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- Opera is widely regarded as the 'highest art form', as it encompasses drama and music.
- There are many different parts to an opera, including the overture (opening piece of music played exclusively by the strings) and the aria (a extended solo or duet in which the character(s) involved sing about another character or a feeling/situation).
- Giacomo Pucinni (1858 - 1924) was a pioneer of the genre of opera during the romantic period.
- This is an aria from La Boheme 'O Soave Fanciulla' (O lovely maid in the moonlight), in which the two main characters are declaring their love for one another.
- Jonas Kaufmann (tenor) is probably the most lyrical tenor and is amongst the most popular in operatic circles. The soprano part is sung by Kristine Opolais.

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Jonas Kaufmann, Kristine Opolais; Antonio Pappano: St. Cecilia Academy Orchestra & Chorus - Nessun Dorma - The Puccini Album

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Jonas Kaufmann, Kristine Opolais; Antonio Pappano: St. Cecilia Academy Orchestra & Chorus

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- Ludwig van Beethoven (1770 - 1827) was a composer in the late classical and early romantic period. He is widely regarded as the man responsible for this transition in music composition.
- Here, Daniel Barenboim performs one of Beethoven's most famous piano sonatas; the 'Pathetique' sonata.
- Can you hear sonata form in any of the movements? Can you hear how the movements contrast with each other in terms of tempo and tonality?

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Daniel Barenboim plays Beethoven Sonata No. 8 Op. 13 (Pathetique)

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- The sonata was pioneered in the late classical / early romantic periods.
- Sonatas can take many forms, but are usually three or four movements.
- Sonata form (structure of a piece of music in three sections): Exposition (opening theme and modulation to the dominant), Development (music modulates away from the dominant and through several unrelated keys) and Recapitulation (return of the original theme where the piece ends in the tonic).

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Piano Quintet in F minor, Op. 34 by Brahms

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Piano Quintet in F minor, Op. 34 by Brahms

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- Johannes Brahms (1833 - 1897) was a composer in the romantic period.
- This is a piano quintet, meaning that the orchestration is piano, 2 violins, viola and cello.
- This is the third movement of four, entitled 'Scherzo'.

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Piano Quintet in F minor, Opus 34 by Johannes Brahms

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Giorgi Latsabidze (piano) with USC Thornton String Quartet 3. Scherzo: Allegro

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- Binary (a piece of music with two sections, labelled 'A' and 'B').
- Ternary (a piece with of music with three sections, where the first and last section are the same. This would be labelled 'ABA').
- Rondo (a piece where the main theme, labelled 'A', returns in between contrasting sections, known as episodes. This would be labelled 'ABACADA...etc.).
- Arch (a piece of music where the sections of the piece are mirrored. If there are three sections, the piece will be labelled 'ABCBA').

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- Charles Villiers Stamford (1852 - 1924) was an Irish composer from the romantic period.
- This piece is for four-part choir and organ, though there are moments where the choir sing a cappella.
- The recording is by St Paul's Cathedral choir, which his traditionally an all male choir. The top part is sung by school boys whose voices have not yet broken. These are called trebles.

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Te Deum in B flat (Stanford): St Paul’s Cathedral 1977 (Barry Rose)

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From a 1977 LP entitled "Coronation Anthems". The choir of St Paul's Cathedral, directed by Barry Rose, with Mark Blatchly (organ). This "Te Deum" is part of a setting of the canticles for Morning and Evening Prayer (Op. 10). Stanford wrote it in 1879 for the choir of Trinity College Cambridge, where he was organist at the time.

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- This is a solo vocal piece for soprano and piano.
- The piece is through composed, meaning each verse has a slightly different melody (and no melody is repeated).
- Listen out for the vibrato used by the vocalist...whether it is to your taste or not!

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Barbara Hendricks "Gabriel Faure Après un rêve"

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- A cappella (vocal music sung without instrumental accompaniment).
- Strophic form is where vocal music has a verse-chorus structure.
- Music without a verse-chorus structure is called through composed.
- Falsetto is a vocal technique where the singer uses thin, high voice to reach notes which are not in range of their normal voice.
- Vibrato is a technique employed by singers to create a thicker, warmer sound by shimmering up and down on one note.
- Word painting - music mirroring the lyrics (held note on the word 'calm', music going up in a scale on the word 'ascending' etc.).
- Syllabic (one syllable for every note).
- Melisma (using more than one note per syllable).

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- Third movement of Bruch's violin concerto performed by Janine Jansen.
- Bruch (1838 - 1920) was a composer in the romantic period.

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Janine Jansen Plays Bruch 3/3 : Violin Concerto No.1

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Edo de Waart／Janine Jansen Nov.21,2012　Suntory Hall ジャニーヌ・ヤンセン

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- Third movement here played by one of Hertfordshire's own, Alison Balsom.
- Haydn (1732 - 1809) was a composer in the classical period.

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- J. S. Bach composed a collection of six instrumental works and presented them to Christian Ludwig, Margrave of Brandenburg in 1721.
- This is the 4th work, a concerto grosso (meaning there are multiple soloists).
- There are two solo recorders, a solo violin and the harpsichord also doubles up as a basso continuo and soloist (there is a massive harpsichord solo at the end of this movement).
- Try and pick out the features as detailed above in this recording.

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Bach: Brandenburg Concerto No. 4 in G major, BWV 1049 (Freiburger Barockorchester)

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- Diatonic harmony (i.e. the harmony makes sense, with the melody using notes from the chord).
- Terraced dynamics (sudden changes from forte to piano without a gradual crescendo or diminuendo).
- Ornamentation of the melody, using trills, turns and grace notes.

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- The baroque period saw music composed for small ensembles, known now as the baroque orchestra.
- These orchestras were not as big as they are today (see graphic on the right).
- All pieces would have a basso continuo. This is a term used to describe the combination of the harpsichord and the cello part, both of which would play the bass line all the way through. Hence the term, basso continuo.

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Renaissance                     Baroque                                                    Classical                          Romantic

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- A concerto is a solo piece  of music for one instrument. The soloist is accompanied by an orchestra.
- The concerto is one of the moist common genres of Western classical music.
- Many composers over the centuries have composed concerti for a wide range of instruments.
- There are typically three movements in a concerto. Fast: Slow: Fast.

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- Vocal music has been an integral part of the Western classical tradition, probably more so than instrumental music.
- Music for voices is divided into two sections: sacred (music for church services or affiliated with religion) and secular (non religious music).
- There are normally four parts in vocal music: sopranos (high female voices), altos (low female voices), tenors (high male voices) and basses (low male voices). If all four parts are being used, the abbreviation for this is SATB

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- Chamber music is music composed for a small (or chamber) group of instruments.
- There are many different genres within chamber music
- The most common form of chamber music is a string quartet (two violins, viola and cello).

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- A piece of music written for a solo instrument with piano accompaniment, unless the solo instrument is a piano (i.e. a piano sonata).