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During his tenure, U.S. President James K. Polk oversaw the greatest territorial expansion of the United States to date. Polk accomplished this through the annexation of Texas in 1845, the negotiation of the Oregon Treaty with Great Britain in 1846, and the conclusion of the Mexican-American War in 1848, which ended with the signing and ratification of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in 1848. The annexation of Texas did not end disputes between Mexico and the United States. Mexico asserted that the border was the Neuces river, while the U.S. claimed the Rio Grande river formed the border.

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The Oregon Trail was the highway to the future for many who traveled the 2000 mile length. They hoped it would lead to a better life, fertile crop land, and a chance to control their own destiny. For many, these hopes and dreams were fulfilled, but for some the dream died in the highway was filled with danger, hardships and tragedy. The great road west, known as the Oregon Trail, had its first real traffic in 1843 when a train of about 1000 people left Independence, Missouri heading west to Oregon. Back in the 1800s the impact it had on the people was a drastic one, it gave several people more opportunity, and gave many of them who completed the journey land to live and work on. Families suffered many hard times along the trail, diseases and native attacks targeted their children, spouses, and siblings.

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Lewis and Clark Expedition
On May 21, 1804, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark left from St. Louis, Missouri with the Corps of Discovery and headed west in an effort to explore and document the new lands bought by the Louisiana Purchase. With only one death, the group reached the Pacific Ocean at Portland and then returned back to St. Louis on September 23, 1806. To the Native Americans, it was the beginning of an end. Their lives will be changed forever by their contact with the fur traders, soldiers, and missionaries that follow in the wake of the Lewis and Clark expedition. Certainly the changes will be gradual, but changes none the less.

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The causes goes back in 1838 when Texas won it's independence from Mexico. The Mexican government began to encourage border raids and warning an attempt into annexation would lead to war. On April 25, 1846, Mexican cavalry attacked a group of U.S. soldiers in the disputed zone under the command of General Zachary Taylor, killing about a dozen. Two days later , on May 13, Congress declared war on Mexico. U.S forces Col. Stephan W. Kearny and Commodore Robert F. Stocken were able to conquer the north of the Rio Grande. General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna convinced Polk that if he wads allowed back to Mexico he would end the war terms favorable to the United States. Antonio Lopez lied to Polk and lead Mexico into war. At the battle of Buena Vista in February 1847 suffered from injuries and had to withdraw. The Mexicans resisted at Cerro Gordo and elsewhere, but were bested each time. In September 1847, Scott successfully laid siege to Mexico City’s Chapultepec Castle. During that clash, a group of military school cadets–the so-called niños héroes–purportedly committed suicide rather than surrender. Guerilla attacks against U.S. supply lines continued, but for all intents and purposes the war had ended. Santa Anna resigned, and the United States waited for a new government capable of negotiations to form. Finally, on Feb. 2, 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hilgado was signed, establishing the Rio Grande and not the Nueces River as the U.S.-Mexican border. The Mexican American war is important because the US annexed Texas and the American desires of California.

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       Indian Removal Act/Trail of Tears    1830                

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       Indian Removal Act/Trail of Tears    1830                

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In 1830 Congress, urged on by President Andrew Jackson, passed the Indian Removal act. It gave the federal government the power to relocate any Native Americans to the east territory that was the west of the Mississippi River. It is very important because it led to the eviction of Native Americans from their homeland in the Southeast. It later became known as the Trail of tears. The Trail of Tears resulted in the enforcement of the Treaty of New Echota. Many Native Americans had to walk very far to their designated "Indian Territory." Also many have died because of the conditions they dealt with along their journey.