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Now that I have completed assignment two, I feel quite happy with the end result. My ideas and execution turned out quite differently than I had expected as my ideas and aesthetics that I had previously wanted for the video changed throughout making it. I found that I abandoned my choices for the bright colours and went for a more gloomy, serious theme across the video to accentuate that this is not a happy topic which we can just brush aside and claim as someone else's problem. This is a serious issue that deserves the attention that it demands. I feel that if I had had more time and managed my time more effectively, the promotional video could have been better however I am satisfied with the end result because I feel that it articulates the message and information that I wanted it to.

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Another image revealing the minimal sand left on beach at West Beach

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Another image revealing the minimal sand left on beach at West Beach

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http://www.coastalwatch.com/environment/4524/impact-of-coastal-erosion-in-australia

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Image displaying coastal erosion at West Beach

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Image displaying coastal erosion at West Beach

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http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-07-25/storms-and-high-seas-carve-away-adelaide's-sandy-coast/7657518

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Article focuses on coastal erosion in Australia.

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COASTALWATCH | Environmental News
Impact Of Coastal Erosion In Australia
Article by Professor Andrew Short, Senior Coastal Scientist, Coastalwatch/CoastalCOMS
Video above, Sand pumping on the Gold Coast by Craig Halstead
As a follow up to the Impending Coastal Crisis feature we posted earlier this week we have compiled a comprehensive piece focusing on coastal erosion in Australia. For the 50% of the Australian coast that is composed of sand and in some places mud, the shoreline is prone to change, building seaward and in some places eroding landward. In most locations, this is a natural process with usually no impact on human settlement.

Coastal protection of the shoreline is rarely required in Australia, however in a few locations the dynamic shoreline has become a problem, in some cases a major and expensive problem, and in almost all of these cases the problem is related to human interference or encroachment on the shoreline. Coastal protection works, such as breakwaters, groynes, or seawalls, are usually built to guard against erosion. In doing so they harden the coast and reduce its ability to adjust naturally. As a consequence, these defences can exacerbate further erosional problems, with seawalls reflecting and concentrating wave energy and erosion, and groynes starving downdrift the coast of sediment thereby leading to further erosion.

There are areas where human have encroached into the dynamic beach environment only to suffer the consequences, and others where they have interfered with coastal processes leading to accelerated coastal erosion.

Cairns, QLD

Much of the shoreline of the rapidly expanding tropical city of Cairns appears especially vulnerable. The popular marina area and the hub of Cairns has encroached on Trinity Inlet and formerly mangrove-covered mudflats along the seafront are now bare and lined with seawalls, backed by development close to sea level. Much of Cairns is also built on a coastal plain, part of the Barron River delta, with the mangrove-lined tidal creeks that meandered through these plains all that remain. These are inundated at highest tides and demonstrate that critical infrastructure, such as the airport, lie close to present high tide level (as is often also the case with other airports, such as those at Brisbane and Sydney).

At this level much of the coastal plain and city would be inundated by a 2.5m storm surge calculated to accompany a 1 in 100 year storm, whereas dating sequences of coral rubble ridges deposited by large storms on nearby islands indicate that considerably larger events than those known from the past 200 years have recurred frequently over past millennia.

The north Cairns coast along Yorkys Knob-Machans-Holloway beaches is lined with seawalls because much of the shoreline has been retreating, on a coast that in the long-term is building seaward as the Barron River delta progrades. The problem here is both the dynamic shoreline of the delta, which switches channels, has major floods and accompanying pulses of sediment, on a coast exposed to periodic tropical cyclones, all of which produces a highly dynamic shoreline. Roads and houses have been built on parts of the coast which will periodically be reclaimed by the sea, as well as periodically protected by wide beaches. Finally, when climate change is considered, the already perilously low-lying developments in Cairns are at considerable risk to inundation, as discussed in the next section.

Australia's best known strip of defended coastline, and a major holiday destination for local, national and international tourists, is the 35 km between the New South Wales-Queensland border at Point Danger and the Nerang Inlet, better known as the Gold Coast.

Here is a system that is part of a northerly conveyor belt of sand moving north from New South Wales across the border at a rate estimated at 500 000 m3/yr. In 1962-64 the Tweed River training walls were extended for navigation, 400m out to sea. The southern wall blocked the movement of sand, which built out the adjacent Letitia Spit by 250m, in the process trapping millions of cubic metres of sand and preventing it from moving across the border and along the Gold Coast beaches.

As the sand supply was depleted, combined with a series of severe cyclones (Dinah, Barbara, Dulcie, Elaine and Glenda) in 1967, 8 million cubic metres of sand was eroded from the beaches and threatened the backing Gold Coast roads, houses and hotels.

The solution has been threefold. First, a continuous terminal seawall was built the length of the coast and covered with sand and dunes. Second between 1995 and 2000 3.5 million cubic meters of sand was dredged from the Tweed Bar and placed offshore of the southern Gold Coast beaches. Third, a permanent pumping system was built just south of the training wall, which since 2000 has pumped more than 500 000 m3 of sand each year from New South Wales across the border onto the Gold Coast beaches. In 2007 these beaches were as wide was they have ever been. However, it has all come at a cost in the tens of millions of dollars.

A similar training wall built between 1960-66 at the mouth of the Brunswick River, 50 km to the south, to service the small fishing fleet. Studies have shown that the walls impacted the beach to the north and south. The beach built it out for 8km updrift, while erosion was observed to extend up to 17 km downdrift, with the shorelines not stabilising until 1987.

The largest impacts were close to the wall with the small beachfront community of Sheltering Palms, located 2km north of the wall, experiencing up to 90 m of shoreline erosion which resulted in some houses, roads and telegraph poles ending up in the surf zone and finally abandonment of the entire village by the mid 1970's. Unlike the Gold Coast, this area did not warrant the massive expenditure on protection, so it was sacrificed.

Coastal erosion, particularly associated with a cluster of east coast cyclones, has occurred at several points along the New South Wales coast. Dressing sheds at Manly were broken up by waves in 1913 and the North Steyne SLSC in Manly was severely damaged in 1950. The jetty at Byron Bay was removed in 1972, and ad hoc coastal protection was attempted at Belongil Spit with car bodies dumped to try to halt the erosion of sand.

The 1974 storms, estimated as a 1:200 year event, destroyed the harbour side Manly pier and resulted in loss and damage of property and roads being cut at several points along the Sydney and south coast; elsewhere they were the first stage of erosion, with subsequent storms actually undermining property, as with the three houses that were destroyed during a storm in 1978 at Wamberal.

Collaroy Beach on Sydney's northern beaches is a classic example of inappropriate planning and shoreline subdivision that took place more than 100 years ago. The original property boundaries extend, and still do, down across the dune onto the beach, with most of the houses and now some high rises built on the beach-dune area. The consequences were entirely predictable, every time the beach retreated during high seas, the then beach shacks were undermined.

Major erosion occurred in 1920, seven shacks fell into the sea in 1944-5, and one was washed out to sea in 1967. Following the 1945 storms the council voted to resume the remaining houses. Instead, within ten years the first block of flats was built and soon after the first high-rise, which in turn was undermined by the 1967 storms. More high rises followed, the next built just in time to be undermined by the 1974 storms. Here the council has allowed initial development in a hazard zone, and later massive over-development even after houses had been washed away.

Collaroy remains a problem area with most of the affected properties fronted by makeshift seawalls. The council has started slowly buying back some properties and hopes the state government will allow massive beach nourishment at some time in the future. In the meantime, every big sea removes the narrow beach and exposes the unsightly and hazardous seawalls on one of Sydney's premier beaches.

Warilla Beach just south of Port Kembla was sacrificed to protect a row of low-cost houses. Like Collaroy, the houses had been built too close to the shoreline on the formerly active foredune. The volume of sand on the beach, already depleted through mining for export in the 1960s, was further reduced because longshore processes carried a proportion into the entrance to Lake Illawarra when the entrance lay to the south of a tombolo connected to an offshore island. Any sand returned by tidal processes leaked onto Perkins beach to the north when the tombolo closed off Warilla Beach, acting as a trapdoor.

Finally, when the 1974 storms threatened the houses, the council responded by building a rock seawall along the southern half of the beach, replacing the public beach with rock, even the surf club had to be moved. This example of poor planning has only been remediated recently when further works at the lake's entrance, in an effort to keep it permanently open, led to significant nourishment of the beach. A series of storms generated by east coast lows in June and July 2007 however, severely truncated the beach as the sand was being pumped south, providing an ominous warning of the likely long-term fate of the rebuilt beach.

Coalcliff, NSW

The rocky shores of New South Wales appear much more resistant against erosion. Locally however, there are concerns about rock falls and public safety, as at Bilgola, Newport and Narrabeen headlands in Sydney. An exception is the steep cliffs at Coalcliff, first named by Flinders and Bass, where landslides are associated with the claystones and shales that are interbedded with the sandstones.

The continual damage to Lawrence Hargrave Drive and the threat of falling rocks, led to the construction of the spectacular Seacliff bridge, a 665 m stretch of road that is built out from the cliff face over extensive rock platforms.

Portland, VIC

Most of the Victorian coast is protected by a foreshore reserve, however at Portland the reserve was not wide enough to protect a stretch of beach known as the Dutton Way. Here problems started when a breakwater was completed in 1960 to expand the port of Portland, thereby interrupting the easterly movement of sand to the downdrift Dutton Way beach. As the beach began retreating threatening a road a seawall was commenced in 1970. Since then the wall has continue to follow the erosion to the east and now winds it way along the shore for 4.5 km. Low-lying areas around the Gippsland lakes are subject to flooding, particularly after the artificial opening of the Gippsland Lakes in 1889. Flooding in 2007 after intense rainfall over the catchments that drain into the lake was exacerbated at high tide and inundated much of Lakes Entrance.

Adelaide, SA

The Adelaide metropolitan beaches have been experiencing erosion for decades, as a result of the natural 40,000-50,000 m3/yr northerly sand transport, exacerbated by dieback of nearshore seagrass meadows as a consequence of sewage pollution; and further aggravated by some roads and structured located too close to the shore. The erosion has been managed both by the construction of 14 kilometres of seawalls and the trucking of sand from the northern end of the system back to the south, and more recently pumping sand onshore from nearshore sand deposits. Maintenance of these metropolitan beaches continues at significant cost; but it has been possible to sustain the natural values of the coast, even re-establishing dunes in front of the esplanade at Brighton.

In a political decision that will ensure South Australia has generations of coastal problems the South Australian government in 1990 voted to freehold hundreds of beach shacks, many built close to or on the beaches and in low-lying erosion and flood-prone areas. Now the shacks are freeholded it will be up to the government and taxpayers to maintain these unsightly ribbon developments and to try and protect these properties as they become increasingly exposed to shoreline erosion and sea level rise.

Western Australia

In contrast the Western Australian government has been successively removing the many hundreds of beach and fishing shacks that dotted the coast north of Perth as far as Geraldton. These have been removed along with the associated myriad of 4WD tracks and replaced by coastal reserves with well planned and designed access points along the coast, while neighbouring coastal towns are being developed as nodes for the increasing coastal population. Western Australia's Geographe Bay is a relatively sheltered sandy embayment with a northerly drift of sand from Busselton north to Mandurah.

In the early 1990s this northerly drift was interrupted by the construction of a series of training walls and groynes associated with a canal estate called Port Geographe. Not only sand but also piles of rotting seagrass built out 100 m against the updrift wall, while the beach on the northern side eroded back 250 m, threatening a road then houses. A combination of makeshift seawall and sand bypassing has been used with limited success; meanwhile the rotting seagrass continues to pile up and waft across the development. Just 120 km further north the Port Bouvard development built a similar training wall, but also added a permanent sand bypassing system, the result, no uplift build up and no down drift erosion.

Conclusion

These few examples serve to illustrate that the coast is a dynamic and at times very inhospitable environment. When we develop the coast it is essential that we first understand the nature processes and hazards, including longterm rates of shoreline movement and change, and extent of inland erosion and inundation. We must then plan with this information in mind, so that no inappropriate structures or development are placed in this hazards zone, and if they have to be such as ports and airports, then they are properly defended. Likewise, if we interrupt the long-shore movement of sand we need to make contingencies such as sand bypassing, otherwise nature will realign the shores and place any down-drift development at risk.

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The Impact Of Coastal Erosion In Australia

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COASTALWATCH | Environmental News Article by Professor Andrew Short, Senior Coastal Scientist, Coastalwatch/CoastalCOMSVideo above, Sand pumping on the Gold Coast by Craig Halstead As a follow up to the Impending Coastal Crisis feature we posted earlier this week we have compiled a comprehensive piece focusing on coastal erosion in Australia.

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At a glance: Coastal erosion & Australia

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At a glance: Coastal erosion & Australia

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Article outlining what coastal erosion is and how it occurs.

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The Australian governments could be given the power to force people in coastal areas to move from their land due to climate change, a report released in late October said.
FULL REPORT: Managing our Coastal Zone in a Changing Climate: the Time to Act is Now
A report into the effects of climate change on the coastal regions was issued by the House of Representative's Standing Committee on Climate Change, Water, Environment and the Arts.

The 18 month inquiry said that rising sea levels, more frequent storms, cyclones and floods along the coastline are putting beach front properties at risk.

As a result the inquiry has canvassed the option of forced retreats with the "the possibility of a government instrument that prohibits continued occupation of the land".

Queensland is noted as the most at risk as rising sea levels will potentially affect billions of dollars of beachfront housing.

The report does not go into whether landholders would be fully compensated for the forced retreats and, if so, who would pay.

Another option raised in the report is forcing coastal residents to pay a regular levy to compensate those amongst them who have to move due to climate change.

It concluded that action to combat the effects of climate change on the coast was urgently needed, as was national leadership.

It is estimated that 80 per cent Australians live near the coast.
What is coastal erosion?
Coastal erosion is the permanent loss of land along the shoreline.

The coast is constantly adjusting to changes in wave and tide processes and sediment supply, so it is important to distinguish between short-term changes in the coast and long-term coastal erosion.
Short-term shoreline change
Short-term shoreline changes do not constitute coastal erosion.

There changes occur over periods of days to several years. It is most obvious during storms when high wave energy actively removes sand from beaches.

During storms waves reach a backshore area and erode sand from it. The important function of this backshore is to act as sand reservoir during storms. In the following months normal weather and wave patterns may cause sand to be replaced on beaches.
Long-term coastal erosion
Long-term coastal erosion occurs over years to decades. The varying coastline is observed to gradually move landward.

This recession of the shoreline represents long-term erosion.

For the past two decades sea level rise has been singled out as a likely cause of erosion throughout the Pacific, the Australian Bureau of Metereology says.

But while rising sea level is one possible factor, climatic variability may also be a significant cause of coastal erosion.

Currently interannual changes in weather patterns can alter the wind, wave and sea level patterns on islands throughout the Pacific.
Natural causes of erosion
*Changes in wave climate such as an increase in wave height, change in the angle of wave approach or increased frequency of high magnitude waves.

*Reduction in the amount of sediment delivered to the coast from reef.

*Rising sea level.
Human-induced causes of erosion
*Sand extraction from beaches that reduces the sand volume of the coast.

*Coral mining.

*Insertion of structures such as seawalls which locally alter wave processes and change sediment transport patterns.

*Removal of mangroves.

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At a glance: Coastal erosion & Australia

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The Australian governments could be given the power to force people in coastal areas to move from their land due to climate change, a report released in late October said.

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Frost, G 2011, 'Review of Coastal Processes and Evaluation of the Impact of the Constructed Groynes along Lady Robinsons Beach, Botany Bay, New South Wales, Australia', University of Wollongong Australia: Faculty of Science, Medicine & Health - Honours Theses, pp. 1-109, <http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&context=thsci>., accessed 14th August 2016.

The information is both useful and informative. Although the article doesn't focus primarily on the impacts of sand removal, it does provide some relevant about it.

Carley, J 2010, 'Beach scraping as a coastal management option',  Water Research Laboratory, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, pp.1-20, <http://www.coastalconference.com/2010/papers2010/James%20Carley%20full%20paper.pdf>., accessed 20th August 2016.

The research paper explores the impacts of 'beach scraping as a coastal management option' and the issues surrounding it.

Pilkey, O, Neal, W, Bush, D 2001, 'Coastal Erosion', Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems, pp.1-6, <http://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c09/e2-06-01-01.pdf>., accessed 3rd August 2016.

This article is very useful as it describes what coastal erosion is and how it occurs while providing case studies.

Peterson, C, Bishop, M 2005, 'Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Beach Nourishment', BioScience, vol.55, no.10, pp.1-10, <http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/55/10/887.full>., accessed 21st August 2016.

This journal provides detailed and credible information on beach nourishment.

Dhakal, S, Brown, K, Burgess, J 2015, 'Beach Erosion and Nourishment in Gold Coast: Perceptions, Policies and Prospects', State of Australian Cities Conference 2015,   School of Management, Curtin University, Bentley, pp.1-9, <http://soacconference.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Dhakal.pdf>., accessed 17th August 2016.

The article discusses the impact of urban development and the changing climate on our coastal areas. It also talks about beach nourishment and intiatives created to help address the coastal concerns.

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It is important issue in the local community which needs to be taken seriously, however, I wanted to articulate this in a friendly and cool manner. This is why I chose warm colours such as orange combined with cooler shades of blue which compliment each other nicely and are very visually appealing.

Design Colour Palette:

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Treatment (so far):

This promotional video is about the impact of sand removal at West Beach and how it is damaging the coastline.

The opening shot will be a panning image of West Beach coastline. Dramatic music will be played in the background to build suspense and help evoke emotions in the audience.

The image will then cut to an old photo showing what the coastline used to look like, then it will fade into what it looks like today.

Shortly after that, the voiceover will begin to narrate what the issue is and why it is a problem. While this is occurring there will be huge animated statistics and facts on the screen which will be presented in a way that attracts viewers.

There will also be snippets of news videos and radio broadcasts which will be included and support the voiceover.

At the end of the promotional video, there will be a thought provoking image accompanied with the voiceover stating that this is an important issue which should be taken seriously by the young and the old to ensure the beach remains there in the future.

I have attached a rough draft of how I thought the video could begin and end

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The mindmap I created shows the key points that I plan to depict throughout my promotional video. It covers questions of what sand removal is, why it is happening, what is being done to prevent it etc. etc.

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This week we were asked to think about our target audience and tone for the promotional video we want to create. I recorded these notes:

Target Audience
-People of the community
-From teenagers to elderly (18-65+)
-People who like going to the beach
-People who care about the beach
-People who still want the beach to remain a beach in 15 years time

Tone:
-Friendly
-Informative
-Serious
-Call to action
-Emotional

I have included a video that shares the similar target audience and tone that I hope to recreate in my video.

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1. SAVE WEST BEACH SAND

2. Domestic Violence

3. Bullying

4. Binge Drinking

5. Smoking

6. Drugs

7. Violence against Women and Children

8. Gambling

9. Racism

10. LGBT Adoption Rights

11. Gay Marriage

12. Abortion

13. Euthanasia

14. University Funding

15. Refugees and Asylum Seekers

16. Capital Punishment

17. Marijuana

18. Aboriginal Incarceration

19. Disability Rights

20. Women’s Rights

21. Project Compassion (CARITAS)

22. Against Malaria Foundation

23. Ronald McDonald House

24. Little Heroes Foundation

25. Cystic Fibrosis

26. Variety SA

27. Foodbank South Australia

28. Cora Barclay Centre

29. The Smith Family

30. Women’s and Children’s Hospital Foundation

31. Cancer Council SA

32. R U OK?

33. St Vincent De Paul Society

34. The Royal Society for the Blind

35. Guide Dogs SA

36. Anglicare SA

37. SMAA Netball Club

38. Mental health awareness

39. Refugee Council of Australia

40. Country Fire Service Foundation

41. Junction Australia

42. World Youth International

43. Hutt Street Centre

44. Nature Foundation SA

45. CanTeen Australia

46. Save the Children Australia

47. Diabetes Australia

48. Legacy Australia

49. Headspace National Youth Mental Health Foundation

50. Australia for UNHCR

51. White Ribbon Australia

52. World Vision Australia

53. WaterAid Australia

54. Project Respect

55. Kids Helpline

56. Partners in Australia

57. Climate Council

58. Vision Australia

59. National Women’s Media Centre

60. Millennium Kids

61. Lifeline

62. Keep Australia Beautiful

63. ReachOut.com

64. Language in Cultures

65. Teenage pregnancy

66. Social classes

67. Animal cruelty

68. HeforShe

69. Protect Our Reefs

70. Children’s Hope in Action

71. Endeavour Foundation

72. Palms Australia

73.  Drugs in sport

74. WWF Australia

75. Save African Rhino Foundation

76. Stewart House

77. Sids and Kids

78. Youth Off the Streets Foundation

79. The Red Road Foundation

80. Mind Australia

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Before undertaking this journal, I was interested in this task because it was different. I also thought it was a good idea to raise and create awareness about an important social issue or organisation.

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For this week's journal entry, I jotted down 80 possible ideas for my promotional video. Upon starting the list I was already pretty sure of what I wanted to focus it on: the removal of sand at West Beach and the impact it has. However, I found it interesting digging deeper and finding and sharing other possible ideas with my peers in class.

After I had 80 possible ideas, I chose to use bubbl.us to create a mind map with 100 branches exploring the issue of sand removal at West Beach.

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Article showing...

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CHARLES Sturt ratepayers could be left footing a $1.45 million bill to replace a rock wall needed to stop erosion undermining the West Beach Surf Life Saving Club and Seaview Rd.

The council's Asset Management Committee voted on Monday night to apply for $1.16 million in State Government grants for the project after being told it was responsible for the work.

The wall was damaged by storms in 2014, leaving the surf club, coast path and Seaview Rd at risk from erosion.

Committee chair Tolley Wasylenko said legal advice indicated the council, not the State Government, was "technically responsible" for the entire cost.

"What I'm worried about is that we're backed into a corner because otherwise we're going to end up losing our road," Cr Wasylenko said.

"The mere fact that we have to apply for something doesn't guarantee us anything, whereas I understood that they (the State Government) would take the 80 (per cent) and we would pay 20.

"I'm not sure what's going to happen if (the) council says we haven't got the money or otherwise we've got ourselves a seven or eight per cent rate rise coming up.

"I'm confident we'll get something, but this council has got to hold firm."

Mayor Angela Evans wrote to State Environment Minister Ian Hunter in March last year following a report on the damage, seeking confirmation on who was responsible for the wall.

The environment department responded in December to say the council was responsible for maintenance and partial replacement within the Charles Sturt boundary.

An engineering report found that when the wall was constructed in 1973 no reinforcing fabric was used behind the rocks to protect the underlying soil.

The current erosion would require the rocks to be removed to allow installation of the fabric before replacing the rocks.

Henley ward councillor Robert Randall said no work should be done until the future location of West Beach Surf Life Saving Club, which is due for reconstruction, is known.

"If the life saving club was successfully relocated, you wouldn't spend the money on the rock wall, you would return it to the beach and let the south-north natural sand drift take place," Cr Randall said.

He said additional sand, which is currently blocked by the shape of the rock wall, would bolster the protection.

Cr Randall said the club should relocate closer to the Henley Sailing Club, at the top of Burbridge Rd at West Beach, rather than building a new club in the current location.

West Beach Surf Life Saving Club president Peter Zuill said the club had met with the Coastal Protection Board about the site.

"From our point of view, we are still progressing basic designs for the current site to help start the process," Mr Zuill said.

"Initial designs and building proposals have progressed well."

The council expects to apply for funding through the Coastal Protection Board next month, but will first commission a report into the required work.

The report, which is expected to cost up to $20,000, would indicate whether it was possible to stage the work over several years beginning with the most urgent sections.

Council staff told the committee the area in greatest need was near a stairway at the end of Chetwynd St, which was closed following storm damage in 2014.

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$1.45m to fix beach wall that fell a year ago

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CHARLES Sturt ratepayers could be left footing a $1.45 million bill to replace a rock wall needed to stop erosion undermining the West Beach Surf Life Saving Club and Seaview Rd. The council's Asset Management Committee voted on Monday night to apply for $1.16 million in State Government grants for the project after being told it was responsible for the work.

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Image displaying the coastal beaches of Adelaide and effects of sand removal and sand mining/ replenishing on some of those beaches.

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Facebook Page raising awareness about the sand removal at West Beach.

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Log into Facebook to start sharing and connecting with your friends, family, and people you know.

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Adelaide's Living Beaches: A Strategy for 2005-2025

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Adelaide's Living Beaches: A Strategy for 2005-2025

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This PDF document depicts the strategies planned for looking after the coastal beaches for future years.