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I chose the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, also called covenant of Vienna, 1980. This covenant makes part of the X chapter of International trade and development.
This covenant was created in 1980 but entry into force since 1988 when Comply with the requests like minimum of countries that subscribed it.
Now, for me, the main characteristics of these covenant are:

• This is a good instrument to select the main points in which the Staties Parties match in the rules and the way to make negotiations, specifically sale of goods.
• The main purpose of this covenant is make possible the international negotiations and reduce the conflicts that appear in relation with the applicable law in each case.
• However, due to this characteristic, the covenant isn't be an effective instrument to the Staties Parties because it have to let some things to the interpretation or regulation of each country.
• This is one of the covenants that have each time more relevance. Even it have influenced many of the last legislation of the countries that have subscribed this covenant.

ATT: Maria Juanita Álvarez Rozo

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Art. 35:
The members of the Committee shall receive emoluments from UN resources on such terms and conditions as the General Assembly may decide, taking into account the importance of the responsibilities of the Committee.

Art. 36:
The Secretary-General shall provide the necessary staff and facilities for the effective performance of the functions of the Committee.

Art. 37:
1. The Secretary-General shall convene the initial meeting of the Committee at the Headquarters of the UN.
2. The Committee shall meet at such times as shall be provided in its rules of procedure.
3. The Committee shall normally meet at the Headquarters of the UN or at the UN Office at Geneva.

Art. 38
Every member of the Committee shall make a solemn declaration in open committee that he will perform his functions impartially and conscientiously.

Art. 39:
1. The Committee shall elect its officers for a term of 2 years. They may be re-elected.
2. The Committee shall establish its own rules of procedure, but these rules shall provide, inter alia, that:
a. 12 members shall constitute a quorum;
b. Decisions shall be made by a majority vote of the members present.

Art. 40 :
1. The Parties undertake to submit reports on the measures they have adopted which give effect to the rights recognized and the progress in the enjoyment of those rights:
a. Within 1 year of the entry into force of the Covenant for the parties concerned;
b. Whenever the Committee so requests.
2. All reports shall be submitted to the Secretary-General, who shall transmit them to the Committee for consideration. Reports shall indicate the factors and difficulties, if any, affect the implementation of the Covenant.
3. The Secretary-General of the UN may, after consultation with the Committee, transmit to the specialized agencies concerned copies of such parts of the reports as may fall within their competence.
4. The Committee shall study the reports submitted by the Parties. It shall transmit its reports, and such general appropiate comments to the Parties. The Committee may also transmit to the Economic and Social Council the comments along with the copies of the reports it has received from Parties to the Covenant.
5. The Parties to the Covenant may submit to the Committee observations on any comments that may be made in accordance with paragraph 4 of this article.

Art. 41:
1. A Party to the Covenant may at any time declare under this article that it recognizes the competence of the Committee to receive and consider communications to the effect it claims that another State is not fulfilling its obligations under the Covenant.

Communications under this article may be received and considered only if submitted by a Party which has made a declaration recognizing in regard to itself the competence of the Committee.
Communications received under article 41 shall be processed in accordance with:
a. If a Party considers that another Party is not giving effect to the provisions of the Covenant, it may, by written communication, bring the matter to the attention of that Party. The receiving state shall afford an explanation or any other statement in writing clarifying the matter, reference to domestic procedures and remedies taken , pending, or available in the matter, within 3 months after the receipt;
b. If the matter is not adjusted to the satisfaction of both States concerned within 6 months after the receipt by the receiving State of the initial communication, either State shall have the right to refer the matter to the Committee, by notice given to the Committee and to the other State;
c. The Committee shall deal with a matter only after have invoked domestic remedies, in conformity with the principles of international law;
d. The Committee shall hold closed meetings when examining communications under this article;
e. The Committee shall make available its good offices to the States Parties concerned with a view to a friendly solution of the matter on the basis of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms as recognized in the Covenant;
f. In any matter referred to it, the Committee may call upon the States concerned, to supply relevant information;
g. The States shall have the right to be represented when the matter is being considered in the Committee and to make submissions orally and in writing;
h. The Committee shall, within 12 months after the date of receipt of notice, submit a report:
1. If a solution is reached it shall report to a statement of the facts and of the solution reached.;
2. If a solution is not reached, it shall report to a statement of the facts; the written and the record of the oral submissions made by the States shall be attached to the report. In every matter, the report shall be communicated.

2. A declaration may be withdrawn at any time by notification to the Secretary-General. No further communication by any State Party shall be received after the withdrawal of the declaration has been received by the Secretary-General, unless the State Party concerned has made a new declaration.

By: Doris Quintero

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ARTICLES 18 to 22

Freedom of religion or thought represent that all the people have shall be respecful in the opinions, moral principles and the choice of religion of any person.

Article 18 has the generalities of the aplication and the meaning of the freedom of religion, thought and conscience. Freedom of thought, express that all the people have the liberty to say, think and hold opinions without interference.

Freedom of religion, express that you are free to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice, and freedom, either individually or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in worship, observance, practice and teaching.

Freedom of religion, it´s connected to the  Freedom to manifest one's religion or beliefs may be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and that no one must be subject to coercion to choice religion.

Freedom of conscience, express the right to hold opinions without interference connected to the rights previosly mentioned. Explaining that you have freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice.

Articles 20 and 21 are related to the peaceful, expressing that any propaganda for war, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence shall be prohibited by law.

Article 22 it´s related to the right of association expressing that you have the  freedom of association with others, including the right to form and join trade unions for the protection of his interests in protection of the democracy.

By: Luis Fernando Buitrago Rico

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Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 

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Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 

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General facts
- It was established on 28 July 1951 but entered into force was the 22 April 1954.
- It was signed in Geneva, Switzerland
- It is addressed to Refugees and Stateless Persons
- Several countries have done Objections and Reservations to the treaty

Summary of the Treaty
Objective: This treaty has as purpose, to protect the refugees that got into that situation by any means. The objective is to look out for their lives and their basic needs. The treaty protects them without any discrimination for religion, race, country of origin, etc. (Articles 1, 3, 4).

Guarantees:
1.  The treaty states that the it is peremptory to guarantee the continuity of residence to a refugee that has been forcibly displaced and it is now present at any Contracting Party.

2. Personal status
3. Movable and immovable properties: the treatment given has to be as favorable as possible, and implicitly "not less favorable" that accorded before, in order to protect private property and other rights.

4. Access to Courts: any refugee has free access to the Courts of Law of any of the Contracting Parties of the Treaty. - This guarantees the access to the administration of justice.

Conclusion: This treaty was created thinking in the refugees that were the result of the Second World War II. But, nowadays it is useful due to the fact that there are many countries that cannot guarantee the bare minimum to their citizens, they are given very precarious circumstances, and if they are in a current war such as Russia against Ukraine. Therefore, they decide to leave their countries and establish somewhere better. In my personal criteria, I consider that this treaty is really protective and is willing to guarantee the refugees their human rights and the basic conditions in order to live in a decent way, such as the protection they give to the right of employment, self-employment, housing, public education for minors and some others. This situation is more evident in some countries in the European Union or in the United States.

- Lina María Ariza

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Articles 9-13
9: This article establishes the freedom that every person has as a right, and that in no way can be arbitrarily detained but according to the law, and if this happens, the reasons why he will be detained must be reported at the time of his arrest.

Then he will be detained, then will be taken before an authorized judge so that he can be judged within a reasonable period or can return to his freedom

10: The people deprived of their liberty must be treated with humanity and human dignity, for this it is also important that the essential objective will be their reform and social rehabilitation.

11: : No one can go to jail for their inability to fulfill a contractual obligation.

12: Every person has the right to circulate freely and choose their residence, they can leave any country, no one can be deprived of entering their own country.

13: A forigner can only be expelled from a territory in accordance with the law, or for national security, his case must be reviewed by the competent authority for that purpose.

In conclusion, we see that all these articles are related and seek to stablish a series of guarantees for all people, whether they are deprived of liberty or a foreigner, all have the right to have their rights and human dignity respected, since all are equal to the law.

-Juliana Velásquez

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Art 6 = Art 6 speaks about our rights as humans, every country who signs the Covenant is obligated to achieve and fulfill the rights of its people without gender, race or age distinctions. Is important to highlight the rights this Covenant supports as it's looking out for human life and dignity, after all, you can't give people what they need to survive, you have to give them what they need to live. This shows the whole importance of this Covenant, the goal is to make humans live with dignity.

Art 7 = Art 7 talks about the importance of not letting people suffer at the hands of other people, the only expection is the law of war but as a general rule humans must not cause harm to other humans.

Art 8 = No one should be enslaved o treated as a slave, as we rule with the principles that all men are created equal, everyone who works does it under dignity and those who are people such as landlords or enterprise bosses should respect their workers and give then worthy work elements such as a good pay and a fair work schedule.

In my opinion, this articles state and highlight how everyone's rights should be taken into account from all aspects from their lifes. This is important because human dignity is something we should all have and is a key element to live in peace in society.

-Sofía A. Fuentes

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Viena convention of Law treaties

This convention was created on May 23, 1969, in Vienna.

It’s an international agreement governing treaties between the members states to regulate the internationals mercantile conducts.

The first part of the treaty defines the terms and scope of the agreement.
The second part lays out the rules for the conclusion and adoption of treaties, including the consent of parties to be bound by treaties and the formulation of reservations.

The third part deals with the application and interpretation of treaties.

The fourth part discusses means of modifying or amending treaties.

The fifth part it’s considered the most important part, because it delineates grounds and rules for invalidating, terminating, or suspending treaties and includes a provision granting the International Court of Justice jurisdiction in the event of disputes arising from the application of those rules.

And the other parts discuss the effects on treaties of changes of government within a state, alterations in consular relations between states, and the outbreak of hostilities between states as well as the rules for depositaries, registration, and ratification.
By: Julio Monroy

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Freedom and protection of rights inside the state 

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Freedom and protection of rights inside the state 

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Part I

Art 1

1. All peoples have the right of self-determination about their political status and pursue their economic, social al cultural development.

2. All peoples may freely dispose of their natural wealth and resources, based upon the principle of mutual benefit and international law.  In no case may a people be deprived of its own means of subsistence.

3. The States parties shall promote the realization and respect of the right of self-determination in conformity with the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations.

Part II

Article 2

Each State party to the covenant must respect and ensure to all individuals within its territory and subject to its jurisdiction the rights recognized in the present covenant without distinction of any sex, language, religion, or other status.

Article 3

The States parties must guarantee the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all civil and political rights.

Article 4

In time of public emergency which threatens the life of the nation, the states parties may take measures derogating from their obligations under the present Covenant, while these measures are not inconsistent or not involve discrimination.

Article 5

1. Nothing in the covenant may be interpreted in order to suppress or limit any right.

2. There shall be no restriction upon or derogation from any of the fundamental human rights with the pretext that the present covenant does not recognize such rights.

By: Maria Paz Gutiérrez García

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Art 14-17
All people are equal in the courts and tribunals. In the determination of any criminal accusation against them, or all their rights and obligations in a trial. Every person shall have the right to a public and fair hearing by a competent, independent and impartial tribunal established by law. The press and the public may be excluded from all or part of a trial by reasons of morality, public order or national security in a democratic society, or when the interest of the private life of the partis so requires, or to the extent strictly necessary in the opinion of the court in special circumstances where publicity would prejudice the interests of justice.
Art 15: No one shall be held guilty of any crime for an act or omission that didn't constitute it under national or international law at the time it was committed.
Art 16: Everyone has the right to be recognized everywhere as a person by the law.
Art 17: No one shall be the object of arbitrary or illegal interference with his private life, his family, his home or his correspondence, nor of illegal attacks on his honor and reputation.
My articles talk about the guarantees that must be given to all the persons when they are in court, the due process that must be followed and that the state must, at all times and in all trials, give the guarantees established to achieve a fair and equal process for all.
By: Mariana Delgado

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committee composed of 18 members:

national members of the States Parties

moral character and recognized

their personal capacity

elected by secret ballot

not nominate more than two persons

elected for a term of four years

he members of the Committee may be re-elected

receive emoluments or compensation

conditions as the General Assembly may decide

THE TIMELINES OF THE ELECTION PROCESS:
- Initial election is held no later than six months
- Every four months prior to the date of each election of the Committee, the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall invite in writing the States Parties to the present Covenant to submit their nominations.
- The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall prepare a list in alphabetical order.
- He election of the members of the Committee shall require a quorum of two thirds

By: Hasly Bohorquez

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Regional Agreement on Access to Information, Public Participation and Justice in Environmental Matters in Latin America and the Caribbean

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Regional Agreement on Access to Information, Public Participation and Justice in Environmental Matters in Latin America and the Caribbean

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The Agreement was created on March 4, 2018 and aims to ensure full and effective implementation in Latin America and the Caribbean by contributing to the protection of the right of every person, of present and future generations, to live in a healthy environment and to sustainable development.

Among its most important points, we find:
1. Generation and dissemination of environmental information
2.Accessibility of environmental information
3.Public participation in environmental decision-making processes.
4.Access to justice in environmental matters
5.Human rights defenders in environmental matters.
6.Capacity building and strengthening of capacities and cooperation.

By: Maylin Buitrago

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	Convention on the Political Rights of Women.

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	Convention on the Political Rights of Women.

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This convention was created on March 31, 1953 in New York and has as its purpose the equality of political rights between men and women.

It recognizes that everyone has the right to participate in the government of his country directly or through elected representatives, and to equal opportunities for entry into the public service; wishing to equalize the status of men and women in the enjoyment and exercise of political rights.

In short, it recognizes women's suffrage and equal access to public office in all government institutions without any discrimination.

By: Maylin Buitrago

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Committee and Commissions of conciliation

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Committee and Commissions of conciliation

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Articles 42 - 45
ART 42: The creation of an ad hoc conciliation commission to have an amicable solution if the committee couldn't solve the problem.
The interested State has 3 months to elect 5 persons who must be of a State party to the covenant with their respective declaration and they shall not be nationals of the interested States to be part of the commission. They will do a votation to decide if they can't do it.

An important characteristic of this commission is its autonomy so they can choose the chairman and their own rules. And the meetings will be in the Headquarters or the Office of the UN but they could choose another one with the secretary's permission.
The information which the committee gets must be communicated to the commission and they could get more information from the interested States.

12 months after knowing the case:
1. They must inform the statement of the case if they couldn't solve it yet
2. They must inform facts and solutions if they solve it
3. They must inform the matters analyzed, the possible solutions, and their opinions, and the interested States have to respond if they agree.

Both States must pay the commission bills that the secretary accepts.

Art. 43: The committee and commission members will have the same rights as experts on mission.
Art. 44: The interest State could use other procedures if they want if it is consistent with the international agreements
Art. 45: The committee must inform every year their activities to the General Assembly of the UN, through the Economic and Social Council.

By: María Lucia Baquero

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Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations:

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Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations:

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The Convention develop articles 104 and 105 of the Charter of the United Nations. In this sense, the convention enshrined the United Nations (UN) legal protection in its property, assets, incomes and communication. Also, the document talks about the UN officials and theirs immunities and privileges. On the other hand, the document established some solutions to problems arising between UN presence in a country and domestic laws.

By: Esteban Rincón Zapata

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The charter set forth the main principles, organic structures, functions and ways of counteracting some problems. The United Nations (UN) was created in 1945 just after the Second World War ended. Consequently, one of the main principles that seeks the UN is the international peace. On the other hand, according to the article 7 of the charter, the UN organ's are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice, and the Secretariat. The rest of the charter presents the functions and the ambit of operation of each organ.

By: Esteban Rincón Zapata

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ARTICLES 46-53

PART V

This part is conformed by the articles 46 and 47 which establishes that the covenant must respect the Charter of the United Nations, also, the covenant must respect the inherent rights of all people in the world to enjoy freely the wealth and natural resources.

PART VI

This part started with the establishment that any state in the world member of the United Nations can sign the covenant, or any state that be part in the Statute of the International Court of Justice and others that have been invited by the General Assembly of the United Nations. In addition, the article 48 establishes the ratification and the accession.

Also, this part establishes that the covenant begins the validity in the states that sign 3 months after realizing the ratification or the accession and express that the covenant applies at all federal States without exceptions.

The article 51 is important because establishes that the members States can propose amendments for the Covenant which must be accepted for the realization of a conference by at least one third of members States and a two-thirds must vote favoring the amendment to discuss this in the General Assembly of the United Nations. If the amendment is accepted, the validity begins immediately.

Finally, the article 53 establishes that no matter the language Chinese, English, Spanish or French the Covenant is identical and must be applied the same way.

By: Alexis Santa.