children.”

Purpose:

This letter was written most likely to explain the comforts of being a factory worker to a friend or a family member

Why was the document significant:

This shows a different point of view on the lives of people in the work force. There were many different ideas floating around of children being mistreated in the factories, but this man calls these ideas “frightful” and “unfounded.” This is not a credible source because the letter is written from a man who is most likely part of the factory system, based on the fact that he calls them "they."

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Historical Context:

What are the immediate historical events that shaped /triggered this document?

This document is discussing the effects of the Industrial Revolution and the lack of workers rights in the blossoming factories, and cheap child labor.

What is the environment of ideas, attitudes, + emotions behind the creation of the document?

The author of this document is feeling empathetic for a child who has to work very long hours and is upset about it.

Audience:

For whom (specifically, generally, logically) was the document intended?

This document was intended for the Parliament as were many others.

What details in the document help you attribute the audience?

In the document it says that it was a testimony to the parliament

Point of View:

Who (specifically, generally, logically) wrote/produced the doc?

Abraham Whitehead a clothier.

Is there a reference to the author’s POV (i.e. his/her professional, racial, gender, social background) in the document byline? If not, can you infer it?

There is a reference to him in the byline.

What details in the document reflect the author’s POV?

The author chooses to talk about excruciating child labor, which shows he is empathetic towards to them.  “I have seen that child coming from its work this winter between 10 and 11 in the evening;” “ it had then to go nearly two miles to the mill,” “ it was only 2 o'clock when the child was called up and went to work;” These are very harsh work terms for a little child, and him choosing to talk about this in Parliament shows he is passionate about this topic.

Purpose

Why was the document created?

This document was created to attempt to persuade the Parliament to pass socialist workers-rights laws.

What elements in the document help you determine its purpose?

The mere fact that he chose the poor boy’s situation to discuss to Parliament, shows that he is riveted about the workers-rights laws. “I have seen that child coming from its work this winter between 10 and 11 in the evening;” “ it had then to go nearly two miles to the mill,” “ it was only 2 o'clock when the child was called up and went to work;” .

How does the author’s point of view shape the document's purpose AND/ OR

How does the format of the document shape its purpose?  (e.g. Is a visual/ photo more emotional than an essay?)

The author’s liberal point of view, could shape the document’s purpose becuase he wants to deliver a moving speech to the Parliament to persuade them. The format is very emotional since when delivering a speech one can show facial expressions that show emotion.

‘Y’ is The Document Significant?

How does the document impact/shape/reflect popular arguments on the subject?

This document reflects popular arguments because many other people wanted to end child labor and enforce more socialist workers-rights laws, since there was little at the time.

How does the document reflect ‘continuity or change over time’?

This document reflects change because now-a-days, in westernized countries there are laws banning child labor and are many more workers rights laws, however there still are other developing countries who have the same problem and do not have these laws in place.

What are the limitations of the document? (Is the document credible?)

The document could not be credible because the person is recounting another person’s story and their point of view could affect how they recount this story.

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Historical Context(Background)

This document was made during the industrial revolution in 1836. This document was about a person following in their father's footsteps and began working in a mill at a young age. This person was reflecting on their work at the mill and how a lot their associates died at a young age, most before or when they became fifty, also how their work in the mill did not exceed ten hours.

Audience

Since they are talking about their personal experiences it could be directed toward their personal diary or maybe even intended to be in the newspaper because of them trying to share their opinion. This person talks about how the factory system was a “curse”, people would die off before the age of fifty and they would work under “ten hours”.

Point of View

This seems to be written by a teenager or a person in their early twenties because of how they they say they first joined the mill when they were ten and then say several years later their time did not exceed ten hours. We can immediately know that the author isn’t very happy with their work at the mill because the title refers to the factory system as a curse and how a lot of their associates die.

Purpose

This document was most likely made in order to rebel against the factory system or just keep as a memory for themselves. We really can’t know what kind of document this is though but it could be a diary entry because of their personal experiences or it could be made to give out an opinion for the newspaper.

‘Y’ is The Document Significant?

We normally thought that the change from the feudal manor to working in factories was generally good, yet we still have people complaining. There is also no continuity, from when the person began working in the factory and several years later everything was the same. Also not all people in present time work in factories because of the much better technology. And this source is reliable in a way because this is from an actual person but there is no way of knowing that this person could be lying about their own opinion.

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Historical Context: In the poem,“ A Factory Girl's Last Day" it takes place during the industrial revolution and the factory system where they were desperate for anyone to help work in the factories. This then caused child labor which was a devastating phenomenon that sometimes worked children to their death due to fatigue and the extreme pain.

Audience: The byline of the poem, “Michael Sadler, member of  Parliament, "A Factory Girl's Last Day", allows us to understand that the document was written towards parliament.

Point of View: This poem was probably written by a little girl in a lower class due to the fact that she was a ‘white slave’ working in the factories and the person who wrote the poem, was strongly against child labor due to the description and details thought the poem such as: the irony the girl goes through, "like him I'll work and die.'

Purpose: This document was created to raise awareness but also send a message to parliament that there needed to restrictions and laws formed about child labor. This impacts the the reader because it shows the little girl’s point of view of losing her brother due to child labor then taking her own life because of the pain.

The Documents Significance: There are indeed limitations to this document because the little girl could be extending the truth. This document shows significance because over time there has been major improvements and in most countries, child labor has been abolished. Although a lot of improvement has been made since 1832, there are still places that have child labor that need to stop.

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Document H   Peter Gaskell, 1833

Historical Context:

What are the immediate historical events that shaped /triggered this document?

The new growth of factories during the industrial revolution along with child labour during that time period.

What is the environment of ideas, attitudes, + emotions behind the creation of the document?

The author of the document was most likely worried about the early development of sexual relationships in a working environment.

Audience:

For whom (specifically, generally, logically) was the document intended?

Workers and the employer of factories who have children working in them.

What details in the document help you attribute the audience?

When the author mentions “factories” and “the young of both sexes” one can infer that he is referring to industrial workers, either children, adults, or their parents.

Point of View:

Who (specifically, generally, logically) wrote/produced the doc?

Peter Gaskell

Is there a reference to the author’s POV (i.e. his/her professional, racial, gender, social background) in the document byline? If not, can you infer it?

He is most likely the owner of a factory, who strongly opposes underage sexual relationships.

What details in the document reflect the author’s POV?

The author mentions “the bringing together numbers of the young of both sexes in factories has been a prolific source of moral delinquency” which probably shows the author is conservative, and looks down on the early development of sexual relations.

Purpose

Why was the document created?

To inform others of the dangers of having children of opposite sexes working in the same work place.

What elements in the document help you determine its purpose?

The document states; “a prolific source of moral delinquency” as well as “license upon the animal passions” which could be causes of sexual relationships in a workplace, showing the author wants others to realize the problems with workers of the opposite sex in one place.

How does the author’s point of view shape the document's purpose AND/ OR

How does the format of the document shape its purpose?  (e.g. Is a visual/ photo more emotional than an essay?)

The author offers a lot of opinions using words such as “moral delinquency” and “animal passions” which help enhance his argument however; it is still formal like an essay.

‘Y’ is The Document Significant?

How does the document impact/shape/reflect popular arguments on the subject?

This document refers to the early development of sexual relationships, which is often a debateable topic today. The ethics of early sex is often debated among parents and adolescents alike, as well as when it is appropriate to have a relationship.

How does the document reflect ‘continuity or change over time’?

Before, opposite sexes were often kept separate however; over time they have began to work and learn more together.

What are the limitations of the document? (Is the document credible?)

This document is very opinionated which could lessen its credibility, because it does not offer a large number of facts.

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Document C

Background Information:
Child Labor: The author is writing about the conditions of the children because of the labor they they did.The writer uses strong descriptions to describe the horrible conditions. The author writes "The children were almost universally ill-looking, small, sickly, barefoot, and ill-clad" showing that he is completely against Child Labor .

Audience
Maybe for a newspaper (the public) because he is documenting to something by stating that  he"stood in Oxford-row, Manchester, and observed the streams of operatives as they left the mill" and later descriptions what we saw.  Descriptions the effects of child labor are mentioned in the background information.
They are trying to expose the reality and educate others about the situations
Point of View:
C.T Trackah wrote this.
No reference to his/her professional, racial, gender, social background.I can infer that they are probably a middle class citizen, because they are speaking in the 3rd person about what they saw not what they are other family members or experiences.
Purpose:
To express the state of the children that are working in the mills. Probably wants people to be aware about the situation.The author`s point of view shapes the writing. Because of the description he applies to to text we are able to conclude that he is against child labor.
Y?
Most people at the time that were not living through those conditions are not very knowledgable about the condition of the children.So document could impact the general view over child labor. 'It reflects continuity or change over time’ .Because of the people that spoke out against child labor, today there is laws against it in certain countries. There are limitations to this document because we dont know if the place he is observing( Oxford raw- mills) is an accurate representation of what other factories are doing. Therefore we would need more evidence .Also if his point of view influence impacted his writting.

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H
The Industrial Revolution and factory systems began and the need for workers of any age or gender skyrocketed. The testimony’s topic was in the environment of Child Labor and the emotions behind the creation of this testimony were most likely sadness and empathy for the young laborers.
A
The title of the testimony says “1816, testimony in Parliament”, therefore we can infer that this testimony was intended for parliament in 1816. We can also see this by Parliament is the only body of people can relieve James’ concerns for the children laborers by creating laws.
P
The author of the testimony was James Pattison as said in the title and we can infer that Pattison a male member of Parliament. The testimony was created to persuade Parliament to create child labor laws and we can see this in the questions asked about the terrible work conditions of children. Pattison’s role in parliament influenced the testimony’s purpose by his role being able to help so Pattison used that to suggest things that could be fixed with laws created by Parliament.
P
The Q/A format of the testimony shape the purpose of the testimony by letting the Parliament reflect on why they allow these horrible things as if supporters of labor control were in disbelief of the absurdness of the situation. The arguments between supporters of child labor and the citizens who want to put a stop to it are reflected by this testimony by it being an argument between Pattison and Parliament.
Y
Child labor has been abolished in many countries but not in all countries, in said countries this testimony’s intentions of stopping child labor . There might be limitations because Pattison was a politician who might have had  a political agenda.