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We can consult this table, in order to present the journey of our plant through history timeline!

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The ancient Greeks believed that the Goddess Demeter was the protector of wheat and all crops. During the sowing season, September-October, the ancient Greeks held a great celebration in her honor

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Most scientists agree that maize originated in central Mexico and was domesticated 7-9,000 years ago from a wild grass called teosinte. Teosinte looked nothing like modern maize, in particular due to its having smaller, fewer and more spaced out kernels, each surrounded by a tough casing.

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As the Mesoamerican people migrated into North America and south into Peru, they introduced corn into the new communities.
Archaeologists have discovered that people have known about popcorn for thousands. It was first discovered in Mexico. To create popcorn in ancient times they would first cut the corn off the cob and then dry it out, before placing it over a fire. The kernels would then pop.

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Wheat - web source: https://el.wikipedia.org/

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The ancient poet Homer describes a wheat harvest scene depicted on Achilles' shield

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In ancient times, great Greek and Latin physicians, such as Hippocrates and Galinos, discovered the medicinal properties of mastic and used it in their treatments. Herodotus, historian and geographer, was the first to mention it in his writings.

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During the Byzantine times (330 – 13th c. AD) mastic was considered a luxury product.

It was transported from Chios to Constantinople, it was sold at a high price and its trade brought a lot of gold coins to the Byzantine Emperors.

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Wheat - web source: https://www.kastra.eu/

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The Byzantine castle of Palaio Gynaikokastro in Kilkis is a fortified fortress, which protected the settlements in the area from barbarian raids. It is said that inside it was kept the harvest of the precious wheat.

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Για χρονογραμμή3.JPG

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Middle Ages(1346-1566 Genoese occupation) 

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Middle Ages(1346-1566 Genoese occupation) 

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The medieval villages of Chios which are located in the south part where mastic is produced, have a fortress-like architecture. This was created by the Genovese because of the necessity to protect the mastic product from the frequent pirate raids. And also they wanted to control possible riots of the local population. Each village was built around one central tower. The external walls of the stone houses had no doors or windows on the outside and they formed a castle. There was one gate to enter which closed every night or when there was some danger.

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Cristoforo Buondelmonti, an Italian traveller in Chios wrote that he was very impressed by the large scale of mastic cultivation. In his map he drew the mastic castle villages.

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The origin of sunflower is in Peru and Mexico. Mayans used sunflower like a decoration and for food. After the Chistopher Columbo discovered New world the sunflower was taken to Europe.

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After the arrival of Europeans in 1492, Spanish settlers consumed maize, and explorers and traders carried it back to Europe and introduced it to other countries. Maize spread to the rest of the world because of its ability to grow in diverse climates. It was cultivated in Spain just a few decades after Columbus's voyages and then spread to Italy, West Africa and elsewhere. Widespread cultivation most likely began in southern Spain in 1525, after which it quickly spread to the rest of the Spanish Empire including its territories in Italy (and, from there, to other Italian states)

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The Ottomans that occupied Chios in 1566, got the mastic trade in their hands. They gave privileges to local people to cultivate it (e.g. they let them wear their nice traditional clothes). But they were not allowed to keep mastic for themselves. If they did, they were severely punished by the Ottoman rulers.

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In 16 th century people started to grow sunflower in Europe, in Spain and in Russia.
From there it spread accross Europe.

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In Croatia people started to grow the sunflowers in fileds in 19 th century, in year 1840.

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By the 17th century it was a common peasant food in Southwestern Europe, including Portugal, Spain, southern France, and Italy. By the 18th century, it was the chief food of the southern French and Italian peasantry, especially in the form of polenta in Italy.
The first Combine Harvester was invented. This innovative piece of machinery is used to harvest corn by reaping, threshing and cleaning in one operational process.

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Wheat - Source: Book titled "Τhe water world of Kilkis", Author: Thanasis Vafiadis

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From the years of the conquest of Greece by the Ottomans, water mills appeared in various parts of the Gallikos River to serve the needs of people for food.In them they ground the wheat to get flour and other seeds to make animal feed.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eZRlWMyQOXo

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Για χρονογραμμή4.JPG

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First sunflower oil factory in Croatia is open in 20 th century in year 1917.

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Mastic - web source https://www.gummastic.gr/el/

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In late 19th c. and early 20th c. the production of mastic is little and also there isn’t much interest for it in the market. In 1938 the Chios Mastic Growers Association was founded. It was obligatory for all growers to participate as members (it still is).

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Wheat - Sources: a) Book "Kilkis, Historical and folkloric mixes", b) Study by Zeta Papageorgopoulou "Connection of local products with the tradition of Kilkis"

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Contemporary History (from 20th c. until today)

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Contemporary History (from 20th c. until today)

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In the villages of Kilkis, where the majority of the people are occupied with agriculture, from the last century until today, customs associated with wheat, the euphoria of the land and the good harvest prevail.

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Για χρονογραμμή5.JPG

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Contemporary History (from 20th c. until today)

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Contemporary History (from 20th c. until today)

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Small changes overtime have lead to many different varieties of corn including:
Types and amount of starch production
Ability to grow in different climates and types of soil
Length and number of kernel rows
Size
Shape
Colour
Resistance to pests
Functional Analysis System for Traits (FAST) allows corn plants to grow to maturity in a fraction of the time, approximately two months, compared to more than 100 days in field conditions.
Corn is now available in 5 colours, with over 200 varieties and grown in 69 countries.

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UNESCO included the cultivation of the mastic tree on the Island of Chios in the List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. This means that the practices, knowledge, techniques, skills, tools, etc.  associated with mastic are part of the people’s cultural heritage and have formed their identity, their environment and their everyday life to a great extent.

https://ich.unesco.org/en/decisions/7.COM/11.14

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Mastic has been long known for its beneficial and healing properties. So, in 2015 it was recognised as a traditional medicine of herbal origin by the European Medicines Agency.