# data[].attributes.body
There's a short description, and then if you click on "Launch Interactive", you can do the activity to learn about photosynthesis.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Illuminating Photosynthesis - NOVA | PBS

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Explore how photosynthesis works by helping the process along in this game.

# data[].attributes.body
This is a video that explains the process of photosynthesis

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Photosynthesis | Photosynthesis in plants | Photosynthesis - Biology basics for children | elearnin

# data[].attributes.body
It's Bill Nye!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
From the film "The Lorax" All rights for this clip belong to the studio. I do not own anything, I just want to use the clip for educational purposes.

# data[].attributes.body
https://cdn.meme.am/cache/instances/folder982/56793982.jpg

# data[].attributes.body
Ian young

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Photosynthesis Song | Mister C (Song #8)

# data[].attributes.body
http://easyscienceforkids.com/all-about-photosynthesis/ This website explains photosynthesis in smaller words, and has some facts also!

# data[].attributes.body
Ian young

# data[].attributes.body
Another cool photosynthesis rap.

# data[].attributes.body
Weird  meme - BB
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/14/4d/7c/144d7c3225b380f68abdfe276713be58.jpg

# data[].attributes.body
Kaiden

# data[].attributes.body
VIDEO LAUGH Connor Mckay

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
So now you know. Check out my main channel at https://www.youtube.com/smokeysmudgestudio

# data[].attributes.body
Ian young

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Taylor Swift I Knew You Were Trouble: Photosynthesis Song with Lyrics

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Once upon a time in a chloroplast The sun split some water And excited an electron In the thylakoid The thylakoid The thylakoid membrane membrane It's sent to PS 2 And down the ETC To Photosystem 1 And loses energy H plus come in H plus come in H plus

# data[].attributes.body
Ian young

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Photosynthesis Style (Gangnam Style Parody)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
AP Biology Video Project Special Thanks to CrashCourse for photosynthesis animations. Find his channel here! http://www.youtube.com/user/crashcourse?feature=results_main Official Gangnam Style Song: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bZkp7q19f0 Edit: 5/22/13 Wow! 3k Views. Thank you everyone!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Photosynthesis Song- A Taylor Swift Parody

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In AP Bio? Need help with photosynthesis? This video might not be very educational, but you'll laugh while learning. A parody of Taylor Swift's "You Belong With Me" by Jordan Mervis, Andrew Wong, Carson Moore, Nabeel Nelson, and me.

# data[].attributes.body
Very nice

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.entities[].name
Jerome Edgar Fast AF | Joshua Kyan Zay Hilfigerrr & Zayion McCall

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Glucose On That Beat (JuJu On That Beat Parody) Photosynthesis Rap | Joshua Kyan CRINGE

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Ladies and gentlemen, this was my biology project.... And so, I better get an A on this Mr. Mac PLEASE! This is a Juju on that beat remake into some sort of cringe biology photosynthesis rap.. I can't rap....

# data[].attributes.body
How Photosythisis works Connor MCkay

# data[].attributes.body
Oh noes

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
"Let it Grow" - A Photosynthesis Parody to Idina Menzel's "Let it Go"

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
BIO 1105 FINAL. Let it Go - Photosynthesis Version. We do not own any rights to the song or instrumental. All rights belong to Disney.

# data[].attributes.body
This is super weird

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Taylor Swift I Knew You Were Trouble: Photosynthesis Song with Lyrics

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Once upon a time in a chloroplast The sun split some water And excited an electron In the thylakoid The thylakoid The thylakoid membrane membrane It's sent to PS 2 And down the ETC To Photosystem 1 And loses energy H plus come in H plus come in H plus

# data[].attributes.headline
Wierd copy of The thriller but in photosynthesis XD

# data[].attributes.subject
Wierd copy of The thriller but in photosynthesis XD

# data[].attributes.body
plz im wierd i dont know what to put here so im just puting random stuff and if ur still reading this your as wierd as me thank you XD

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Photosynthesis Song ("Thriller") - By Ben Leddy

# data[].attributes.body
Photosynthesis: Converting sunlight into chemical energy
http://www.slideshare.net/laurenwelks/photosynthesis-lesson-lan-powerpoint

# data[].attributes.body
A cool rap about photosynthesis.

# data[].attributes.body
This tells you about photosynthesis.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Photosynthesis | Photosynthesis in plants | Photosynthesis - Biology basics for children | elearnin

# data[].attributes.body
Im wierd lel this is a song/show? about photosynthesis. plox -Hobo Joe

# data[].attributes.body
Remix of one of my favorite songs.

# data[].attributes.body
Ian young

# data[].attributes.body
http://photosynthesiseducation.com/photosynthesis-in-plants/

# data[].attributes.body
A wierd song plz daddy

# data[].attributes.body
Kaiden proby

# data[].attributes.body
This Is the Equation Of plants Connor MCkay

# data[].attributes.body
http://scienceunraveled.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/photosynthesis-color-11.jpg

# data[].attributes.body
under photosynthesis(biology)-Jayde lampman

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0775714.html

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Video computer games, virtual labs and activities for learning and reviewing biology content. Great for students and teachers.

# data[].attributes.body
Diagram
Janessa

# data[].attributes.body
Information about Photosynthesis https://www.britannica.com/science/photosynthesis

# data[].attributes.body
A video about a kid who discovers photosynthesis.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Photosynthesis | #aumsum #kids #science #education #children

# data[].attributes.body
This video explains photosynthesis in an accurate and complete way. (Nathan Halaas)

# data[].attributes.body
search on google
(photosynthesis Estrella Mountain Community College)-Jayde Lampman

# data[].attributes.body
Kya Froemke
This video shows how photosynthesis works and what it is.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
(Image credit: KPG_Payless | Shutterstock)

Photosynthesis is the process used by plants, algae and certain bacteria to harness energy from sunlight and turn it into chemical energy. Here, we describe the general principles of photosynthesis and highlight how scientists are studying this natural process to help develop clean fuels and sources of renewable energy.

Types of photosynthesis

There are two types of photosynthetic processes: oxygenic photosynthesis and anoxygenic photosynthesis. The general principles of anoxygenic and oxygenic photosynthesis are very similar, but oxygenic photosynthesis is the most common and is seen in plants, algae and cyanobacteria.

During oxygenic photosynthesis, light energy transfers electrons from water (H ₂O) to carbon dioxide (CO ₂), to produce carbohydrates. In this transfer, the CO ₂ is "reduced," or receives electrons, and the water becomes "oxidized," or loses electrons. Ultimately, oxygen is produced along with carbohydrates.

Oxygenic photosynthesis functions as a counterbalance to respiration by taking in the carbon dioxide produced by all breathing organisms and reintroducing oxygen to the atmosphere.

On the other hand, anoxygenic photosynthesis uses electron donors other than water. The process typically occurs in bacteria such as purple bacteria and green sulfur bacteria, which are primarily found in various aquatic habitats.

"Anoxygenic photosynthesis does not produce oxygen - hence the name," said David Baum, professor of botany at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. "What is produced depends on the electron donor. For example, many bacteria use the bad-eggs-smelling gas hydrogen sulfide, producing solid sulfur as a byproduct."

Though both types of photosynthesis are complex, multistep affairs, the overall process can be neatly summarized as a chemical equation.

Oxygenic photosynthesis is written as follows:

Here, six molecules of carbon dioxide (CO ₂) combine with 12 molecules of water (H ₂O) using light energy. The end result is the formation of a single carbohydrate molecule (C ₆H ₁₂O ₆, or glucose) along with six molecules each of breathable oxygen and water.

Similarly, the various anoxygenic photosynthesis reactions can be represented as a single generalized formula:

The letter A in the equation is a variable and H ₂A represents the potential electron donor. For example, A may represent sulfur in the electron donor hydrogen sulfide (H ₂S), explained Govindjee and John Whitmarsh, plant biologists at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, in the book " Concepts in Photobiology: Photosynthesis and Photomorphogenesis" (Narosa Publishers and Kluwer Academic, 1999).

(Image credit: Shutterstock)

The photosynthetic apparatus

The following are cellular components essential to photosynthesis.
Pigments
Pigments are molecules that bestow color on plants, algae and bacteria, but they are also responsible for effectively trapping sunlight. Pigments of different colors absorb different wavelengths of light. Below are the three main groups.

Chlorophylls: These green-colored pigments are capable of trapping blue and red light. Chlorophylls have three subtypes, dubbed chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and chlorophyll c. According to Eugene Rabinowitch and Govindjee in their book "Photosynthesis"(Wiley, 1969), chlorophyll a is found in all photosynthesizing plants. There is also a bacterial variant aptly named bacteriochlorophyll, which absorbs infrared light. This pigment is mainly seen in purple and green bacteria, which perform anoxygenic photosynthesis.

Carotenoids: These red, orange or yellow-colored pigments absorb bluish-green light. Examples of carotenoids are xanthophyll (yellow) and carotene (orange) from which carrots get their color.

Phycobilins: These red or blue pigments absorb wavelengths of light that are not as well absorbed by chlorophylls and carotenoids. They are seen in cyanobacteria and red algae.

Plastids
Photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms contain organelles called plastids in their cytoplasm. The double-membraned plastids in plants and algae are referred to as primary plastids, while the multiple-membraned variety found in plankton are called secondary plastids, according to an articlein the journal Nature Education by Cheong Xin Chan and Debashish Bhattacharya, researchers at Rutgers University in New Jersey.

Plastids generally contain pigments or can store nutrients. Colorless and nonpigmented leucoplasts store fats and starch, while chromoplasts contain carotenoids and chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, as explained in Geoffrey Cooper's book, " The Cell: A Molecular Approach" (Sinauer Associates, 2000).

Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts; specifically, in the grana and stroma regions. The grana is the innermost portion of the organelle; a collection of disc-shaped membranes, stacked into columns like plates. The individual discs are called thylakoids. It is here that the transfer of electrons takes place. The empty spaces between columns of grana constitute the stroma.

Chloroplasts are similar to mitochondria, the energy centers of cells, in that they have their own genome, or collection of genes, contained within circular DNA. These genes encode proteins essential to the organelle and to photosynthesis. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts are also thought to have originated from primitive bacterial cells through the process of endosymbiosis.

"Plastids originated from engulfed photosynthetic bacteria that were acquired by a single-celled eukaryotic cell more than a billion years ago," Baum told Live Science. Baum explained that the analysis of chloroplast genes shows that it was once a member of the group cyanobacteria, "the one group of bacteria that can accomplish oxygenic photosynthesis."

In their 2010 article, Chan and Bhattacharya make the point that the formation of secondary plastids cannot be well explained by endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria, and that the origins of this class of plastids are still a matter of debate.
Antennae
Pigment molecules are associated with proteins, which allow them the flexibility to move toward light and toward one another. A large collection of 100 to 5,000 pigment molecules constitutes "antennae," according to an article by Wim Vermaas, a professor at Arizona State University. These structures effectively capture light energy from the sun, in the form of photons.

Ultimately, light energy must be transferred to a pigment-protein complex that can convert it to chemical energy, in the form of electrons. In plants, for example, light energy is transferred to chlorophyll pigments. The conversion to chemical energy is accomplished when a chlorophyll pigment expels an electron, which can then move on to an appropriate recipient.
Reaction centers
The pigments and proteins, which convert light energy to chemical energy and begin the process of electron transfer, are known as reaction centers.

The photosynthetic process

The reactions of plant photosynthesis are divided into those that require the presence of sunlight and those that do not. Both types of reactions take place in chloroplasts: light-dependent reactions in the thylakoid and light-independent reactions in the stroma.

Light-dependent reactions (also called light reactions): When a photon of light hits the reaction center, a pigment molecule such as chlorophyll releases an electron.

"The trick to do useful work, is to prevent that electron from finding its way back to its original home," Baum told Live Science. "This is not easily avoided, because the chlorophyll now has an 'electron hole' that tends to pull on nearby electrons."

The released electron manages to escape by traveling through an electron transport chain, which generates the energy needed to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate, a source of chemical energy for cells) and NADPH. The "electron hole" in the original chlorophyll pigment is filled by taking an electron from water. As a result, oxygen is released into the atmosphere.

Light-independent reactions (also called dark reactions and known as the Calvin cycle): Light reactions produce ATP and NADPH, which are the rich energy sources that drive dark reactions. Three chemical reaction steps make up the Calvin cycle: carbon fixation, reduction and regeneration. These reactions use water and catalysts. The carbon atoms from carbon dioxide are "fixed," when they are built into organic molecules that ultimately form three-carbon sugars. These sugars are then used to make glucose or are recycled to initiate the Calvin cycle again.

(Image credit: PNNL, QuickBird satellite)

Photosynthesis in the future

Photosynthetic organisms are a possible means to generate clean-burning fuels such as hydrogen or even methane. Recently, a research group at the University of Turku in Finland, tapped into the ability of green algae to produce hydrogen. Green algae can produce hydrogen for a few seconds if they are first exposed to dark, anaerobic (oxygen-free) conditions and then exposed to light The team devised a way to extend green algae's hydrogen production for up to three days, as reported in their 2018 study published in the journal Energy & Environmental Science.

Scientists have also made advances in the field of artificial photosynthesis. For instance, a group of researchers from the University of California, Berkeley, developed an artificial system to capture carbon dioxide using nanowires, or wires that are a few billionths of a meter in diameter. The wires feed into a system of microbes that reduce carbon dioxide into fuels or polymers by using energy from sunlight. The team published its design in 2015 in the journal Nano Letters.

In 2016, members of this same group published a study in the journal Science that described another artificial photosynthetic system in which specially engineered bacteria were used to create liquid fuels using sunlight, water and carbon dioxide. In general, plants are only able to harness about one percent of solar energy and use it to produce organic compounds during photosynthesis. In contrast, the researchers' artificial system was able to harness 10 percent of solar energy to produce organic compounds.

Continued research of natural processes, such as photosynthesis, aids scientists in developing new ways to utilize various sources of renewable energy. Seeing as sunlight, plants and bacteria are all ubiquitous, tapping into the power of photosynthesis is a logical step for creating clean-burning and carbon-neutral fuels.
Additional resources:

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
(Image credit: KPG_Payless | Shutterstock) Photosynthesis is the process used by plants, algae and certain bacteria to harness energy from sunlight and turn it into chemical energy. Here, we describe the general principles of photosynthesis and highlight how scientists are studying this natural process to help develop clean fuels and sources of renewable energy.

# data[].attributes.body
Photosynthesis diagram

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
lifeadrift.info -&nbspThis website is for sale! -&nbsplifeadrift Resources and Information.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This website is for sale! lifeadrift.info is your first and best source for all of the information you're looking for. From general topics to more of what you would expect to find here, lifeadrift.info has it all. We hope you find what you are searching for!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Available at iTunes: http://tinyurl.com/cfhcxdh Mister C's site: http://www.learningscienceisfun.com twitter: https://twitter.com/originalmisterc Photosynthesis was written and created to help students learn and remember the process we all love and call, "Photosynthesis!". Visit www.learningscienceisfun.com for more videos, curriculum and fun science stuff.

# data[].attributes.headline
Study.com Matter and Energy Changes During photosynthesis (SirViany Mann-Barahona)

# data[].attributes.subject
Study.com Matter and Energy Changes During photosynthesis (SirViany Mann-Barahona)

# data[].attributes.body
This website tells you about Matter and Energy , inputs and outputs and photosynthesis

# data[].attributes.body
photosynthesis game

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Video computer games, virtual labs and activities for learning and reviewing biology content. Great for students and teachers.

# data[].attributes.body
Photosynthesis video

# data[].attributes.body
this is like like the best.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.entities[].name
Introduction to Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Flipped Video Lecture

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Photosynthesis Rap (50 Cent - In Da Club)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A song us four created for a biology project.

# data[].attributes.headline
Photosysthisis Video Steps And Pathways 

# data[].attributes.subject
Photosysthisis Video Steps And Pathways 

# data[].attributes.body
This Youtube video acuratly describes the steps and pathways of photosythisis Connor Mckay

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Photosynthesis ( FOH-tə-SINTH-ə-sis ) is a biological process used by many cellular organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy, which is stored in organic compounds that can later be metabolized through cellular respiration to fuel the organism's activities.

# data[].attributes.headline
Step by step for Photosynthesis (Alex Caldwell)

# data[].attributes.subject
Step by step for Photosynthesis (Alex Caldwell)

# data[].attributes.body
These stages are known as the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin Cycle. The first stage of photosynthesis is the light dependent reactions. These reactions take place on the thyroidal membrane inside the chloroplast. During this stage light energy is converted to ATP (chemical energy) and NADPH (reducing power).

# data[].attributes.body
This brainpop video tells about the requirements for photosynthesis.

# data[].attributes.body
There's a short description, and then if you click on "Launch Interactive", you can do the activity to learn about photosynthesis.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Illuminating Photosynthesis - NOVA | PBS

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Explore how photosynthesis works by helping the process along in this game.