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In this chapter, the authors reference a British critic in 1820 who said, “In the four quarters of the globe who reads an American book, or goes to an American play, or looks at an American picture or statue?” Yet, they also trace the development of uniquely American forms of art, architecture, and literature in the nineteenth century. As you read this chapter, can you explain the continuities and changes in American art, architecture, and literature from 1790 to 1860?

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In this chapter, the authors reference a British critic in 1820 who said, “In the four quarters of the globe who reads an American book, or goes to an American play, or looks at an American picture or statue?” Yet, they also trace the development of uniquely American forms of art, architecture, and literature in the nineteenth century. As you read this chapter, can you explain the continuities and changes in American art, architecture, and literature from 1790 to 1860?

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Most of american's creativity was for practical uses because the people of this time were focused on political efforts to fight the british or developing the new country and making it stronger. America's focus was not entertainment but to spur practicality and motivation for political, economical, and social change. Over time this motivation for practical changes evolved and around 1820 Americans began their creativeness over practicality. Their motivation was a strong sense of nationalism post-war of 1812. In this town people felt free to break the chains of reality and to think freely through imagination and nature and intuition. Primary individually who started this movement was Washington Irving with many comedies and creative ideas, such as the Sketch Book, the Legend of Sleepy Hollow, and Rip van Winkle.

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After you have read “Contending Voices: The Role of Women”, can you analyze both excerpts’ intended audience, purpose, and point of view?

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After you have read “Contending Voices: The Role of Women”, can you analyze both excerpts’ intended audience, purpose, and point of view?

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page 322
Excerpt 1:
Audience: The men in the United States
Purpose: Belittle the ideal of women's rights activists and hopefully spare the supremacy of the white male.
Point of View: His view is that the idea of women's rights is prosterous and it is sad that women believe that they have rights.
Excerpt 2:
Audience: Those who believed in the women's rights movement as well as those willing to vote in favor of women's rights.

Purpose: Persuade people that America is not as it was thousands of years ago; we are not in the primitive
era any more and it is time that women receive a say in society.
Point of View: Women should have equal rights just as men do. Women are powerful in society and should be able to vote and own property.

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How does the Second Great Awakening of the nineteenth century compare to the Great Awakening of the eighteenth century? As you read this chapter and review the information about the Great Awakening in Chapter 5, how many relevant similarities and differences between these two events can you generate?

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How does the Second Great Awakening of the nineteenth century compare to the Great Awakening of the eighteenth century? As you read this chapter and review the information about the Great Awakening in Chapter 5, how many relevant similarities and differences between these two events can you generate?

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The First Great Awakening was a split over how church services should be run, requirements for church membership and new ideals. Many people in this day were bored going to church because it was simply reading scripture and preaching where as many wished for more individualistic services. These people were considered the new lights because they had new ideals on how they wished for the church to carry out rituals. Old lights, on the other hand, were those who believed that in strict rituals and straight educated preaching. The believed that in order to be saved you must follow these strict rules. One of the greatest causes of this movement was the innovation of Arminianism which states that you must follow God's will and accept him in order to be saved; compared to older Calvinistic ideals of predestination.
The Second Great Awakening was a much larger movement in society. In this movement, thousands were converted and became church members. These people believed that God was loving and not an enforcer of authority.  In this time, people would meet for "camp meetings" to sing, dance, and hear the word of God as well as be saved. (Most would revert to their original sinful ways but church membership increased greatly.)
Both movements led to increased amounts of denominations and memberships in these denominations. In the Second Great Awakening, methodist and baptist gained the most members because they believed in arminianism (over calvinism) and were very spirited and emotional rather than strictly scripture. These times meant revival of faith in God no matter what you believed it was more likely that you were a member of church than not. One difference was that during the Second Great Awakening women and young girls were the most common new comers to the church. This could be a result of woman's increased roll in society as well as the changes in the economy giving them more power over their families.
The schism of denominations during the Second Great Awakening not only spawned social changed but foreshadowing the political changes of the civil war. Methodists and Baptists in the south split with their counterparts in the north over issues of slavery.

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Why did America produce so many reform and utopian movements? What did they contribute to American culture?

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Why did America produce so many reform and utopian movements? What did they contribute to American culture?

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The goal was to make America a better country politically, socially, and economically. Many reformists were driven by the 2nd Great Awakening and had sound minds to free America and the world from the draw of earthly possessions. The practice of imprisoning for debt decreased in this time period as a result of politicians representing the work force came into power. With this came the idea of reforming rather than brutal punishment; to make prisoners better people for society once they completed their sentence. Many people in this time wished for peace rather than was, so the best type of movement or legislation would be to create utopian ideals. In utopia, nothing is bad and everyone is happy; in times of peace (politically and militarily) nothing is bad and everyone is happy. America was supposed to be a place of refuge and many reformists wanted to make America the utopia that had been described to them.

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Was the “new family” a progressive reflection of American democratic ideals, or a restriction on them?

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Was the “new family” a progressive reflection of American democratic ideals, or a restriction on them?

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The new family was one where the woman or mother controlled the morality of the entire family. This strengthened the power of woman because they could control the morale of the entire community. It also limited woman's economical power because they could rarely hold jobs once they married. It advanced the idea that women were powerfully figures in society and showed the necessity for strong women. It allowed the advancement American democratic ideals because children were taught to be individualistic and not conform to the ideals of society. This means that the will of people in society was firmly based off of their own ideals and not of those forced upon them as a child.

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Were the “cult of domesticity” and the rise of the child-centered family signs of an improvement or a restriction in women’s status and condition? 

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Were the “cult of domesticity” and the rise of the child-centered family signs of an improvement or a restriction in women’s status and condition? 

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Cult of Domesticity was a sign of power for women in the mid 1800s. Women could choose the dynamics of the family and chose what was moral and what was not. This practice was also a sign of restriction for married women because their need in the home meant that they could not work if they were to be good wives and could not generate income for the family. Child centered families improved the status and condition of women because their children showed their success and many years of teaching.  Focusing on one child compared to 3 meant that the child was more likely to be socially acceptable and would help a woman gain status if their child was accepted.  All in all, the innovation of these social ideals led to the improvement of women's status and condition.