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4th Force:
-Started beginning of 21st century
-The 1st, 2nd and 3rd forces are combined to create
-Looks at understanding individuals identity to increase development of positive relationships and most effective treatment plans. (Gender, culture, age, race, sexual orientation)
-Essential for clinicians to be open to multiple perspectives, support their clients, and work on being culturally competent.
-In order to do this it is encouraged that clinicians use outside sources such as the community, people close to the client, and other mental health professionals.
-New approaches to understand people's experiences better and inspire people to change
-These new approaches are narrative therapy, dialectics, and Eastern thought and philosophy ( Seligman & Reichenberg, 2014)

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McLeod, S. (1970, January 01). Saul McLeod. Retrieved January 06, 2017, from http://www.simplypsychology.org/perspective.html
Seligman, L., & Reichenberg, L. W.  (2014).  Theories of counseling and psychotherapy: Systems, strategies, and skills (4th Edition).  Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson

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3rd Force:
-Carl Rogers developed in 1960's
-Other contributors were Fritz Perls, Viktor Frankl and more
-Looked at importance of emotions and sensations
-Individuals behaviors connected to inner feelings and self-image
-Centers on view that each person is unique and individual (McLeod, 1970)
-Looked at significance of people taking control of their lives and finding meaning
-drew attention to importance of the therapeutic alliance
(Seligman & Reichenberg, 2014)

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Behavioral & Cognitive Theories & Interventions

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Behavioral & Cognitive Theories & Interventions

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2nd Force:
-Founded by research and practice of B.F. Skinner, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, William Glasser & Donald Meichenbaum.
-1970's, Behavioral treatment approaches widely used
-1980's, Cognitive treatment approaches widely used
-1990's Cognitive Behavioral approaches received attention and levels of support
-they highlighted the influence of thought and actions on emotions
-Uses interventions that focus on the present and look to lessen dysfunctional thoughts and behaviors
-goal is to substitute these thoughts with more positive and beneficial thoughts
( Seligman & Reichenberg, 2014)

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1st Force:
-Sigmund Freud
-Views past experiences as the source of people's present emotional difficulties
-Events as a child could have a significant impact on behaviors as adults
-Behavior is determined by unconscious mind and childhood experiences (McLeod, 1970)
-Emphasizing unconscious processes and long-term treatment
-Provided solid foundation for the field of psychotherapy, but has limits (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2014)