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Sounds produced with vocal cord vibration (/b/, /z/, /v/, /d/, /g/) are replaced by sounds produced with no vocal cord vibration (/p/, /s/, /f/, /t/, /k/) or vice versa.
Examples:
- "mat" (mad)
- "too" (do)
- "back" (bag)

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Nasals (/m/, /n/, /ŋ/) are replaced by non nasal sounds that have a similar place of articulation. This may result in speech which sounds like a child has a cold.
Examples:
- "bood" (moon)
- "dice" (nice)
- "man" (ban)

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Nasalization is the production of a sound while the velum is lowered, so that some air escapes through the nasal cavity during the production of the sound by the mouth.

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What is nasalization? Within less than two minutes Prof. Handke explains this phonetic phenomenon, draws a distinction between nasalization and nasal articulation and includes two contrasting pairs from Polish.

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Palatalization is when consonants acquire secondary palatal articulation or shift their primary place towards or close to the palatal region.
Examples:
- Canyon
- Thank you

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A stop sound becomes a fricative in the same place of articulation.
Example:  /b/ > /v/

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Vowels in unstressed syllables become schwa /ə/.

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When an extra sound is added between two others. This also occurs in the English plural rule: when the plural morpheme -s  is added to "bus," "bus-s" would be unpronouncable, so a short vowel (the schwa, /ə/) is inserted between the two [s]s.

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An entire syllable is lost when it is identical or similar to another one (usually following).
Examples:
- Library: /ˈlaɪbrərɪ/ > /ˈlaɪbrɪ/
- Probably: /'pra:bəbli/ >/'pra:bli/

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Two phonemes (sounds which difference has the power of distinguishing word) may, in certain phonetic environments, not be undistinguishable.
Examples:
- Happy: /ˈhæpi:/ /'hæpɪ/ > /'hæpi/
- She: /ʃi:/ > /ʃi/

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Degemination happens when a spoken long consonant is pronounced for an audibly shorter period.

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Gemination or consonant elongation happens when a spoken consonant is pronounced for an audibly longer period of time than a short consonant.
Examples:

calm man [kɑːmˈːæn]

this saddle [ðɪsˈːædəl]

black coat [blækˈːoʊt]

back kick [ˈbækːɪk]

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What is assimilation and how can we classify different types of it? These questions are in the center of this less-than-two-minute micro-lecture by Prof. Handke.

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Linking is how we join the words together to speak faster,more natural and more fluent.
There are three types of linking:
- Linking Consonant to Vowel (CTV).
- Linking Consonant to Consonant (CTC).
- Linking Vowel to Vowel (VTV) https://youtu.be/J_iKCN5ApYk

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Connected Speech & Linking | English Pronunciation Lesson

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When elision occurs, sounds disappear or are not clearly articulated in certain contexts. There are three types of elision:
- Aphaeresis: Elision of a sound at the beginning of a word (generally an unstressed sound).
- Syncope: Elision of unstressed medial vowel sound when preceded by stress syllable.
- Apocope: Elision of a sound at the end of a word.
Examples: