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Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an African-American civil rights activist. She was called the "Mother of the Modern-Day American civil rights movement" and "the mother of the freedom movement".

Parks is best known for what she did in her home town of Montgomery, Alabama on December 1, 1955. While she sat in a seat in the middle of the bus, the bus driver told her to move to the back of the bus so a white passenger could take the seat in the front of the bus. Parks refused to move and she was arrested. This led to the Montgomery bus boycott. The boycott lasted 381 days. This caused a change in the law. After that, black people could sit wherever they wanted to on the bus. Her refusal to let others treat her differently was an important symbol in the campaign against racial segregation.

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Marin Luther King was born on 15 January, 1929 in the state of Georgia.     He grew up in Atlanta and studied theology before getting a doctorate at the university of Boston. In December 1955, he was a leader of the famous bus protest in Montgomery.
From 1957 to 1968, King was leader of the non-violent civil rights movement. He travelled more than nine million kilometres, madev 2500 speeches, wrote five books and the police arrested him twenty times. In 1963, he organised a demonstration in Washington DC. There, he made his famous 'I have a dream' speech in front of 250000 people. King became the symbolic leader of African-Americans. He recived the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, aged 35. Tragically, on 4 April 1968, he was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee.

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canzone degli u2 su MLKING ;-)

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U2's song about Martin Luther King, Includes extract of MLK's speech "I have a dream"...

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Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15 1929, in Georgia.
He grew un in Atalanta. He became a pastor at a Baptist church in Montgomery.
King getting a doctorate at the University of Boston; he studied theology.

King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He was a leader of  Montgomery bos boycott.
He helped organize the 1963 nonviolent protests in Birmingham, Alabama. He also helped to organize the 1963 Marcho,n Washington, where he delivered his famous "I have a dream" speech.

On October 14, 1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolent resistance.
In the final years of his life, King expanded his focus to include opposition towards poverty and the Vietnam War.

In 1968, King was planning a national occupation of Washington, D.C., to be called the Poor People's Campaign, when he was assassinated on April 4 in Memphis, Tennessee.

Martin Luther King Jr. Day was established as a holiday in numerous cities and states beginning in 1971.
The Nartin Luther King Jr. Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., was dedicated in 2011.

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Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an African American civil rights activist. On December 1, 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama, Parks, age 42, refused to obey bus driver James Blake’s order that she give up her seat to make room for a white passenger.
Parks became an important symbol of the modern Civil Rights Movement and an international icon of resistance to racial segregation.
For us at Parks, Rosa Louise Parks is a symbol of how discrimination can be opposed just by protecting one’s dignity and self-respect in day-to-day life. Going to work is as ordinary a gesture of life as catching a bus, and Parks’ small gesture is a testimony to all of us that the world can be changed just by saying a peaceful but firm “no” to discrimination.

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The Rosa Parks story.

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The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a civil-rights protest during which African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest segregated seating. The boycott took place from December 5, 1955, to December 20, 1956, and is regarded as the first large-scale U.S. demonstration against segregation. Four days before the boycott began, Rosa Parks, an African-American woman, was arrested and fined for refusing to yield her bus seat to a white man. The U.S. Supreme Court ultimately ordered Montgomery to integrate its bus system, and one of the leaders of the boycott, a young pastor named Martin Luther King, Jr., emerged as a prominent leader of the American civil rights movement.

Rosa Parks' Bus

In 1955, African Americans were still required by a Montgomery, Alabama, city ordinance to sit in the back half of city buses and to yield their seats to white riders if the front half of the bus, reserved for whites, was full.

But on December 1, 1955, African-American seamstress Rosa Parks was commuting home on Montgomery's Cleveland Avenue bus from her job at a local department store. She was seated in the front row of the "colored section." When the white seats filled, the driver, J. Fred Blake, asked Parks and three others to vacate their seats. The other African-American riders complied, but Parks refused.

She was arrested and fined $10, plus $4 in court fees. This was not Parks' first encounter with Blake. In 1943, she had paid her fare at the front of a bus he was driving, then exited so she could re-enter through the back door, as required. Blake pulled away before she could re-board the bus.

Did you know? Nine months before Rosa Parks' arrest for refusing to give up her bus seat, 15-year-old Claudette Colvin was arrested in Montgomery for the same act. The city's black leaders prepared to protest, until it was discovered Colvin was pregnant and deemed an inappropriate symbol for their cause.

Although Parks has sometimes been depicted as a woman with no history of civil rights activism at the time of her arrest, she and her husband Raymond were, in fact, active in the local chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP), and Parks served as its secretary.

Upon her arrest, Parks called E.D. Nixon, a prominent black leader, who bailed her out of jail and determined she would be an upstanding and sympathetic plaintiff in a legal challenge of the segregation ordinance. African-American leaders decided to attack the ordinance using other tactics as well.

The Women's Political Council (WPC), a group of black women working for civil rights, began circulating flyers calling for a boycott of the bus system on December 5, the day Parks would be tried in municipal court.

Montgomery's African Americans Mobilize

As news of the boycott spread, African-American leaders across Montgomery (Alabama's capital city) began lending their support. Black ministers announced the boycott in church on Sunday, December 4, and the Montgomery Advertiser, a general-interest newspaper, published a front-page article on the planned action.

Approximately 40,000 African-American bus riders-the majority of the city's bus riders-boycotted the system the next day, December 5. That afternoon, black leaders met to form the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA). The group elected Martin Luther King, Jr., the 26-year-old-pastor of Montgomery's Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, as its president, and decided to continue the boycott until the city met its demands.

Initially, the demands did not include changing the segregation laws; rather, the group demanded courtesy, the hiring of black drivers, and a first-come, first-seated policy, with whites entering and filling seats from the front and African Americans from the rear.

Ultimately, however, a group of five Montgomery women, represented by attorney Fred D. Gray and the NAACP, sued the city in U.S. District Court, seeking to have the busing segregation laws totally invalidated.

Although African Americans represented at least 75 percent of Montgomery's bus ridership, the city resisted complying with the protester's demands. To ensure the boycott could be sustained, black leaders organized carpools, and the city's African-American taxi drivers charged only 10 cents-the same price as bus fare-for African-American riders.

Many black residents chose simply to walk to work or other destinations. Black leaders organized regular mass meetings to keep African-American residents mobilized around the boycott.

Integration at Last

On June 5, 1956, a Montgomery federal court ruled that any law requiring racially segregated seating on buses violated the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. That amendment, adopted in 1868 following the U.S. Civil War, guarantees all citizens-regardless of race-equal rights and equal protection under state and federal laws.

The city appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which upheld the lower court's decision on December 20, 1956. Montgomery's buses were integrated on December 21, 1956, and the boycott ended. It had lasted 381 days.

Integration, however, met with significant resistance and even violence. While the buses themselves were integrated, Montgomery maintained segregated bus stops. Snipers began firing into buses, and one shooter shattered both legs of a pregnant African-American passenger.

In January 1957, four black churches and the homes of prominent black leaders were bombed; a bomb at King's house was defused. On January 30, 1957, the Montgomery police arrested seven bombers; all were members of the Ku Klux Klan, a white supremacist group. The arrests largely brought an end to the busing-related violence.

Boycott Puts King in Spotlight

The Montgomery Bus Boycott was significant on several fronts. First, it is widely regarded as the earliest mass protest on behalf of civil rights in the United States, setting the stage for additional large-scale actions outside the court system to bring about fair treatment for African Americans.

Second, in his leadership of the MIA, Martin Luther King emerged as a prominent national leader of the civil rights movement while also solidifying his commitment to nonviolent resistance. King's approach remained a hallmark of the civil rights movement throughout the 1960s.

Shortly after the boycott's end, he helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), a highly influential civil rights organization that worked to end segregation throughout the South. The SCLC was instrumental in the civil rights campaign in Birmingham, Alabama, in the spring of 1963, and the March on Washington in August of that same year, during which King delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech.

The boycott also brought national and international attention to the civil rights struggles occurring in the United States, as more than 100 reporters visited Montgomery during the boycott to profile the effort and its leaders.

Rosa Parks, while shying from the spotlight throughout her life, remained an esteemed figure in the history of American civil rights activism. In 1999, the U.S. Congress awarded her its highest honor, the Congressional Gold Medal.

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The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a civil-rights protest during which African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest segregated

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If you can't fly then run - I have a dream - Martin Luther King jr

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This phrase has become a very famous quote since Dr. King has used it in his college speeches.
It is a highly motivational line that we usually find in written works, offices, every day and political speeches. For instance, parents and teachers often deliver this line to their children and students as a piece of advice, so that they should not give up or should not become hopeless no matter how tough their life may become.

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VOLEVO FARVI PRESENTE CHE IL MATERIALE INSERITO DOVREBBE ESSERE IN INGLESE... E. PANKHURST CON QUESTO ARGOMENTO NON  E' MOLTO ATTINENTE...
MANCANO ANCORA MOLTI DI VOI...
A PRESTO!!

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« I have a dream: that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal" »
« Ho un sogno: che un giorno questa nazione si sollevi e viva appieno il vero significato del suo credo: "Riteniamo queste verità di per sé evidenti: che tutti gli uomini sono stati creati uguali" »