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See all the wonderful things vanessarebgetz has made

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The lead section (also known as the lead or introduction) of a Wikipedia article is the section before the table of contents and the first heading. The lead serves as an introduction to the article and a summary of its most important contents. It is not a news-style lead or "lede" paragraph.

The average Wikipedia visit is a few minutes. The lead is the first thing most people will read upon arriving at an article. It gives the basics in a nutshell and cultivates interest in reading on-though not by teasing the reader or hinting at what follows. It should be written in a clear, accessible style with a neutral point of view.

The lead should stand on its own as a concise overview of the article's topic. It should identify the topic, establish context, explain why the topic is notable, and summarize the most important points, including any prominent controversies. The notability of the article's subject is usually established in the first few sentences. As in the body of the article itself, the emphasis given to material in the lead should roughly reflect its importance to the topic, according to reliable, published sources. Apart from basic facts, significant information should not appear in the lead if it is not covered in the remainder of the article.

As a general rule of thumb, a lead section should contain no more than four well-composed paragraphs and be carefully sourced as appropriate.

Elements of the lead

The lead section may contain optional elements presented in the following order: disambiguation links (dablinks/hatnotes), maintenance tags, infoboxes, foreign character warning boxes, images, navigational boxes (navigational templates), introductory text, and table of contents, moving to the heading of the first section.

Structure of lead section:

{{Hatnote}}
{{Short description}}

{{Article for deletion}}
{{Copy edit}}

{{Use American English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}

{{Infobox rocket|name=...}}

{{Contains special characters}}

[[File:TypicalRocket.gif|...|A typical rocket]]
{{Rocket Navigation}}

A '''rocket''' is a ...

<!--Unless suppressed or modified via special syntax, or the article has fewer than four section headings, the table of contents is automatically generated at this point.-->

==First section==

Disambiguation links should be the first elements of the page, before any maintenance tags, infobox, or image; if a reader has reached the wrong page, they will want to know that first. Text-only browsers and screen readers present the page sequentially. A "for topics of the same name ..." disambiguation link is sometimes put at the beginning of an article to link to another article discussing another meaning of the article title. In such cases, the line should be italicized and indented using hatnote templates. Do not make this initial link a section.

Short description is a concise explanation of the scope of the page. See Wikipedia:Short description and Wikipedia:WikiProject Short descriptions for more information.

Deletion tags (speedy deletion, proposed deletion, and articles for deletion notices).

Maintenance tags should be below the disambiguation links. These tags inform the reader about the general quality of the article and should be presented to the user before the article itself.

English variety and tags help editors maintain consistency in articles as they are developed.

Infoboxes contain summary information or an overview relating to the subject of the article, and therefore should be put before any text (though in actuality they will generally appear to the side of the text of the lead). The primary difference between an infobox and a navigational box is the presence of parameters: a navigational box is exactly the same in all articles of the same topic, while an infobox has different contents in each article.

Foreign character warning boxes alert readers that the article contains foreign characters which may not be supported by their platform. If required, the warning should be sufficiently near any text using the foreign characters that scrolling is not required to see the warning. This is generally after short infoboxes, but before long ones.

Images. As with all images, but particularly the lead, the image used should be relevant and technically well-produced. It is also common for the lead image to be representative because it provides a visual association for the topic, and allow readers to quickly assess if they have arrived at the right page. Image captions are part of the article text. If the article has disambiguation links (dablinks), then the introductory image should appear just before the introductory text. Otherwise a screen reader would first read the image's caption, which is part of the article's contents, then "jump" outside the article to read the dablink, and then return to the lead section, which is an illogical sequence.

Sidebars are a collection of links used in multiple related articles to facilitate navigation between those articles. Sidebars are sometimes placed in the lead, especially when no infobox is present. If an infobox is present, the navigation sidebar may be moved to either the top or bottom of any other section in the article.

All but the shortest articles should start with introductory text (the "lead"), which establishes significance, includes mention of significant criticism or controversies, and make readers want to learn more. The lead has no heading; its length should be commensurate with that of the article, but is normally no more than four paragraphs. See also Wikipedia:Writing better articles § Lead section.

The table of contents (ToC) automatically appears on pages with at least four headings. Avoid floating the ToC if possible, as it breaks the standard look of pages. If you must use a floated TOC, put it below the lead section in the wiki markup for consistency. Users of screen readers expect the table of contents to follow the introductory text; they will also miss any text placed between the TOC and the first heading.

The lead must conform to verifiability, biographies of living persons, and other policies. The verifiability policy advises that material that is challenged or likely to be challenged, and direct quotations, should be supported by an inline citation. Any statements about living persons that are challenged or likely to be challenged must have an inline citation every time they are mentioned, including within the lead.

Because the lead will usually repeat information that is in the body, editors should balance the desire to avoid redundant citations in the lead with the desire to aid readers in locating sources for challengeable material. Leads are usually written at a greater level of generality than the body, and information in the lead section of non-controversial subjects is less likely to be challenged and less likely to require a source; there is not, however, an exception to citation requirements specific to leads. The necessity for citations in a lead should be determined on a case-by-case basis by editorial consensus. Complex, current, or controversial subjects may require many citations; others, few or none. The presence of citations in the introduction is neither required in every article nor prohibited in any article.

Introductory text

Provide an accessible overview

The lead section should briefly summarize the most important points covered in an article in such a way that it can stand on its own as a concise version of the article. The reason for a topic's noteworthiness should be established, or at least introduced, in the lead (but not by using subjective " peacock terms" such as "acclaimed" or "award-winning" or "hit"). It is even more important here than in the rest of the article that the text be accessible. Editors should avoid lengthy paragraphs and overly specific descriptions - greater detail is saved for the body of the article. Consideration should be given to creating interest in the article, but do not hint at startling facts without describing them.

In general, introduce useful abbreviations, but avoid difficult-to-understand terminology and symbols. Mathematical equations and formulas should be avoided when they conflict with the goal of making the lead section accessible to as broad an audience as possible. Where uncommon terms are essential, they should be placed in context, linked and briefly defined. The subject should be placed in a context familiar to a normal reader. For example, it is better to describe the location of a town with reference to an area or larger place than with coordinates. Readers should not be dropped into the middle of the subject from the first word; they should be eased into it.

Relative emphasis

According to the policy on due weight, emphasis given to material should reflect its relative importance to the subject, according to published reliable sources. This is true for both the lead and the body of the article. If there is a difference in emphasis between the two, editors should seek to resolve the discrepancy. Significant information should not appear in the lead if it is not covered in the remainder of the article, although not everything in the lead must be repeated in the body of the text. Exceptions include specific facts such as quotations, examples, birth dates, taxonomic names, case numbers, and titles. This admonition should not be taken as a reason to exclude information from the lead, but rather to harmonize coverage in the lead with material in the body of the article.

Opening paragraph

The first paragraph should define or identify the topic with a neutral point of view, but without being too specific. It should establish the context in which the topic is being considered by supplying the set of circumstances or facts that surround it. If appropriate, it should give the location and time. It should also establish the boundaries of the topic; for example, the lead for the article List of environmental issues succinctly states that the list covers "harmful aspects of human activity on the biophysical environment".

First sentence

The first sentence should tell the nonspecialist reader what, or who, the subject is. It should be in plain English. Be wary of cluttering the first sentence with a long parenthesis containing alternative spellings, pronunciations, etc., which can make the sentence difficult to actually read; this information can be placed elsewhere.

If possible, the page title should be the subject of the first sentence. However, if the article title is merely descriptive-such as Electrical characteristics of dynamic loudspeakers-the title does not need to appear verbatim in the main text.

Similarly, if the page is a list, do not introduce the list as "This is a list of X" or "This list of Xs...". A clearer and more informative introduction to the list is better than verbatim repetition of the title. A good example of this is the List of Benet Academy alumni. (See also Format of the first sentence below).

When the page title is used as the subject of the first sentence, it may appear in a slightly different form, and it may include variations, including plural forms (particularly if they're unusual or confusing) or synonyms.
Similarly, if the title has a parenthetical disambiguator, such as Egg (food), "(food)" should be omitted in the text.

If its subject is definable, then the first sentence should give a concise definition: where possible, one that puts the article in context for the nonspecialist. Similarly, if the title is a specialized term, provide the context as early as possible.

Keep redundancy to a minimum in the first sentence. Use the first sentence of the article to provide relevant information that is not already given by the title of the article. The title of the article need not appear verbatim in the lead.

Keep the first sentence focused on the subject by avoiding constructions like "[Subject] refers to..." or "...is a word for..." - the article is about the subject, not a term for the subject. For articles that are actually about terms, italicize the term to indicate the use-mention distinction.

For topics notable for only one reason, this reason should usually be given in the first sentence.

Try to not overload the first sentence by describing everything notable about the subject. Instead use the first sentence to introduce the topic, and then spread the relevant information out over the entire lead.

While a commonly recognizable form of name will be used as the title of biographical articles, fuller forms of name may be used in the introduction to the lead. For instance, in the article Paul McCartney, the text of the lead begins: "Sir James Paul McCartney ...".

If the article is about a fictional character or place, say so.

Format of the first sentence

If an article's title is a formal or widely accepted name for the subject, display it in bold as early as possible in the first sentence:

Otherwise, include the title if it can be accommodated in a natural way:

Only the first occurrence of the title and significant alternative titles (which should usually also redirect to the article) are placed in bold:

Common abbreviations (in parentheses) are considered significant alternative names in this sense:

If an article is about an event involving a subject about which there is no main article, especially if the article is the target of a redirect, the subject should be in bold:

Azaria Chantel Loren Chamberlain (11 June - 17 August 1980) was an Australian baby girl who was killed by a dingo on the night of 17 August 1980... ( Death of Azaria Chamberlain, redirected from Azaria Chamberlain)

Avoid these common mistakes

Links should not be placed in the boldface reiteration of the title in the opening sentence of a lead:

If the article's title does not lend itself to being used easily and naturally in the opening sentence, the wording should not be distorted in an effort to include it. Instead, simply describe the subject in normal English, avoiding redundancy.

In general, if the article's title is absent from the first sentence, do not apply the bold style to related text that does appear:

Disambiguation pages use bolding for the link to the primary topic, if there is one.

Proper names and titles

If the title of the page is normally italicized (for example, a work of art, literature, album, or ship) then its first mention should be both bold and italic text:

If the mention of the article's title is surrounded by quotation marks, the title should be bold but the quotation marks should not be:

Foreign language

If the subject of the article is closely associated with a non-English language, a single foreign language equivalent name can be included in the lead sentence, usually in parentheses. For example, an article about a location in a non-English-speaking country will typically include the local language equivalent:

Do not include foreign equivalents in the lead sentence just to show etymology.

Do not boldface foreign names not normally used in English. Some foreign terms should be italicized. These cases are described in the Manual of Style for text formatting.

Pronunciation

If the name of the article has a pronunciation that is not apparent from its spelling, include its pronunciation in parentheses after the first occurrence of the name. Most such terms are foreign words or phrases ( ), proper nouns ( Ralph Fiennes, Tuolumne River, Tao Te Ching), or very unusual English words ( synecdoche, atlatl). Do not include pronunciations for names of foreign countries whose pronunciations are well known in English ( France, Poland). Do not include them for common English words, even if their pronunciations are counterintuitive for learners ( laughter, sword). If the name of the article is more than one word, include pronunciation only for the words that need it unless all are foreign (all of Jean van Heijenoort but only Cholmondeley in Thomas P. G. Cholmondeley). A fuller discussion of pronunciation can come later in the article.

Contextual links

The opening sentence should provide links to the broader or more elementary topics that are important to the article's topic or place it into the context where it is notable.

For example, an article about a building or location should include a link to the broader geographical area of which it is a part.

In an article about a technical or jargon term, the opening sentence or paragraph should normally contain a link to the field of study that the term comes from.

The first sentence of an article about a person should link to the page or pages about the topic where the person achieved prominence.

Exactly what provides the context needed to understand a given topic varies greatly from topic to topic.

The Gemara is the component of the Talmud comprising rabbinical analysis of and commentary on the Mishnah.

Do not, however, add contextual links that don't relate directly to the topic's definition or reason for notability. For example, Van Cliburn's opening sentence links to Cold War because his fame came partly from his Tchaikovsky Competition victory being used as a Cold War symbol. The first sentence of a page about someone who rose to fame in the 1950s for reasons unrelated to the Cold War should not mention the Cold War at all, even though the Cold War is part of the broader historical context of that person's life. By the same token, do not link to years unless the year has some special salience to the topic.

Links appearing ahead of the bolded term distract from the topic if not necessary to establish context, and should be omitted even if they might be appropriate elsewhere in the text. For example, a person's title or office, such as colonel, naturally appears ahead of their name, but the word "Colonel" should not have a link, since it doesn't establish context. Do not, however, reword a sentence awkwardly just to keep a needed contextual link from getting ahead of the bolded term.

Biographies

When a common (vernacular) name is used as the article title, the boldfaced common name is followed by the italic un-boldfaced scientific name in round parentheses in the opening sentence of the lead. Alternative names should be mentioned and reliably sourced in the text where applicable, with bold type in the lead if they are in wide use, or elsewhere in the article (with or without the bold type, per editorial discretion) if they are less used. It is not necessary to include non-English common names, unless they are also commonly used in English, e.g. regionally; if included, they should be italicized as non-English.

Thomson's gazelle ( Eudorcas thomsonii) is the most common gazelle of East Africa...

When the article title is the scientific name, reverse the order of the scientific and common name(s) (if any of the latter are given), and boldface as well as italicize the scientific name. Avoid putting the most common name in parentheses (this will suppress its display in some views of Wikipedia, including Wikipedia:Pop-ups and Google Knowledge Graph).

Vitis vinifera, the common grape vine, is a species of , native to the Mediterranean region, central Europe, and southwestern Asia...

Brassica oleracea is the species of plant that includes many common foods as cultivars, including cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, Brussels sprouts, savoy, and Chinese kale...

Scope of article

In some cases the definition of the article topic in the opening paragraph may be insufficient to fully constrain the scope of the article. In particular, it may be necessary to identify material that is not within scope. For instance, the article on fever notes that an elevated core body temperature due to hyperthermia is not within scope. These explanations may best be done at the end of the lead to avoid cluttering and confusing the first paragraph. This information and other meta material in the lead is not expected to appear in the body of the article.

Biographies of living persons

A summary of the key points in the main guideline on this:

Reliably sourced material about encyclopedically relevant controversies is neither suppressed in the lead nor allowed to overwhelm; the lead must correctly summarize the article as a whole.

Recent events affecting a subject are kept in historical perspective; most recent is not necessarily most notable. Balance new information with old, giving all information due weight.

Wikipedia is not a memorial site; when a subject dies, the lead should not radically change, nor dwell on the death.

Do not use primary sources for private details about living persons, including birth dates.

Alternative names

By the design of Wikipedia's software, an article can have only one title. When this title is a name, significant alternative names for the topic should be mentioned in the article, usually in the first sentence or paragraph. These may include alternative spellings, longer or shorter forms, historical names, and significant names in other languages. Indeed, alternative names can be used in article text in contexts where they are more appropriate than the name used as the title of the article. For example, the city now called " Gdańsk" can be referred to as "Danzig" in suitable historical contexts. The editor needs to balance the desire to maximize the information available to the reader with the need to maintain readability.

Non-English titles

Although Wikipedia's naming conventions recommend the use of English, there are instances where the subject of an article is best known in English-language sources by its non-English name. In this case, the non-English title may be appropriate for the article.

Usage in first sentence

The title can be followed in the first line by one or two alternative names in parentheses (but see Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names) for special guidelines for place names). The following are examples of names that may be included parenthetically, although inclusion should reflect consensus.

Consider footnoting foreign-language and archaic names if they would otherwise clutter the opening sentence.

Biographical

The basic instructions for biographical names are summarized below; the main guideline on this provides additional detail.

The name of a person is presented in full if known, including any given names that were abbreviated or omitted in the article's title. For example, the article on Calvin Coolidge gives his name as John Calvin Coolidge Jr.

If a hypocorism (diminutive) that is common in English is often used for the subject in lieu of a given name, it is not inserted into the name or given after it. E.g., Tom Hopper has simply Thomas Edward Hopper.
Also acceptable are formulations like Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi, known as Sandro Botticelli, when applicable. Hypocorisms are not put in quotation marks.

If a person is commonly known by a nickname (other than a hypocorism), it is presented between quote marks following the last given name or initial, as for Bunny Berigan, which has . The quotation marks are not boldfaced.

Separate section usage

If there are three or more alternative names, or if there is something notable about the names themselves, they may be moved to and discussed in a separate section with a title such as "Names" or "Etymology". Once such a section or paragraph is created, the alternative English or foreign names should not be moved back to the first line. As an exception, a local official name different from a widely accepted English name should be retained in the lead.

Where the article is a stub and has no section headings, a lead may not be necessary. Although Wikipedia encourages expanding stubs, this may be impossible if reliably sourced information is not available. Once an article has been sufficiently expanded, generally to around 400 or 500 words, editors should consider introducing section headings and removing the stub classification.

The appropriate length of the lead section depends on the total length of the article. As a general guideline-but not absolute rule-the lead should usually be no longer than four paragraphs. The length of the lead should conform to readers' expectations of a short, but useful and complete, summary of the topic. A lead that is too short leaves the reader unsatisfied; a lead that is too long is intimidating, difficult to read, and may cause the reader to lose interest halfway. The following suggestions about lead length may be useful ("article length" refers to readable prose size):

Article length

Lead length

Fewer than 15,000 characters

One or two paragraphs

15,000-30,000 characters

Two or three paragraphs

More than 30,000 characters

Three or four paragraphs

Lead sections that reflect or expand on sections in other articles are discussed at Summary style. Journalistic conventions for lead sections are discussed at News style.

Editing the lead section

All users can edit the lead by clicking the edit link of the whole article. By default, there is no edit link just for the lead section, but registered users can get it by enabling one or both of the following preferences (both require JavaScript):

Preferences → Gadgets → Appearance → Add an [edit] link for the lead section of a page

Preferences → Editing → General options → Enable section editing by right clicking on section titles

Comparison to the news-style lead

Wikipedia leads are not written in news style. Although there are some similarities, such as putting the most important information first and making it possible for any reader to understand the subject even if they only read the lead, there are some important differences. The lead paragraph (sometimes spelled " lede") of newspaper journalism is a very compressed summary of only the most important facts about a story. These basic facts are sometimes referred to as the " five Ws": who, what, when, where, and why. Journalistic leads normally are only one or two sentences long. By contrast, in Wikipedia articles, the first sentence is usually more similar to a definition, the lead is longer, and it ultimately provides far more information, as its purpose is to summarize the article, not just introduce it.

Journalistic lead

Encyclopedic lead

"Toxic gas leaking from an American-owned insecticide plant in central India killed at least 410 people overnight, many as they slept, officials said today. At least 12,000 were reported injured in the disaster in the city of Bhopal, 2,000 of whom were hospitalized."
Hazarika, Sanjoy (3 December 1984) "Gas leak in city kills at least 410 in city of Bhopal" The New York Times

The Bhopal disaster, also referred to as the Bhopal gas tragedy, was a gas leak incident in India, considered the world's worst industrial disaster. It occurred on the night of 2-3 December 1984 at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. Over 500,000 people were exposed to methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas and other chemicals. The toxic substance made its way in and around the shanty towns located near the plant. Estimates vary on the death toll. The official immediate death toll was 2,259. The government of Madhya Pradesh confirmed a total of 3,787 deaths related to the gas release. Others estimate 8,000 died within two weeks and another 8,000 or more have since died from gas-related diseases. A government affidavit in 2006 stated the leak caused 558,125 injuries including 38,478 temporary partial injuries and approximately 3,900 severely and permanently disabling injuries.

Tabloid, magazine, and broadcast news leads may have "teasers" that intentionally omit some crucial details to entice readers to read or watch the full story. They may even " bury the lead" by hiding the most important facts. This style should never be used on Wikipedia.

Example (from the lead section of the BWV 565 article)

In the last quarter of the 20th century, scholars such as Peter Williams and Rolf-Dietrich Claus published their studies on the piece, and argued against its authenticity. Bach-scholars like Christoph Wolff defended the attribution to Bach.

Written as a teaser:

Up to the last quarter of the 20th century the piece was considered authentic. But is it? Read in this article what famous Bach-scholars have written on the topic.

The "teaser" version is wrong on several levels (e.g. also failing a suitable tone) and should not be used in the encyclopedia.

For a list of template messages related to the clean-up of lead sections, see Wikipedia:Template messages/Cleanup#Introduction. Editors are encouraged to improve leads rather than simply tag them.

1. Alexa reports the average Wikipedia user spends 4 minutes 15 seconds on the site. ^ "wikipedia.org Traffic Statistics" See also "Top 100 Websites"

2. Do not violate ^ WP:Neutral point of view by giving undue attention to less important controversies in the lead section.

3. For example: ^
not

This style guide, known as the Manual of Style, contains ...

4. For example, in the article "^ United Kingdom":

5. For example, in the article "^ Matrix (mathematics)":

In mathematics, a matrix (plural matrices) is a rectangular array of numbers, symbols, or expressions, arranged in rows and columns.

6. For example, use: ^

An egg is an ovum produced by ...

not:

An egg (food) is an ovum produced by ...

7. For example, instead of: ^

A trusted third party is an entity that facilitates interactions between two parties who both trust the third party.

write:

In cryptography, a trusted third party is an entity that facilitates interactions between two parties who both trust the third party.

8. For example, instead of ^
consider:

Remember that the title need not always appear in the lead if the article title is descriptive, and in any case the statement relations are relations does not help a reader who does not know the meaning of diplomatic relations. In this case, the editor of the second version sensibly opted to include new information (that relations were established in 1947) in the first sentence, rather than repeating the title.

Sometimes a little redundancy is unavoidable. The Oxford English Dictionary has to be called by its proper name in its article, and cannot be called anything other than a dictionary in the first sentence. Even in these cases, the first sentence must provide information not given in the title. But try to rephrase whenever possible. Instead of:

The Oxford English Dictionary [...] is a comprehensive dictionary of the English language.[3]

consider:

The Oxford English Dictionary [...] is the premier dictionary of the English language.[4]

Both contain some redundancy, but the second is better because it tells us that the OED is the world's most respected dictionary of English. Again, someone who knows what the word dictionary means will probably assume that any dictionary is comprehensive, so they do not need to be told that.

9. For example: ^

Camping is an outdoor activity involving overnight stays away from home in a shelter ...

not

10. For example: ^

Irregardless is a word sometimes used in place of regardless or irrespective ...

not

Irregardless is a word sometimes used ...

11. For example: ^
This example not only tells the reader that the subject was a mathematician, it also indicates her field of expertise and work she did outside of it. The years of her birth and death provide time context. The reader who goes no further in this article already knows when she lived, what work she did, and why she is notable. ( Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies has more on the specific format for biography articles.)

12. For example: ^

Homer Simpson is a fictional character in The Simpsons.

13. "Usually" here can account for cases like "^ Foo, also known as Bar, Baz, or Quux", where the "Baz" item is actually not a redirect from "Baz", but maybe "Baz (chemistry)", and so it wouldn't fit an absolute redirect requirement, but would be visually confusing if de-boldfaced between the other two. "Usually" isn't blanket license to boldface things for emphasis.

14. Many, but not all, articles repeat the article title in bold face in the first line of the article. Linking the article to itself produces ^ boldface text; this practice is discouraged as page moves will result in a useless circular link through a redirect. Linking part of the bolded text is also discouraged because it changes the visual effect of bolding; some readers will miss the visual cue which is the purpose of using bold face in the first place.

15. Disambiguation pages are navigational aides rather than articles and where there is a primary topic for a term, the introductory line for that term's disambiguation page does typically have that term both linked and bolded; see ^ MOS:DABPRIMARY

16. For example, an excessive lead at ^ Genghis Khan at one time read:

((Genghis Khan (English pronunciation: or ;[1][2]; Cyrillic: Чингис Хаан, Chingis Khaan, IPA: [tʃiŋɡɪs xaːŋ] listen ); Mongol script: , Činggis Qaɣan; Chinese: 成吉思汗; pinyin: Chéng Jí Sī Hán ; probably May 31, 1162[3] - August 25, 1227), born Temujin (English pronunciation: ; Mongolian: Тэмүжин, Temüjin IPA: [tʰemutʃiŋ] listen ); Middle Mongolian: Temüjin ;[4] traditional Chinese: 鐵木真; simplified Chinese: 铁木真; pinyin: Tiě mù zhēn ) and also known by the temple name Taizu (Chinese: 元太祖; pinyin: Yuán Tàizǔ ; Wade-Giles: T'ai-Tsu ), was the founder and Great Khan (emperor) of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death.

This was later reduced to the following:
(Genghis Khan (, often pronounced ; Mongolian: Чингис хаан, Çingis hán ; Mongolian pronunciation: [t͡ʃʰiŋɡɪs xaːŋ] listen ), c. 1162 - August 18, 1227), born Temüjin, was the founder and Great Khan (Emperor) of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death.

17. See ^ WP:NOTALEDE for previous discussion of why "lede" is avoided in this guideline; in summary: it gives a false impression about the purpose, nature, and style of Wikipedia leads.

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The lead section (also known as the lead or introduction) of a Wikipedia article is the section before the table of contents and the first heading. The lead serves as an introduction to the article and a summary of its most important contents. It is not a news-style lead or "lede" paragraph.

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Wikipedia is built around the principle that anyone can edit it, and it therefore aims to have as many of its pages as possible open for public editing so that anyone can add material and correct errors.

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Chewbacca

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about fictional character. For other uses, see Chewbacca (disambiguation).

| This article's lead section may not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (December 2014)Chewbacca
Star Wars character
Chewbacca in Star Wars
First appearance | Star Wars (1977)
Created by | George Lucas
Portrayed by | Peter Mayhew (Episodes III–VIII,Holiday Special)
Joonas Suotamo (Episode VII-VIII,Untitled Han Solo film)
Voiced by | Ben Burtt (vocal effects)
Information
Species | Wookiee
Gender | Male
Occupation | Co-pilot and first mate on Millennium Falcon
Affiliation | Galactic Republic
Rebel Alliance
New Republic
Family | Attichitcuk (father)Mallatobuck (wife)Lumpawaroo (son)Legends:Lowbacca (nephew)
Homeworld | Kashyyyk Chewbacca (/tʃuːˈbɑːkə/), nicknamed "Chewie", is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise. He is a Wookiee, a tall, hirsute biped and intelligent species from the planet Kashyyyk. Chewbacca is the loyal friend and associate of Han Solo, and serves as co-pilot on Solo's spaceship, the Millennium Falcon.[1] Chewbacca is portrayed by actor Peter Mayhew in the Star Wars saga films, with Joonas Suotamo serving as a body double in The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi and later took over the role in the upcoming, as yet untitled Han Solo movie. The character has also appeared on television, in books, comics, and video games.Contents  [hide]

1Character

1.1In other countries

2Creation

3Appearances

3.1Films

3.1.1Original trilogy

3.1.2Prequel trilogy

3.1.3Sequel trilogy

3.1.4Han Solo spin-off film

3.1.5The Clone Wars

3.1.6Comic books

3.2Legends

3.2.1Television

3.2.2Books

3.2.3Video games

4Reception

4.1Awards

5References

6External links

Character

Chewbacca, a 200-year-old Wookiee, becomes Han Solo's companion after Han, an Imperial officer at the time, refused an order to kill him, for which Han was dismissed from the Imperial Navy and became a smuggler. To repay this debt, Chewbacca protected Han for the rest of his life, and served as his co-pilot on the Millennium Falcon.[2] Standing at 8 feet tall, Chewbacca is covered with long hair, and wears only a bandolier. His weapon of choice is the Wookiee bowcaster (a crossbow-shaped directed-energy weapon).[3] Chewbacca was named one of the "greatest sidekicks" in film history by Entertainment Weekly.[4]

In other countries

In Italy the name of Chewbacca was changed to Chewbecca and his nickname is Chewbe.[citation needed]

Creation

Chewbacca's creation as a "gentle, hairy, non-English-speaking co-pilot" was inspired by George Lucas seeing his own dog sitting up on the passenger seat of his car.[5] It is said that Chewbacca's name is derived from собака (sobaka), the Russian word for dog.[6]

In all five screen appearances, Chewbacca was played by Peter Mayhew, who was chosen for his height of 7'3" (2.2 m).[7] Five identical costumes were made for Mayhew: in the three original films and a holiday special, the suits were made of yak hair and mohair. In Revenge of the Sith, the suit was made of more comfortable materials, though Mayhew's filming only lasted a day. Only Mayhew's blue eyes could be seen in his costume, but fans easily recognize him by his gestures, and his co-workers claimed the ability to tell when a stand-in was taking his place.[8]

Chewbacca's voice was created by the original films' sound designer, Ben Burtt, from recordings of walruses, lions, camels, bears, rabbits, tigers, and badgers in Burtt's personal menagerie.[8] The individual recordings were mixed at different ratios for Chewbacca's different utterances. One of the most prominent elements in the voice was a black bear named Tarik, from Happy Hollow Zoo in San Jose, California.[9]

The original costume was created by Stuart Freeborn and his wife Kay Freeborn, who hand knitted the torso section. During preproduction of The Force Awakens, Creature Effects Supervisor Neal Scanlan commented that the original suit was far more sophisticated than they had originally realized, leading him to entirely scrap their first attempt at making the new suit, go back and study Freeborn's work in order to better appreciate how it worked, and attempt to emulate it.[10]

Appearances

Films

Original trilogy

First appearing in Star Wars (1977), Chewbacca and Han Solo accept a charter to take Luke Skywalker, Obi-Wan Kenobi, and droids C-3PO and R2-D2 to the planet Alderaan.[11] When they find the planet destroyed by the Death Star, the two smugglers are drawn into the Rebel Alliance. As part of a plan to rescue Leia, Luke tries to put handcuffs on Chewbacca to make it look like he's a prisoner. Chewbacca almost attacks Luke believing him to be selling him and Solo out, but Han explains that he knows what Luke has in mind and convinces the Wookiee to play along. After rescuing Leia and taking her to the rebel base on Yavin IV, the two smugglers are given reward money in the value of a payload lost by him to which he owes Jabba The Hutt. Somehow, Chewbacca is able to convince Han to put his debt to Jabba aside for the time being and help The Rebels in their fight against the evil Galactic Empire's Death Star. They manage to save Luke from being killed, also allowing him to be the one to destroy the space station.

In The Empire Strikes Back (1980), Chewbacca finds a dismantled C-3PO in a junk pile in Cloud City and rescues him from being melted down. He later tries to repair him, but does a terrible job at it. Before Han is frozen in carbonite, he asks Chewbacca to look after Princess Leia for him. When Lando Calrissian is able to save Leia and Chewbacca from being taken to Darth Vader's ship, he uncuffs the Wookie, who upon release starts strangling him for selling them out. When Lando explains that they still have a chance to save Han, Leia has Chewbacca stop choking him. Even though they're unsuccessful at saving the frozen Han, they make it back to the Falcon with R2-D2. Chewbacca carried C-3PO on his back throughout their escape to the Falcon. When Leia hears Luke's cry for help, she has Chewbacca turn the ship around to rescue him. After doing so, they attempt the jump to lightspeed but fail, even after Lando's men fixed it. Chewbacca is furious at Lando and goes to fix it himself, having spent part of the movie trying to do so. What none of them except for R2-D2 realize is that the hyperdrive had been deactivated by the Empire, which R2-D2 had learned from Cloud City's central computer while helping them escape. Admiral Firmus Piett's men disguised themselves as Lando's repairmen and deactivated the hyperdrive as part of Vader's plan to capture Luke and turn him to the dark side of the Force, but R2-D2 is able to fix it allowing them to make the jump to hyperspeed and get to the Rebel fleet. While Luke heals and is given a robotic right hand to replace the one he lost against Vader, Lando and Chewbacca prepare to leave to find Jabba the Hutt and Boba Fett and rescue Han.

In Return of the Jedi (1983), Chewbacca pretends to be the prisoner of a bounty hunter named Boushh, which is actually Leia in disguise as part of Luke's plan to rescue Han from Jabba the Hutt. During the Battle of Endor, Chewbacca and some Ewoks commandeer an AT-ST from the empire and use it to shoot down other walkers and imperial troops.[12]

Prequel trilogy

In the 2005 prequel film Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, Chewbacca and Tarfful fight in the Clone Wars when their planet Kashyyyk is invaded by the Separatist Alliance. They also help Yoda escape his clone troopers, who had been ordered to kill him. Chewbacca is not identified until Yoda says goodbye to him at the end of a scene.

Sequel trilogy

On April 7, 2014, it was confirmed that Mayhew would reprise his role as Chewbacca in Star Wars: The Force Awakens. In the film, set 30 years after Return of the Jedi, he and Han are piloting a cargo vessel and find the Millennium Falcon, which had been stolen from them. Chewbacca and Han help the rogue stormtrooper Finn, the scavenger Rey and the droid BB-8 escape from a gang of mercenaries on board the Falcon. They then fly to Maz Kanata's castle so that Maz could help them get BB-8 to the Resistance. But before Chewbacca and the gang could get Maz's help, the First Order attacks the castle and captures Rey while Chewbacca, Finn, and Han are saved by X-wing pilots led by Poe Dameron. Without Rey, they fly to a Resistance base, where Chewbacca and Han reunite with Leia, C-3PO, and R2-D2. They also soon reunite with Rey, who escaped from the First Order. Chewbacca helps in the fight between the Resistance and First Order. When Han is killed by his son Kylo Ren during the battle, an enraged Chewbacca shoots Ren in the side, leaving him severely weakened, kills many Stormtroopers and then sets off explosives that allow Poe and other X-wing pilots to destroy Starkiller Base, the First Order's battle station. Chewbacca shortly thereafter rescues Rey and Finn from the wilderness of Starkiller Base following their duel with Ren. As Starkiller Base blows up, Chewbacca escapes in the Falcon with Finn and Rey, and later, along with R2-D2, helps Rey find Luke.

Han Solo spin-off film

TheWrap reported that Chewbacca will appear in the upcoming Star Wars Anthology Han Solo spin-off film, which will see a May 25, 2018 release.[13][14][15]

The Clone Wars

In the season 3 finale of Star Wars: The Clone Wars, Chewbacca is captured by Trandoshan hunters, but is freed by Ahsoka Tano and agrees to help her and two younglings escape. He builds a transmitter out of parts from the damaged Trandoshan ship, but it seems unable to work. Later, he and Ahsoka attack the Trandoshan fortress, killing many in sight, before they are found and assisted by other Wookiees led by Tarfful.

Comic books

In 2015, Marvel Comics published a five-issue miniseries titled Chewbacca written by Gerry Duggan and art by Phil Noto.[16] The comic is part of the canon developed subsequent to Disney's acquisition of Lucasfilm in 2012, and the end of Dark Horse Comics' publication of Star Wars comics.[17][18]

Legends

With the 2012 acquisition of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company, most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise in April 2014.[19][20][21]

Television

The 1978 television program Star Wars Holiday Special introduces Chewbacca's family: Mallatobuck (his wife), Lumpawarrump (his son) and Attichitcuk, Chief of the Kaapauku Tribe (his father). They live together on Kashyyyk.[22] The Star Wars Holiday Special consisted of a frame story in which Chewbacca and Han must prevent Darth Vader from spoiling Life Day, and get home to be with Chewbacca's family. It aired only once.[23]

Books

Chewbacca appears in the Han Solo Adventures trilogy of books written by Brian Daley, including Han Solo at Stars' End, Han Solo's Revenge and Han Solo and the Lost Legacy, originally published between 1979 and 1980.

Chewbacca's family also appears in the non-canon Star Wars Legends books (Star Wars books published before December 2014), most notably The Wookiee Storybook, The Black Fleet Crisis trilogy by Michael P. Kube-McDowell, and The Hutt Gambit and Rebel Dawn by A. C. Crispin. The latter also introduces other family members, including a sister named Kallabow and cousins named Dryanta and Jowdrrl, as well as the matriarch, Ellen.

In the novel Dark Lord: The Rise of Darth Vader, set just after the events in Revenge of the Sith, Chewbacca is forced to leave Kashyyyk after he narrowly escapes a major Imperial attack on the planet. Darth Vader and Emperor Palpatine enslave most of Kashyyyk's population for forced labor on the construction of the Death Star. To escape, he joins a ship of smugglers who are friendly to the Jedi.

The novel The Hutt Gambit explains how Chewbacca and Han first meet when Han, a lieutenant in the Imperial Navy, finds him unconscious aboard a slave ship. Han's commanding officer orders him to skin Chewbacca, but Han refuses and rescues the helpless prisoner. Upon regaining consciousness, Chewbacca swears a "life-debt" to Han, and the two become business partners and best friends.[24]

In the book Heirs of the Force, part of the Young Jedi Knights series, Chewbacca has a nephew, Kallabow's son named Lowbacca who goes to the Jedi Academy.

In the 1999 novel Vector Prime by R. A. Salvatore, the first in the New Jedi Order series, Chewbacca sacrifices his life to save Han's son Anakin from a collision between the planet Sernpidal and one of its moons. Lumpawarrump and Lowbacca offer to assume Chewbacca's life debt to Han.

Chewbacca appears in the third book of the Origami Yoda series, The Secret of the Fortune Wookie (in origami form) and in some of the subsequent books of the series.

Lucasfilm followed Vector Prime with a four-issue comic book titled Star Wars: Chewbacca, in which C-3PO and R2-D2 travel the galaxy to collect the stories of beings who knew or met the Wookiee.

Video games

In the fighting game Star Wars: Masters of Teräs Käsi, Chewbacca is a playable character.

In Star Wars Jedi Knight: Jedi Academy, Chewbacca appears briefly at the Mos Eisley spaceport as an NPC, assisting Jaden Korr in disabling the tractor beams holding both the Millennium Falcon and the Raven's Claw captive.[25]

In LucasArts' game Kinect Star Wars, the player acts as gunner on a spacecraft piloted by a young Chewbacca.

In Star Wars Battlefront II, Star Wars Battlefront: Renegade Squadron and Star Wars Battlefront: Elite Squadron, Chewbacca is a playable hero on the rebels side.

He was a playable (LEGO version) character in Lego Star Wars: The Original Trilogy and Lego Star Wars: The Video Game as he had a big role in the original trilogy movies but is only in one level in The Video Game. The level is where Chewbacca's home is under attack, Yoda helps him and so at the end of the level Chewbacca and another Wookie lead him to a space pod to escape, just as in the film. He also appeared in Lego Star Wars: The Force Awakens.

Chewbacca will be a playabale character on the Death Star DLC from Star Wars: Battlefront 2015, which will come out on September.[26]

Reception

IGN has been fond of the character, choosing the character as the 9th top Star Wars character,[27] listing his relationship with Han Solo as one of their top 10 movie bromances,[28] claiming him as one of the characters they would like to see in The Clone Wars,[29] and choosing him as one of the characters they would like to see in Star Wars: The Force Unleashed[30] and (along with Han) its sequel.[31] UGO Networks listed the character as "one of the most bad-ass archers in popular culture."[32]

In contrast, Roger Ebert in his 1997 review of the Special Edition re-release of The Empire Strikes Back declared that the character gave the worst performance of the film: "This character was thrown into the first film as window dressing, was never thought through, and as a result has been saddled with one facial expression and one mournful yelp. Much more could have been done. How can you be a space pilot and not be able to communicate in any meaningful way? Does Han Solo really understand Chew's monotonous noises? Do they have long chats sometimes?"[33]

Awards

Chewbacca is one of the few fictional characters to receive a Lifetime Achievement Award at the MTV Movie Awards. Because fans complained that he should have received a medal along with Luke Skywalker and Han Solo at the end of A New Hope, MTV presented the award as a medal bestowed by Carrie Fisher. Peter Mayhew had voiced concern about Chewbacca being skipped in the original medal scene as well, but noted that Chewbacca does get the last "line" in the film as compensation.

References

1. Jump up^ "Star Wars, Databank, Chewbacca". Retrieved 2015-12-17.

2. Jump up^ Chewbacca Profile, at StarWars.com. Retrieved December 12, 2014.

3. Jump up^ Sansweet, Stephen J. (1998-06-30). The Star Wars Encyclopedia (1st ed.). Del Rey. ISBN 0-345-40227-8.

4. Jump up^ Ben Schott, Schott's Miscellany Calendar 2009 (New York: Workman Publishing, 2008), March 21.

5. Jump up^ George Lucas, in DVD bonus disc documentary, "Characters of Star Wars"

6. Jump up^ "FilmSmarts.com - Chewbacca from Star Wars". filmsmarts.com.

7. Jump up^ The Characters of Star Wars Star Wars Original Trilogy DVD Box Set: Bonus Materials

8. ^ Jump up to:a b Peter Mayhew Biography, at Screenrush. Retrieved January 8, 2009.

9. Jump up^ "Chewbacca". StarWars.com.

10. Jump up^ Poland, David (14 January 2016). "DP/30: Star Wars: The Force Awakens - The On-Set FX Supervisors" (Video interview). YouTube. Los Angeles. Retrieved 15 January 2016.

11. Jump up^ Star Wars Episode IV

12. Jump up^ Star Wars Episodes V & VI

13. Jump up^ "Christopher Miller and Phil Lord to Helm Han Solo Anthology Film". StarWars.com. Retrieved 19 December 2015.

14. Jump up^ Maglio, Tony; Snider, Jeff (March 8, 2016). "Chewbacca to Appear in New Han Solo Movie, Confirms Disney's Bob Iger". The Wrap.

15. Jump up^ Yee, Lawrence; Blacklow, Jeremy (November 11, 2016). "Alden Ehrenreich Teases Han Solo Spinoff, Younger Chewbacca". Variety.

16. Jump up^ "Exclusive: 'Star Wars' Spins Off 'Chewbacca' Into His Own Solo Adventures". MTV News. Retrieved 2016-01-19.

17. Jump up^ "A complete guide to the new Star Wars canon before The Force Awakens". The Verge. Retrieved 2016-01-19.

18. Jump up^ "Disney buys Lucasfilm for $4 billion". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2016-01-19.

19. Jump up^ McMilian, Graeme (April 25, 2014). "Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans forStar Wars Expanded Universe". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 26, 2016.

20. Jump up^ "The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page". StarWars.com. April 25, 2014. Retrieved May 26, 2016.

21. Jump up^ "Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line". StarWars.com. April 25, 2014. Retrieved May 26, 2016.

22. Jump up^ Berman, John; Ted Gerstein (2007-12-20). "Holiday Specials Gone Bad; The 'Star Wars Holiday Special' Flop Lives On". ABC News.

23. Jump up^ "Star Wars Holiday Special". starwarsholidayspecial.com.

24. Jump up^ Hutt Gambit

25. Jump up^ Jedi Academy

26. Jump up^ Krupa, By Daniel (16 July 2016). "Star Wars Celebration 2016: Chewbacca and Bossk Confirmed for Battlefront". ign.com. Retrieved 18 July 2016.

27. Jump up^ "Top 100 Star Wars Characters". IGN. Archived from the originalon August 17, 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2011.

28. Jump up^ Scott Collura (18 March 2009). "Top 10 Movie Bromances". IGN. Retrieved 12 January 2011.

29. Jump up^ Eric Goldman (11 November 2010). "Star Wars: The Clone Wars - Characters We'd Like to See". IGN. Retrieved 12 January 2011.

30. Jump up^ Jesse Schedeen (21 July 2008). "Players Wanted: The Force Unleashed". IGN. Retrieved 12 January 2011.

31. Jump up^ Jesse Schedeen (10 September 2008). "Players Wanted: The Force Unleashed 2". IGN. Retrieved 12 January 2011.

32. Jump up^ T J Dietsch (13 May 2010). "The 11 Most Bad-Ass Archers in Pop Culture". UGO Networks. Retrieved 12 January 2011.

33. Jump up^ Roger Ebert (21 February 1997). "The Empire Strikes Back". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 29 February 2012.

External links

Chewbacca in the StarWars.com Databank

Chewbacca on Wookieepedia, a Star Wars wiki

Chewbacca at the Internet Movie Database

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Chewbacca

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about fictional character. For other uses, see Chewbacca (disambiguation).

| This article's lead section may not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (December 2014)Chewbacca
Star Wars character
Chewbacca in Star Wars
First appearance | Star Wars (1977)
Created by | George Lucas
Portrayed by | Peter Mayhew (Episodes III–VIII,Holiday Special)
Joonas Suotamo (Episode VII-VIII,Untitled Han Solo film)
Voiced by | Ben Burtt (vocal effects)
Information
Species | Wookiee
Gender | Male
Occupation | Co-pilot and first mate on Millennium Falcon
Affiliation | Galactic Republic
Rebel Alliance
New Republic
Family | Attichitcuk (father)Mallatobuck (wife)Lumpawaroo (son)Legends:Lowbacca (nephew)
Homeworld | Kashyyyk Chewbacca (/tʃuːˈbɑːkə/), nicknamed "Chewie", is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise. He is a Wookiee, a tall, hirsute biped and intelligent species from the planet Kashyyyk. Chewbacca is the loyal friend and associate of Han Solo, and serves as co-pilot on Solo's spaceship, the Millennium Falcon.[1] Chewbacca is portrayed by actor Peter Mayhew in the Star Wars saga films, with Joonas Suotamo serving as a body double in The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi and later took over the role in the upcoming, as yet untitled Han Solo movie. The character has also appeared on television, in books, comics, and video games.Contents  [hide]

1Character

1.1In other countries

2Creation

3Appearances

3.1Films

3.1.1Original trilogy

3.1.2Prequel trilogy

3.1.3Sequel trilogy

3.1.4Han Solo spin-off film

3.1.5The Clone Wars

3.1.6Comic books

3.2Legends

3.2.1Television

3.2.2Books

3.2.3Video games

4Reception

4.1Awards

5References

6External links

Character

Chewbacca, a 200-year-old Wookiee, becomes Han Solo's companion after Han, an Imperial officer at the time, refused an order to kill him, for which Han was dismissed from the Imperial Navy and became a smuggler. To repay this debt, Chewbacca protected Han for the rest of his life, and served as his co-pilot on the Millennium Falcon.[2] Standing at 8 feet tall, Chewbacca is covered with long hair, and wears only a bandolier. His weapon of choice is the Wookiee bowcaster (a crossbow-shaped directed-energy weapon).[3] Chewbacca was named one of the "greatest sidekicks" in film history by Entertainment Weekly.[4]

In other countries

In Italy the name of Chewbacca was changed to Chewbecca and his nickname is Chewbe.[citation needed]

Creation

Chewbacca's creation as a "gentle, hairy, non-English-speaking co-pilot" was inspired by George Lucas seeing his own dog sitting up on the passenger seat of his car.[5] It is said that Chewbacca's name is derived from собака (sobaka), the Russian word for dog.[6]

In all five screen appearances, Chewbacca was played by Peter Mayhew, who was chosen for his height of 7'3" (2.2 m).[7] Five identical costumes were made for Mayhew: in the three original films and a holiday special, the suits were made of yak hair and mohair. In Revenge of the Sith, the suit was made of more comfortable materials, though Mayhew's filming only lasted a day. Only Mayhew's blue eyes could be seen in his costume, but fans easily recognize him by his gestures, and his co-workers claimed the ability to tell when a stand-in was taking his place.[8]

Chewbacca's voice was created by the original films' sound designer, Ben Burtt, from recordings of walruses, lions, camels, bears, rabbits, tigers, and badgers in Burtt's personal menagerie.[8] The individual recordings were mixed at different ratios for Chewbacca's different utterances. One of the most prominent elements in the voice was a black bear named Tarik, from Happy Hollow Zoo in San Jose, California.[9]

The original costume was created by Stuart Freeborn and his wife Kay Freeborn, who hand knitted the torso section. During preproduction of The Force Awakens, Creature Effects Supervisor Neal Scanlan commented that the original suit was far more sophisticated than they had originally realized, leading him to entirely scrap their first attempt at making the new suit, go back and study Freeborn's work in order to better appreciate how it worked, and attempt to emulate it.[10]

Appearances

Films

Original trilogy

First appearing in Star Wars (1977), Chewbacca and Han Solo accept a charter to take Luke Skywalker, Obi-Wan Kenobi, and droids C-3PO and R2-D2 to the planet Alderaan.[11] When they find the planet destroyed by the Death Star, the two smugglers are drawn into the Rebel Alliance. As part of a plan to rescue Leia, Luke tries to put handcuffs on Chewbacca to make it look like he's a prisoner. Chewbacca almost attacks Luke believing him to be selling him and Solo out, but Han explains that he knows what Luke has in mind and convinces the Wookiee to play along. After rescuing Leia and taking her to the rebel base on Yavin IV, the two smugglers are given reward money in the value of a payload lost by him to which he owes Jabba The Hutt. Somehow, Chewbacca is able to convince Han to put his debt to Jabba aside for the time being and help The Rebels in their fight against the evil Galactic Empire's Death Star. They manage to save Luke from being killed, also allowing him to be the one to destroy the space station.

In The Empire Strikes Back (1980), Chewbacca finds a dismantled C-3PO in a junk pile in Cloud City and rescues him from being melted down. He later tries to repair him, but does a terrible job at it. Before Han is frozen in carbonite, he asks Chewbacca to look after Princess Leia for him. When Lando Calrissian is able to save Leia and Chewbacca from being taken to Darth Vader's ship, he uncuffs the Wookie, who upon release starts strangling him for selling them out. When Lando explains that they still have a chance to save Han, Leia has Chewbacca stop choking him. Even though they're unsuccessful at saving the frozen Han, they make it back to the Falcon with R2-D2. Chewbacca carried C-3PO on his back throughout their escape to the Falcon. When Leia hears Luke's cry for help, she has Chewbacca turn the ship around to rescue him. After doing so, they attempt the jump to lightspeed but fail, even after Lando's men fixed it. Chewbacca is furious at Lando and goes to fix it himself, having spent part of the movie trying to do so. What none of them except for R2-D2 realize is that the hyperdrive had been deactivated by the Empire, which R2-D2 had learned from Cloud City's central computer while helping them escape. Admiral Firmus Piett's men disguised themselves as Lando's repairmen and deactivated the hyperdrive as part of Vader's plan to capture Luke and turn him to the dark side of the Force, but R2-D2 is able to fix it allowing them to make the jump to hyperspeed and get to the Rebel fleet. While Luke heals and is given a robotic right hand to replace the one he lost against Vader, Lando and Chewbacca prepare to leave to find Jabba the Hutt and Boba Fett and rescue Han.

In Return of the Jedi (1983), Chewbacca pretends to be the prisoner of a bounty hunter named Boushh, which is actually Leia in disguise as part of Luke's plan to rescue Han from Jabba the Hutt. During the Battle of Endor, Chewbacca and some Ewoks commandeer an AT-ST from the empire and use it to shoot down other walkers and imperial troops.[12]

Prequel trilogy

In the 2005 prequel film Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, Chewbacca and Tarfful fight in the Clone Wars when their planet Kashyyyk is invaded by the Separatist Alliance. They also help Yoda escape his clone troopers, who had been ordered to kill him. Chewbacca is not identified until Yoda says goodbye to him at the end of a scene.

Sequel trilogy

On April 7, 2014, it was confirmed that Mayhew would reprise his role as Chewbacca in Star Wars: The Force Awakens. In the film, set 30 years after Return of the Jedi, he and Han are piloting a cargo vessel and find the Millennium Falcon, which had been stolen from them. Chewbacca and Han help the rogue stormtrooper Finn, the scavenger Rey and the droid BB-8 escape from a gang of mercenaries on board the Falcon. They then fly to Maz Kanata's castle so that Maz could help them get BB-8 to the Resistance. But before Chewbacca and the gang could get Maz's help, the First Order attacks the castle and captures Rey while Chewbacca, Finn, and Han are saved by X-wing pilots led by Poe Dameron. Without Rey, they fly to a Resistance base, where Chewbacca and Han reunite with Leia, C-3PO, and R2-D2. They also soon reunite with Rey, who escaped from the First Order. Chewbacca helps in the fight between the Resistance and First Order. When Han is killed by his son Kylo Ren during the battle, an enraged Chewbacca shoots Ren in the side, leaving him severely weakened, kills many Stormtroopers and then sets off explosives that allow Poe and other X-wing pilots to destroy Starkiller Base, the First Order's battle station. Chewbacca shortly thereafter rescues Rey and Finn from the wilderness of Starkiller Base following their duel with Ren. As Starkiller Base blows up, Chewbacca escapes in the Falcon with Finn and Rey, and later, along with R2-D2, helps Rey find Luke.

Han Solo spin-off film

TheWrap reported that Chewbacca will appear in the upcoming Star Wars Anthology Han Solo spin-off film, which will see a May 25, 2018 release.[13][14][15]

The Clone Wars

In the season 3 finale of Star Wars: The Clone Wars, Chewbacca is captured by Trandoshan hunters, but is freed by Ahsoka Tano and agrees to help her and two younglings escape. He builds a transmitter out of parts from the damaged Trandoshan ship, but it seems unable to work. Later, he and Ahsoka attack the Trandoshan fortress, killing many in sight, before they are found and assisted by other Wookiees led by Tarfful.

Comic books

In 2015, Marvel Comics published a five-issue miniseries titled Chewbacca written by Gerry Duggan and art by Phil Noto.[16] The comic is part of the canon developed subsequent to Disney's acquisition of Lucasfilm in 2012, and the end of Dark Horse Comics' publication of Star Wars comics.[17][18]

Legends

With the 2012 acquisition of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company, most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise in April 2014.[19][20][21]

Television

The 1978 television program Star Wars Holiday Special introduces Chewbacca's family: Mallatobuck (his wife), Lumpawarrump (his son) and Attichitcuk, Chief of the Kaapauku Tribe (his father). They live together on Kashyyyk.[22] The Star Wars Holiday Special consisted of a frame story in which Chewbacca and Han must prevent Darth Vader from spoiling Life Day, and get home to be with Chewbacca's family. It aired only once.[23]

Books

Chewbacca appears in the Han Solo Adventures trilogy of books written by Brian Daley, including Han Solo at Stars' End, Han Solo's Revenge and Han Solo and the Lost Legacy, originally published between 1979 and 1980.

Chewbacca's family also appears in the non-canon Star Wars Legends books (Star Wars books published before December 2014), most notably The Wookiee Storybook, The Black Fleet Crisis trilogy by Michael P. Kube-McDowell, and The Hutt Gambit and Rebel Dawn by A. C. Crispin. The latter also introduces other family members, including a sister named Kallabow and cousins named Dryanta and Jowdrrl, as well as the matriarch, Ellen.

In the novel Dark Lord: The Rise of Darth Vader, set just after the events in Revenge of the Sith, Chewbacca is forced to leave Kashyyyk after he narrowly escapes a major Imperial attack on the planet. Darth Vader and Emperor Palpatine enslave most of Kashyyyk's population for forced labor on the construction of the Death Star. To escape, he joins a ship of smugglers who are friendly to the Jedi.

The novel The Hutt Gambit explains how Chewbacca and Han first meet when Han, a lieutenant in the Imperial Navy, finds him unconscious aboard a slave ship. Han's commanding officer orders him to skin Chewbacca, but Han refuses and rescues the helpless prisoner. Upon regaining consciousness, Chewbacca swears a "life-debt" to Han, and the two become business partners and best friends.[24]

In the book Heirs of the Force, part of the Young Jedi Knights series, Chewbacca has a nephew, Kallabow's son named Lowbacca who goes to the Jedi Academy.

In the 1999 novel Vector Prime by R. A. Salvatore, the first in the New Jedi Order series, Chewbacca sacrifices his life to save Han's son Anakin from a collision between the planet Sernpidal and one of its moons. Lumpawarrump and Lowbacca offer to assume Chewbacca's life debt to Han.

Chewbacca appears in the third book of the Origami Yoda series, The Secret of the Fortune Wookie (in origami form) and in some of the subsequent books of the series.

Lucasfilm followed Vector Prime with a four-issue comic book titled Star Wars: Chewbacca, in which C-3PO and R2-D2 travel the galaxy to collect the stories of beings who knew or met the Wookiee.

Video games

In the fighting game Star Wars: Masters of Teräs Käsi, Chewbacca is a playable character.

In Star Wars Jedi Knight: Jedi Academy, Chewbacca appears briefly at the Mos Eisley spaceport as an NPC, assisting Jaden Korr in disabling the tractor beams holding both the Millennium Falcon and the Raven's Claw captive.[25]

In LucasArts' game Kinect Star Wars, the player acts as gunner on a spacecraft piloted by a young Chewbacca.

In Star Wars Battlefront II, Star Wars Battlefront: Renegade Squadron and Star Wars Battlefront: Elite Squadron, Chewbacca is a playable hero on the rebels side.

He was a playable (LEGO version) character in Lego Star Wars: The Original Trilogy and Lego Star Wars: The Video Game as he had a big role in the original trilogy movies but is only in one level in The Video Game. The level is where Chewbacca's home is under attack, Yoda helps him and so at the end of the level Chewbacca and another Wookie lead him to a space pod to escape, just as in the film. He also appeared in Lego Star Wars: The Force Awakens.

Chewbacca will be a playabale character on the Death Star DLC from Star Wars: Battlefront 2015, which will come out on September.[26]

Reception

IGN has been fond of the character, choosing the character as the 9th top Star Wars character,[27] listing his relationship with Han Solo as one of their top 10 movie bromances,[28] claiming him as one of the characters they would like to see in The Clone Wars,[29] and choosing him as one of the characters they would like to see in Star Wars: The Force Unleashed[30] and (along with Han) its sequel.[31] UGO Networks listed the character as "one of the most bad-ass archers in popular culture."[32]

In contrast, Roger Ebert in his 1997 review of the Special Edition re-release of The Empire Strikes Back declared that the character gave the worst performance of the film: "This character was thrown into the first film as window dressing, was never thought through, and as a result has been saddled with one facial expression and one mournful yelp. Much more could have been done. How can you be a space pilot and not be able to communicate in any meaningful way? Does Han Solo really understand Chew's monotonous noises? Do they have long chats sometimes?"[33]

Awards

Chewbacca is one of the few fictional characters to receive a Lifetime Achievement Award at the MTV Movie Awards. Because fans complained that he should have received a medal along with Luke Skywalker and Han Solo at the end of A New Hope, MTV presented the award as a medal bestowed by Carrie Fisher. Peter Mayhew had voiced concern about Chewbacca being skipped in the original medal scene as well, but noted that Chewbacca does get the last "line" in the film as compensation.

References

1. Jump up^ "Star Wars, Databank, Chewbacca". Retrieved 2015-12-17.

2. Jump up^ Chewbacca Profile, at StarWars.com. Retrieved December 12, 2014.

3. Jump up^ Sansweet, Stephen J. (1998-06-30). The Star Wars Encyclopedia (1st ed.). Del Rey. ISBN 0-345-40227-8.

4. Jump up^ Ben Schott, Schott's Miscellany Calendar 2009 (New York: Workman Publishing, 2008), March 21.

5. Jump up^ George Lucas, in DVD bonus disc documentary, "Characters of Star Wars"

6. Jump up^ "FilmSmarts.com - Chewbacca from Star Wars". filmsmarts.com.

7. Jump up^ The Characters of Star Wars Star Wars Original Trilogy DVD Box Set: Bonus Materials

8. ^ Jump up to:a b Peter Mayhew Biography, at Screenrush. Retrieved January 8, 2009.

9. Jump up^ "Chewbacca". StarWars.com.

10. Jump up^ Poland, David (14 January 2016). "DP/30: Star Wars: The Force Awakens - The On-Set FX Supervisors" (Video interview). YouTube. Los Angeles. Retrieved 15 January 2016.

11. Jump up^ Star Wars Episode IV

12. Jump up^ Star Wars Episodes V & VI

13. Jump up^ "Christopher Miller and Phil Lord to Helm Han Solo Anthology Film". StarWars.com. Retrieved 19 December 2015.

14. Jump up^ Maglio, Tony; Snider, Jeff (March 8, 2016). "Chewbacca to Appear in New Han Solo Movie, Confirms Disney's Bob Iger". The Wrap.

15. Jump up^ Yee, Lawrence; Blacklow, Jeremy (November 11, 2016). "Alden Ehrenreich Teases Han Solo Spinoff, Younger Chewbacca". Variety.

16. Jump up^ "Exclusive: 'Star Wars' Spins Off 'Chewbacca' Into His Own Solo Adventures". MTV News. Retrieved 2016-01-19.

17. Jump up^ "A complete guide to the new Star Wars canon before The Force Awakens". The Verge. Retrieved 2016-01-19.

18. Jump up^ "Disney buys Lucasfilm for $4 billion". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2016-01-19.

19. Jump up^ McMilian, Graeme (April 25, 2014). "Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans forStar Wars Expanded Universe". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 26, 2016.

20. Jump up^ "The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page". StarWars.com. April 25, 2014. Retrieved May 26, 2016.

21. Jump up^ "Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line". StarWars.com. April 25, 2014. Retrieved May 26, 2016.

22. Jump up^ Berman, John; Ted Gerstein (2007-12-20). "Holiday Specials Gone Bad; The 'Star Wars Holiday Special' Flop Lives On". ABC News.

23. Jump up^ "Star Wars Holiday Special". starwarsholidayspecial.com.

24. Jump up^ Hutt Gambit

25. Jump up^ Jedi Academy

26. Jump up^ Krupa, By Daniel (16 July 2016). "Star Wars Celebration 2016: Chewbacca and Bossk Confirmed for Battlefront". ign.com. Retrieved 18 July 2016.

27. Jump up^ "Top 100 Star Wars Characters". IGN. Archived from the originalon August 17, 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2011.

28. Jump up^ Scott Collura (18 March 2009). "Top 10 Movie Bromances". IGN. Retrieved 12 January 2011.

29. Jump up^ Eric Goldman (11 November 2010). "Star Wars: The Clone Wars - Characters We'd Like to See". IGN. Retrieved 12 January 2011.

30. Jump up^ Jesse Schedeen (21 July 2008). "Players Wanted: The Force Unleashed". IGN. Retrieved 12 January 2011.

31. Jump up^ Jesse Schedeen (10 September 2008). "Players Wanted: The Force Unleashed 2". IGN. Retrieved 12 January 2011.

32. Jump up^ T J Dietsch (13 May 2010). "The 11 Most Bad-Ass Archers in Pop Culture". UGO Networks. Retrieved 12 January 2011.

33. Jump up^ Roger Ebert (21 February 1997). "The Empire Strikes Back". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 29 February 2012.

External links

Chewbacca in the StarWars.com Databank

Chewbacca on Wookieepedia, a Star Wars wiki

Chewbacca at the Internet Movie Database

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