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assumes that simplest explanation for evolutionary events is correct

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species or group of species that is closely related to but not in the taxon

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group composed of a collection of organisms, including the most recent common ancestor of all those organisms and all the descendants of that most recent common ancestor
ex: (in cladogram) taxon 1 and the out group

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Cladograms and Phylogenetic trees ONLY show HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES, not analogous structures. Analogous structers are the result of the exposure to similar enviornments. Homologous structures are the result of a common ancestor.

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Cladograms and Phylogenetic trees can indicate at which point in the evolutionary histoyr a characteristic was lost or gained.
ex: on the cladogram, a mark in between taxon c and b, indicating the loss of gills, would show that all species before b have gills and all species after c do not

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Groups closest together on the cladogram are the most closely related.

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groups that share immediate common ancestor
ex: A and B

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represents divergence of two species

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ordered division of organisms into categories based on set of charatceristics used to asses similaritiess and differences

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biologists collect data for about evolutionary history of species from DNA, fossils and morphological structures

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discipline focused on classifying organisms based on their evolutionary relationships

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the evolutionary history of a species or group of species