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Typical attire wore by high ranking official.

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They are wore together with Chang Pao.

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Typical attire wore by Chinese People

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SEQUENCE:

1. The Emperor is escorted to his royal dining table & chair.
2. The emperor's tutor sits opposite of him with a smaller table & chair.
3. A cue is given by the emperor for the food to be served.
4. Servants line up carrying different dishes before the official taster
5. The official taster tastes each dish carefully before approving the dish to be finally served.
6. After every dish is approved & served onto the emperor's and tutor's table, they begin to eat.

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The Temple (altar) of Heaven in Beijing

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BEIJING OPERA/ PEKING OPERA
- an art performance that incorporates: the playing of Chinese musical instruments & songs, vocals, mime & dance.
- a form of Chinese opera which originated in the late 18th century, began fully developing & recognized by the mid-19th century, and became extremely popular during the Qing dynasty.
- Entertainment in imperial households (the wealthy/upper-class) on festive occasions such as weddings, birthdays, funerals, etc

Features:
1. A variety of performers that plays different roles: music, speech, dance, & combat movements

2. Movement performers/dancers use symbolism through their gestures & actions. Furnishing & decoration on stage is minimal, as performers are the main focus.

3. Plot/Stories of the staged drama are usually based on China's history, mythical legends or romances, or sometimes simply a depiction of values, aspects of life, folklore & beliefs which are played out by performers in different styles unique to its storyline that helps the audience to understand.

4. Performers wear heavy make-up in a variety of style according to their own character roles, usually with white face paint as a standard base for all performers. Costumes of different color schemes are worn in regard to their characters as well, such as yellow is worn by one who plays the role of an emperor or royals, red/purple for high ranking officials, white for elders or those in distress. The pattern and style of each elaborately sewn garment indicates the rank/class of the character.

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Chang Pao worn with Manchu hat
material: velvet

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- Dark blue gown with motifs associated with good luck
- Material: Silk

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- As Emperor's tutor: 1. SACK SUIT (beige version of edwardian)

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- As Emperor's tutor: 1. SACK SUIT (beige version of edwardian)

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- Boater hat

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- He was the the Last Emperor of China
- He also was the final ruler of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty.
- He became an emperor at a very young age
-  He successfully ruled the country for many years

Achievements
- Puyi succeeded to the Manchu throne at the age of three, when his uncle, the GuangXu emperor, died.
- Puyi was installed by the Japanese as the ruler of Manchukuo.
- Chosen by Dowager Empress Cixi  while on her deathbed, Puyi ascended the throne at age 2 years
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Position in social strata
- He was respected by everyone
- Every layer in society treated him well
- He was always the one that was talked about among the public
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Clothing
- Traditional Chinese clothing
- Olden days clothing

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Trousers of wool serge, baggy at knees

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Cap toe Shoes

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- Empress consort of PuYi
- Final ruler of Manchu-led Qing Dynasty
- Emperor Puyi's wife
- She married PuYi at the age of 12
- She was an ordinary girl at that time

Achievements
-  She was the last Empress of China
-  She was able to rule China
- She was improving in her studies

Position in social strata
- She was the Empress of China

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Inside garment:
- Waistcoat (same or lighter color than coat) with a chain
- Longsleeved collar shirt in white

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Striped tie

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Frock coat - Full black color

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Capotain hat - High & flat top type which shows the person is of upper class

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WenXiu
- PuYi's concubine
- Known as Consort Shu
- She was among the candidates listed as suitable by the Qing court as Empress Consort
- Her family was under the bordered yellow banner
- She was also PuYi's spouse
- She was unsatisfied with her life
- Her status was less important
- She then divorced PuYi

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Emperor Puyi's younger  brother

Birth Date: 16 April 1907

Nobleman of Manchu  descent

Born in Aisin Gioro clan, the imperial clan of Qing Dynasty

Spouse: Tang Shixia, Saga Hiro

Life Events:

-Went to Japan after the fall of the Qing dynasty where he was educated and married Saga Hiro,

-A Japanese noblewoman, a distant relative of the Showa Emperor

-1937 – Moved to Manchukuo, where his brother ruled as the emperor under Japanese control

-After WWII, he was captured by Soviet forces and held in Soviet prison for 5 years and extradited back to the People’s Republic of China, where he was incarcerated for about 10 years.

He was later pardoned and released.

Achievement:
- 1978 - Became a deputy from Shanghai at the 5th National People's Congress.
- 1983 -  Served a member of the Politburo Standing Committee and Vice Chairman of the Nationalities Committee of the 6th National People's Congress.
- 1985 - He was appointed Deputy Head of the China-Japan Friendship Group.
- 1986 - Honorary Director for the Handicapped Welfare Fund
- 1988 - He rose to a seat on the Presidium of the 7th National People's Congress.
-  He was a technical adviser for the 1987 film The Last Emperor directed by Bernardo Bertolucci.
- 28/11/1991 -  he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Law by RitsumeikanUniversity.

Clothing

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Darryl Harvey Lawrence

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A monarchist.

Occupation: The last tutor to Emperor Xuan Tong, aka 'Henry Pu-Yi'

Birth date: 13 October 1874

Hometown: Edinburgh, Scotland, U.K.

Famous book: Twilight in the Forbidden City (he wrote this book in dedication to Pu-Yi)

Education: Scholar & diplomat known for his extensive studies of China - language, history, culture & customs

Social Positions:

- 1898: joined the British colonial service in Hong Kong & China (scholar position)

- 1989: began his employment as tutor to Emperor Pu-Yi, who was 13 years old at that time. He is the first foreigner to take position in the Forbidden City. Become friends real quick, The emperor's trust & good friendship with him made Johnston's position next closest to emperor's until the emperor was expelled from the Forbidden City in 1924

- A few years after 1924: became Commissioner of Weihaiwei in Hong Kong until The Republic of China took control of the region in 1930

- 1931: became Professor of Chinese at the University of London until his retirement in 1937 (established middle class)

Clothing:

- Before he started as emperor's tutor:

Edwardian era

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Tee Jane's

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Since all of the established religions of China support the foundations of love family and good morals secular acts would  be like consumerism.
The spread of the major religions now has temples schools and worship places everywhere. However in the community it is up to its people and priests/devoted followers to maintain the religion.
Children are meant to follow their parents religion and not question the decision.
While Taoism Confusionism and Buddhism are more abstract Christianity and Islam have certain taboos.

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The Qing Dynasty

Chinese people during that time had a very rich and diverse culture.

Chinese culture

The usage of modern remedies like spectacles has challenged the Chinese way of traditional medicine.

- Turtles are boiled alive as soup which is drank for good health and longevity.

- The monks are chanting, playing instruments and also bowing as a sign of respect when the emperor passes by.

- When the empress dies her face is covered, a ball is placed in her mouth and instruments are played as a symbol of her death.

- The people in the palace gather as the new emperor is being announced.

People who are seeing the emperor must bow down as a sign of respect.

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Known as one of the most innovative cultures, Chinese are known to have brought about the four great inventions.
1) The Compass- Starting in the 202 AD the chinese used lodestone to magnetise iron to create compasses that were not made for navigation, but for divination and geomency.
2) Gun Powder- First use was in the Tang Dynasty with the earliest known recipe written by Zen Gongliang.
3) Paper- invented the pulp paper making process and established the use of new materials used in making paper
4) Printing- The earliest specimen of woodblock printing is a single-sheet dharani sutra in Sanskrit that was printed on hemp paper between 650 and 670 AD

Other innovations through the years.
* The process of fermentation: The earliest archaeological evidence of the consumption of alcoholic beverages was discovered in neolithic China dating from 7000–6600 BC.
* Plastromancy: The earliest use of turtle shells comes from the archaeological site in Jiahu site.
* Pottery urn: The first evidence of pottery urn dating from about 7000 BC comes from the early Jiahu site, where a total of 32 burial urns are found.
* Pottery Steamer: Archaeological excavations show that using steam to cook began with the pottery cooking vessels known as yan steamers.
* Acupuncture
*Animal Zodiac
*Blast Furnace: the earliest discovered Chinese blast furnaces, which produced pig iron that could be remelted and refined as cast iron

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1. EMPEROR

Rules the country (attend court meetings, administer imperial reports to his officials, make laws)

Usually have many concubines & spends a lot of time with them

2. ADVISORS

Advises the Emperor on ruling matters

Sometimes would assume the Emperor’s role during his absence

Most would plot to take over the throne

3. NOBLES & GENERALS

The wealthy families

Scholar officials (nobles) were an accessible status for average citizens through education.

Generals commanded & lead the military body

4. MAIDS & EUNUCHS

Serves the Emperor’s every wish & command

Eunuchs were castrated so that they would not marry

Spends their most time serving in The Forbidden Palace

Lower class eunuchs were usually tortured for the Emperor’s pleasure

Most of them comes from the lowest class

Eunuch Zhao Gao – An eunuch who served as a close aide to 3 emperors & gained great power because of his influence. He became obsessed with power & killed many noble ministers & generals, which contributed largely to the downfall of Qing dynasty.

5. WORKERS, PEASANTS & ARTISTS

Peasants (average citizens) live in small villages & poverty

Workers built bridges and buildings

Artists types – Painters, sculptors, poets

6. SOLDIERS & SLAVES

Slaves were owned by some rich families to serve them

Government slaves were usually war captives or criminals

To own a slave among nobles were seen as a status of power

Soldiers fought in wars for the country

Soldiers are usually very disciplined

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GOVERNMENT - Social Strata of The Qing dynasty

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GOVERNMENT - Social Strata of The Qing dynasty

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In China during the ancient times was ruled by emperors of the same family that have ruled for generations, which was called dynasty.
Among the many dynasties that ruled China, Qing dynasty was the last dynasty, which was where The Last Emperor movie's storyline takes place in.

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-THE MANCHUKUO IMPERIAL PALACE:

* Created by the imperial Japanese army

* It was designed as a mini version of the forbidden city in Beijing.

* The palace cover an area of 43000 square meter.

* The building has a different styles of architecture: Chinese, Japanese and European.

* The palace holds 8 building inside:
1- Jixi building                                5- Zhixia building
2- Tondge hall                                6- Changhun house
3- Throne of Manchukuo             7- Huaiyuan building
4- Qinmin building                         8- Siheyuan

* In 1962, the palace was preserved and open as a museum of the imperial palace of manchukuo and it was renovated in 2004.

* The palace was the actual setting of the movie (THE LAST EMPEROR).

-THE FORBIDDEN CITY:

* Chinese Palatial Architecture Style.

* The Forbidden City is the most visited museum in the world.
(14.6M Annually).

- courtyard plans of palaces, official buildings, temples and residences were based on strict adherence to the principles of feng shui, symmetry, axiality and wall enclosure. Such as The Forbidden City.

- The entry to the FIRST court was called Shan Men (gate of hill)
- On the right and left of the court: the bell and drum towers.
- Across the court: Tian Wang Dian (hall of the heavenly kings)
- Beyond: Da Xiong Bao Dian (main hall)
- Beyond the main hall: Hou Dian (rear hall)

- Building of temples facing the sea has been a traditional divine custom of the Chinese/China since 3,000 years ago, and this auspicious orientation is still considered important today.

- Roof of Chinese temple: supported by built-up trusses, consisting of beams of diminishing length placed one over another between timber columns, and separated from each other by short struts.

- Palace buildings of the Qing era faced south in reference to the principles of feng shui.
- The emperor in the Qing era resided in the northern part of the palace.
- The back of the palace was against the north with the backing of coal hill, while the front faced south.
- The Altar of Heaven was enclosed by a square wall (representing earthly happiness), and a circular wall (symbolising heavenly blessings). built on three concentric rings of terraces paved with marble.
The building elements and finishes of the altar consisted of significant symbolism & fengshui:
1. the concentric rings of marble on the top-most terrace were arranged from 9 to 81, both being lucky numbers.
2. The innate connection of yin & yang elements can be seen also in this architecure

- feng shui & yinyang principles are closely implemented into traditional chinese architecture as it is used to present dualism and balance. it is known that feng shui is deeply rooted in chinese architecture since the historic times that it is incorporated into architectural planning and decorative motifs

*Listed as The Heritage Of The World in 1987.

-THE PRINCE CHUN MANSION:

* Henry Pu-Yi  father's house.

* Siheyuan Style with a Lavish graden.

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In 1950, Pu Yi, who was the last emperor of China, is captured by the Red Army and held prisoner as a war criminal. In prison, he recalls his childhood memories when he was raised in the Forbidden City where he given a luxurious life. However unfortunately, he was oblivious to what was happening outside the walls of The Forbidden City and the complicated political situations that eventually led to his exile. As China underwent revolutions, the world Pu Yi once knew is overturned.

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SIMPLIFIED TIMELINE.

1908
Two year old Puyi becomes emperor

1924
Puyi loses his throne and is forced to leave the forbidden city .

1932
The invading Japanese army found the state of Manchukuo and install Puyi as its ruler .

1945
Puyi captured by the Soviets while fleeing Japan, put on trial for co-operating with Japan, and spends the next few years in Chinese re-education camp.

1967
Puyi the last emperor of China ,dies as a simple Gardner.

Arbab Mirza.

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Before - Mao Zedong, Chairman of The Chinese Communist, send Puyi to the Fushun War Criminals Management Center, a re-education camp for war prisoners of Japan and Manchuria. Puyi spent 10 years in this prison being constantly taught with communist propaganda.

By 1959, Puyi was released and allowed to return to Beijing.

During - When Chairman Mao began this revolution, Puyi became a target as a symbol for "Old China", and was placed in protective custody.

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The first president of this era was Sun Yat-Sen.
During Puyi's childhood days, he was raised with his brother, Pujie, within the walls of The Forbidden City at the beginning of this era.
He was always surrounded with eunuchs and maids to wait on him.

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A war that happened between the Republic of China and The Empire of Japan.
During this time, Puyi was forced to colalborate with Japanese by being named the Emperor of the new state Manchuria, to be used as a puppet.

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1908 - Puyi , who was only 2 years old during that time, was proclaimed as the new emperor by Empress Dowager Cixi during her last moments.

1912 - Puyi's throne was renounced when his dynasty fell upon the Sun Yat-sen's revolution. He was granted a large government pension by the Chinese government and was permitted to live in the imperial palace (The Forbidden City of Beijing) until 1924.

1925 - Puyi was exiled and escaped China. He lived with the Japanese in Tianjin.

1931 - When the Japanese took control of Manchuria, they proclaimed Puyi as the Emperor of Manchuoko. However, his position was never more than just a puppet for the Japanese.

1945 - During that time, Manchuria was invaded by the Soviet and Puyi was captured by the Red Army.

1950 - Puyi was held as a political prisoner and war criminal in Fushun Prison to stand trial. He attempts suicide but was revived. He was then handed over to the Chinese communists and imprisoned in Shen Yang until 1959, when he was finally pardoned and set free.

1967 - Puyi passes away due to sickness.