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*The image above is what he saw in his microscope.*

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- British scientist
- The 1st person to observe cells
- The cork cells he observed were dead
- He used an early compound microscope (not very strong at the time but it worked)
- He observed a thin slice of cork and saw tiny room-like units; he named them cells
- He published his observations in a book titled Micrographia in 1665
- His observations helped lead to the theory that all organisms are made up of cells

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- The 1st person to challenge the theory of spontaneous generation
- In 1668, he proved that maggots come from the eggs that flies lay and not due to spontaneous generation

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- He was from Holland
- He crafted lenses
- He made a very strong single-lens microscope in 1674

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1674 - Anton van Leeuwenhoek (continued):

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1674 - Anton van Leeuwenhoek (continued):

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*The image above is a model of Leeuwenhoek's microscope.*

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- He looked for cells in other substances like plaque or human blood
- He discovered animalcules (unicellular organisms) in 1683
- His observations helped lead to the theory that all organisms (no matter how big or small) are made up of cells

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- He had a different theory of evolution than Darwin
- He believed that simple life forms come from dead matter, and that these forms evolve in an “upward” direction, becoming more complex and “perfect”
- He believed that species didn’t die out in extinctions, they just changed into another species
- He also believed that if organisms change DURING their life, those changes are passed onto their offspring
- In 1801, he published his views

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1839 - Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann:

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1839 - Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann:

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- Their studies on tissues (in 1839) helped lead to the theory that cells are the building blocks of life, and all organisms are made of one or more cells
- Schwann studied animals (he was a zoologist)
- Schleiden studied plants (he was a botanist)

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- In 1855, he said that all cells come from preexisting cells
- He used this theory as the foundation for cellular pathology
- Cellular pathology: the study of a disease at a cellular level
- Before his findings, people believed that new cells were formed from blastema (a type of fluid)
- There is also some evidence that he may have plagiarized the work of Robert Remak

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- His observations helped lead to the theory that all cells come from preexisting cells
- He conducted an experiment in 1859 and concluded that bacteria only grows in broth if the broth is exposed to air
- He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation

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*The image above is a painting of Pasteur in his lab.*

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- They designed the first electron microscope in 1937

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In 1938, Hillier created another electron microscope which:
- gave extremely clear images
- passed a beam of electrons through a specimen (rather than a beam of light) to view it
- could magnify an object up to 7,000 times and later improved to 10,000 times

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*The image above is Hillier and his microscope.*

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*Here is a link to a Google Document with our sources.*
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GGaetq7123JFSo6-pm3F2x8ZPEQQSIs4DASfYba9-LU/edit?usp=sharing