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                  Spirantization

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                  Spirantization

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Stops  become  fricatives,  usually  between vowels. Since there is no voiced bilabial fricative in English, when you spirantize a /b/ in english you often get /v/.

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Segment  becomes  like  another  usually adjacent  segment,  in  voicing.
e.g. Used to /ju:zd tu:/ becomes /ju:stə/

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It is the process  by  which  a  consonant that  is  usually  voiced becomes devoiced.
e.g. /i:si/ for Easy.

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A sound, usually before a /j/ glide but often before a high front vowel, is moved closer to the palat. When alveolar stops palatalized, they

usually become africates.
e.g. Kiss you. I got you.

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It is the production of a sound while the welum is lowered, so that some air escapes through the nose during the production of the sound by the mouth.

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                   Dinasalization 

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                   Dinasalization 

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Removing the manner of articulation "nasal" leaving a  voiced stop sound with the same point of articulation of /n/. Imagine talking with a fluffy nose.
e.g. Done for none. Doze for nose

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It is defined as assimilation between non-adjacent consonant.
e.g. Bad (Dad), Cup (pup).

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                    Neutralization

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                    Neutralization

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Two phonemes that make a word different from the other.
e.g. Bub/ pup.  Feel/ Fill.

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                   Linking

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                   Linking

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               Assimilation

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               Assimilation

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A full vowel is reduced to an unstressed shwa /ə/  or to a short lax vowel /ɪ/. It happens when the vowel doesn't have the primary stress in a word.
There are
some rules to reduce a vowel

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                    Insertion

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                    Insertion

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The insertion of a segment within a word. e.g. Estar (Star), hous(e)s /ɪz/

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                     Metathesis

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                     Metathesis

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The reordering of a sequent  of segments. For example: Some people say "aks" for "ask", "revelant" for "relevant".

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                             Elision

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                             Elision

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It's the omission of and unstressed vowel, consonant or syllable. There are some rules to elide , and there three types of elision.

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                      Haplology

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                      Haplology

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A syllable is eliminated when it's next to another identical or similar syllable and they have to be in medial position.
e.g.  Because (cause), Englaland (England) , morphophonology (morphonology).

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                   Degemination

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                   Degemination

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Two identical consonants end up pronounce as a single one. This occurrs when gemination isn't produced.
e.g. community, grammar.
In the spelling one of the /m/ is drop out and then is pronounced as a single one.

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Happens when a spoken consonant sound becomes double long.
e.g. Midday, calm man, roommate.
In these words, /d/ and /m/ are longer because there are two of them.