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OXIDATION à HYDRATION à OXIDATION

EX: 16.2 pg. 639 (Citric Acid Cycle); 17.2 pg. 673 (Beta Oxidation); 18.3 pg. 722 (Urea Cycle – Isoleucine to succinyl-CoA)

REDUCTION à DEHYDRATION à REDUCTION

EX: 21.1 pg. 835 (biosynthesis of fatty synthesis)

GOAL – Making a specific carbon bond less stable (more reactive) by forming a pi bond to ultimately make a carbonyl carbon. This carbon chain is shortened by 2 carbons. The final example, a chain is extended by 2 carbons.allows for a nucleophilic attack for further metabolizing. In the first 3 examples a

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Oxidation ->Hydration -> Oxidation
ex. 16.2 p. 639 (Citric Acid Cycle); (Beta Oxidation); 18.3 pp 722 (Urea Cycle -- Isoleucine to succinyl-CoA)
Reduction -->Dehydration --> Reduction
Group 5 if you see this can you put your stuff on here?

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oxidative phosphorylation vs photophosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation:
-Glycolysis to get acetyl CoA, then convert in TCA to make proton gradient, then those e-'s are carried in NADH and FADH2, then those e-'s from thosereduced cofactors are passed to proteins into the respitaroy chain, important TCA O2 is the ultimate acceptor, that energy from oxidation is used to phosphorylate ADP

Photophosporylation
- the energy harnessed comes from light energy, photons exciting chlorophyll, light energy is oxidized and reduced from chlorophyll molecules to drive synthesis of ATP, Water is the source of e-, that are passed via chain of protein transporters where ultimate e- acceptor is NADP+, and O2 is the byproduct

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TPP and Schiff bases are electrons sinks. TPP is cleaves bonds adjacent to a carbonyl group. As it can be seen PDH complex, with the conversion of pyruvate into Acetyl-CoA. What TPP is most commonly known for is as an acetaldehyde carrier. TPP is also seen in ethanol fermentation and in Transketolase.

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Anabolic (use energy--> make stuff)

·         FA biosynthesis
Gluconeogenesis

·         LOCATION: Cytosol

·         NADPH

·         Acetyl – e- acceptor

·         Consumes ATP

·         RXN Seq

o   Condensation

o   Reduction

o   Dehydration

o   Reduction

·         2 Carbon donor Malonyl-Coa

CATABOLIC (make energy--> breakdown stuff)

·         FA B-Oxidation

·         LOCATION: Matrix

·         Acyl-Coa e donor

·         FAD and NAD⁺ e accepter

·         ATP Synthesis

·         RXN seq.

o   Oxidation

o   Hydration

o   Oxidation

o   Condensation

·         2 C donor Acetyl-Coa

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Activated by phosphorylation:
- FBPase 1
- you have enough ATP, so stop producing ATP by doing gluconeogenesis

Inactivated by phosphorylation:
- PFK1
- energy needs are met so you stop producing ATP by inactivating glycolysis

Since they are inversely related glycolysis and gluconeogenesis do not work at the same time

If you have enough energy you are willing to expend ATP to phosphorylate and prevent futile cycles

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Biotin is used in both catabolic and anabolic processes. It links itself to different enzymes to through an amine linkage to a lysine side chain. By assisting the enzyme as a carrier protein with its arm-like process it is able to carboxylate various molecules with ATP. It temporarily carries CO2 and then transfers it to these molecules to form products like oxalacetate - glyconeogenesis & Citric acid cycle, D-Methylmalonyl-CoA to Succinyl-CoA -> from B-oxidation to citric acid cycle, Malonyl-CoA- Biosynthesis of Fatty acids. Overall its main
purpose is to carry CO2 to create products that are key for both catabolic SWEEEEEET

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There are three major prosthetic groups that act as long arms, carrying intermediates between various active sites allowing for substrate channeling.
Biotin- used as an arm in gluconeogenesis and FA synthesis.
Lipoate- used in the PDH cycle as the second enzyme. Also seen in E2 of the Alphaketogluterate dehydrogenase complex in the CAC.
Acyl carrier protein- involved in the fatty acid biosynthesis.