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Relative increase in temperature in lower part of atmosphere.
(a)

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-Main energy input
-Affected by latitude, season, cloud cover
(a)

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1) latitude- north/south
2) altitude- distance from sea level
3) prevailing winds- direction wind usually blows
4) topography- land features
5) ocean currents
6) distances from large bodies of water
(a)

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A tiny cloud of water droplets in the atmosphere near the surface of the earth limiting visibility than 1000 m.
(a)

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Large bodies of water such as oceans, seas, and large lakes affect the climate of an area. Water heats and cools more slowly than land.
(a)

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-contains the elements chlorine, fluorine, and carbon

-used in refrigerators, aerosol spray, foam, packing material, and solvents

-when released they deplete the ozone layer
(a)

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Energy at surface = Insolation - Energy leaving surface
(a)

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if CO2 levels are too high, more heat is trapped and temp increase overtime

-decease rainfall
-hotter summers
-melting polar ice caps
(a)

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Energy absorbed into the surface and subsurface PART 2

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Energy absorbed into the surface and subsurface PART 2

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Some of the incoming energy will be transferred from the surface into the sub-surface soil and rocks by conduction. A light-coloured soil or rock, like chalk, is a poor conductor so heating will be confined to the surface; this explains the high temperatures of 50-60 centigrade recorded on hot deserts in daytime. In contrast, a dark volcanic soil or dark rocks like basalt and slate, with low albedos of 5-10 percent, will absorb heat well.

(B)

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Energy absorbed into the surface and subsurface

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Energy absorbed into the surface and subsurface

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This incoming short wave solar radiation converted into energy when it reaches the surface of the Earth.

The amount of energy absorbed by the surface and sub-surface during daylight hours can be affected by a variety of factors, such as the presence of a large bodies of water and snow cover. These can have high albedo and reflect as much as 80-90% of the incoming radiation.

(B)

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MADE BY: Bryan Hariadi, Ruzzel Widjaja, Josephine Natasha J & Audrey Lititia

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MADE BY: Bryan Hariadi, Ruzzel Widjaja, Josephine Natasha J & Audrey Lititia

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Latent Heat  is the energy absorbed by or released from a substance during a phase change from a gas to liquid or solid or vice versa, for example, when water changes to water vapour by evaporation. When heat is taken from the atmosphere to help with this process it will result in the atmosphere being cooled.

When the process of evaporation is reversed, for example when water vapour is changed to water by condensation, heat energy is released into the atmosphere which will heat up as a result. The main processes that do this type of transfer are radiation, conduction, and convection.

During the night, there is no incoming solar radiation, which means that only source of energy is the radiation that is being held/retained within the atmosphere. This main energy flow is therefore a new loss of heat from the land, which cools the air from the surface upwards.

(B)

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During the day, when incoming short-waver solar radiation enters the atmosphere it is absorbed by the land surface before being re-radiated as long wave Earth radiation which then heats the air above it. This is an example of a sensible heat transfer. Sensible heat is the energy required to change the temperature of a substance with no phase change. The temperature change can come from the absorption of sunlight by the soil or the air itself. Or it can come in contact with the warmer air caused by release of latent heat (by direct conduction)

(B)

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A land breeze occurs at night when the land cools faster than the sea at night. This creates a situation which is the opposite to day time – where the air above the sea is actually warmer at night than the air above the land. In this case, it is air above the warmer surface water that is heated and rises, pulling in air from the cooler land surface.
J

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On a warm summer day along the coast, this differential heating of land and sea leads to the development of local winds called sea breezes. The land is heated quicker than the sea and so the air above the land is warmer than the air above the sea during the day.

As air above the land surface is heated by radiation from the Sun, it expands and begins to rise, being lighter than the surrounding air. To replace the rising air, cooler air is drawn in from above the surface of the sea. This is the sea breeze, and can offer a pleasant cooling influence on hot summer afternoons.

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1) Air must have been coooled close to the ground

e.g. Advection Fog: As warm, moist air passes over a cold surface it is chilled, and condensation takes place as the temperature of the air is reduced and therefore it reaches dew (saturation) point)

e.g. Radiation Fog: Occurs when the ground loses heat at night by long wave radiation and therefore the air above it is cooled causing condensation and fog.

2) More water vapour must have been added to the atmosphere close to the ground.
J

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Local Night Time Energy Budget Illustration

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Local Night Time Energy Budget Illustration

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J

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Diurnal Energy Budget or Daily Energy Budget accounts for how much energy is received by Earth and its atmosphere from the Sun each day, how much energy is lost to space, as well as how much energy is retained by the Earth and its atmosphere.
(B)

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This is emitted by the surface, and passes into the atmosphere, and eventually into space.

There is also a downward-directed stream of long-wave radiation from particles in the atmosphere

The difference between the 2 streams is known as the net radiation balance.

During the day, since the outgoing stream is greater than the incoming one, there is a net loss of energy from the surface.

J

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Energy arriving at the surface has the potential to heat that surface, as heat is absorbed by it.

The nature of the surface has an effect, e.g. If the surface can conduct heat rapidly   into the lower layers of the soil its temperature will be low. If the heat is not carried away quickly it will be concentrated at the surface & result in high temperatures there.

J

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Illustration of Local time energy budget

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Illustration of Local time energy budget

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J

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Energy received by the earth is converted into heat energy when it reaches the surface. As the ground warms, some is re-radiated as long wave radiation.

8% of this re-radiated energy is lost to space

Evaporation and condensation account for a loss of 25 % of the heat energy from the earth as heat energy is used up when liquid is turned into vapour (this is called latent heat transfer)

7% of this re-radiated energy is absorbed by clouds, water vapour and CO2

J

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The atmosphere has an energy budget.

It receives energy from the sun and the earth (inputs)

It looses energy to space (outputs)

If it looses more energy than it gains the atmosphere cools down

If it gain more energy than it looses it heats up

J

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Latitudinal pattern of radiation: excesses and deficits 

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Latitudinal pattern of radiation: excesses and deficits 

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- Radiation: the emission of electromagnetic waves such as X-ray, short- and long-wave; as the Sun is a very hot body, radiating at a temperature of about 5700 degrees celsius, most of its radiation is in the form of very short wavelengths such as ultraviolet and visible light
- Convection: the transfer of heat by the movement of a gas or liquid
- Conduction: the transfer of heat by contact
(a)

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Sea water is heated at the Equator becomes less dense and moves towards the Earth's poles. These oceans currents are one of the main mechanisms for redistributing heat around the Earth's surface.

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Dew refers to the condensation on the surface. This air is saturated due to temperature change that allows water vapour to change state.

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Movement of parcels of air  in and out of area being studied
Examples are
- Volume
- Pressure
- Air that is warmed by the surface may begin to rise (convection) and be replaced by cooler air

Very common in warm areas in the early afternoon

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As the radiation from the Sun passes through the atmosphere, some is absorbed by liquids, gases and solids. Some is reflected and scattered, especially by the tops of clouds. The amount of energy that is reflected by a surface is determines by the reflectivity of that surface, called the albedo.

Albedo is expressed as a percentage. A high albedo means the surface reflects the majority of the radiation that hits it and absorbs the rest. A low albedo means a surface reflects a small amount of the incoming radiation and absorbs the rest.

Example: Fresh snow reflects up to 95% of the incoming radiation.
(B)

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The Earth's main source of energy is incoming short wave solar radiation from the Sun. This energy fuels the Earth's weather system.
How much incoming solar radiation is received by the Earth is controlled by four factors :
1. The solar constant (energy released by the sun)
2. The distance of the Earth from the sun
3. Altitude of the Sun
4. Length of Night and Day

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- Carbon Dioxide
- Methane
- Nitrous Oxide
- Sulfur Oxide
- Water Vapour

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1. Incoming (shortwave) solar radiation (insolation)
2.reflected solar radiation 3.surface absorption
4. sensible heat transfer
5. long-wave radiation
6. latent heat