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1. Purpose: To produce gametes
2. Result: 4 Haploid daughter cells
- Genetically different
3. Divides 2 times

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Wild type
"Normal Gene"THE ONE BIG FLY HAD ONE RED EYE
Missense | THQ ONE BIG FLY HAD ONE RED EYE
Nonsense | THE ONE BIG
Frameshift | THE ONE QBI GFL YHA DON ERE DEY
Deletion | THE ONE BIG HAD ONE RED EYE
Duplication | THE ONE BIG FLY FLY HAD ONE RED EYE
Insertion | THE ONE BIG WET FLY HAD ONE RED EYE

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hemoglobin makes red blood cell look like crescents decreasing oxygen uptake but increase resistance to malarial parasites.

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Gregor Mendel
Griffith and Avery
Chargaff
Rosalind Franklin
Watson and Crick
Timeline of DNA Discoveries including Cloning and Epigenetics

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Helicase: Cut strand of DNA
Primase: Primers
DNA Polymerase: Add nucleotides
Ligase: Glue

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In the cytoplasm: Translation
mRNA to ribosome by codon
tRNA to mRNA by anticodon
tRNA brings amino acids to form polypeptide chain

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In the cytoplasm
mRNA to ribosome by codon
tRNA to mRNA by anticodon
tRNA brings amino acids to form polypeptide chain

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In the nucleus: Transcription, DNA to mRNA

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1. Point Mutations: Mutations of only base
- Substitution: When a letter coding is being swapped
- Deletion: When a letter is being deleted
- Insertion: When a letter is being inserted
2. - Germ-Line Mutation: Passed to offspring
- Somatic Cell mutation: Do not pass to offspring
3. Frameshift: Caused by deletion or insertion mutations
4. Missense or Nonsense: Effects of mutations

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Each side goes in the opposite direction from each other

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1A) Purines: Adenine and Guanine (2-rings)
OR
1B) Pyrimidines: Thymine and Cytosine (1-ring)
2) Phosphate
3) Deoxyribose

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A's = T's
C's = G's

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Twisted Ladder-Double
helix
Rungs: N-base pairs connected by Hydrogen bonds
Backbone: Phosphate and Deoxyribose (a sugar) connected by covalent bonds